The objective of this study was to evaluate the leachate conductivity generated by overburden materials in a columns test representing the surface coal mining conditions and its correlation with cations, anions, pH, and alkalinity in two scenarios: “Altered” and “Unaltered” with the application of the screening and segregation proposed method. . For the Unaltered scenario, all strata were included; while the Altered scenario excluded the overburden strata with the highest 15% conductivities measured in the screening-level assessment. The 15% selection criterion was based on the best professional judgment that this would be a reasonable overburden quantity to be selectively identified and isolated in a surface coal mining operation. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Pinto, P., S. Al-Abed , C. Holder, R. Warner, J. McKernan , S. Fulton, and E. Somerville. Assessing the Impact of Removing Select Materials from Coal Mine Overburden, Central Appalachia Region, USA. Robert Kleinmann Mine Water and the Environment. Springer-Verlag, BERLIN-HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, 37(1): 31-41, (2018).