National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
L o a d i n g
The National Energy Technology Laboratory is a U.S national laboratory under the Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy. NETL focuses on applied research for the clean production and use of domestic energy resources
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- Geographic Information Systems have become indispensable tools in managing and displaying marine data and information. However, a unique georeferenced standard of marine place names and areas was not available, hampering several marine geographic applications, for example the linking of these locations to databases to integrate data. The purpose of Marine Regions is therefore to create a standard, relational list of geographic names, coupled with information and maps of the geographic location of these features. This will improve access and clarity of the different geographic, marine names such as seas, sandbanks, ridges and bays and display univocally the boundaries of marine biogeographic or managerial marine areas. Marine Regions is an integration of the VLIMAR Gazetteer and the VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase. The VLIMAR Gazetteer is a database with geographic, mainly marine names such as seas, sandbanks, seamounts, ridges, bays or even standard sampling stations used in marine research. The geographic cover of the VLIMAR gazetteer is global but initially focused on the Belgian Continental Shelf and the Scheldt Estuary and the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Gradually more regional and global geographic information was added to VLIMAR and combining this information with the Maritime Boundaries database, representing the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the world, led to the creation of marineregions.org. Marine Regions is managed by the Flanders Marine Institute. Funding for the creation of the VLIMAR gazetteer was provided initially through the EU Network of Excellence MarBEF, but also other European initiative such as EMODNet and Lifewatch provide the necessary funding for the maintenance and management of Marine Regions. Marine Regions depends on data and knowledge sharing from global, European, regional and national data providers and relevant experts. By setting up Collaboration Agreements, data providers will benefit from belonging to the Marine Regions partnership as they would get increased visibility, gain access to a variety of data analysis services which will benefit from integration of several distributed spatial datasets, as well as enjoying the benefit of the creation of stable unique identifiers. An example template of a Collaboration Agreement can be found here. Please contact info@marineregions.org if your organisation is interested to explore this collaboration.1Licence not specifiedalmost 2 years ago
- The objective of this project is to characterize the fluid properties and fluid-rock interactions that are needed for formation evaluation by NMR well logging. This is the first annual progress report submitted to the DOE. It reports on the work completed during the reporting period even if it may have started before this period. This project is a partnership between Professor George J. Hirasaki at Rice University and Professor Kishore Mohanty at University of Houston. In addition to the DOE, this project is supported by a consortium of oil companies and service companies. The fluid properties characterization has emphasized the departure of live oils from correlations based on dead oils. Also, asphaltic components can result in a difference between the T1 and T2 relaxation time distributions as well as reduce the hydrogen index. The fluid rock characterizations that are reported here are the effects of wettability and internal magnetic field gradients. A pore reconstruction method ha s been developed to recreate three-dimensional porous media from two-dimensional images that reproduce some of their key statistical properties. A Monte Carlo simulation technique has been developed to calculate the magnetization decay in fluid saturated porous media given their pore structure.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The general objectives of the research program are to (1) identify and develop gelled polymer systems which have potential to improve reservoir conformance of fluid displacement processes, (2) determine the performance of these systems in bulk and in porous media, and (3) develop methods to predict their performance in field applications. The research focuses on three types of gel systems-an aqueous polysaccharide (KUSPI) that gels as a function of pH, polyacrylamide or xanthan crosslinked by Cr(Ill) and a polyacrylamide-aluminum citrate system. Work to date has focused primarily on development of a database, selection of systems, and work to characterize the gel/polymer physical properties and kinetics. The use of ester hydrolysis to control the rate of pH change of a gel system has been investigated and this approach to gel-time control shows promise. Extensive kinetic data were taken on the uptake of Cr(Ill) oligomers by polyacrylamide. A model was developed which describes very well the monomer uptake rates. The model described the dimer uptake data less well and the trimer uptake data poorly. Studies of the flow and gelation in rock materials have been initiated. A mathematical model of rock-fluid interaction during flow of high pH solutions has been developed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Monitoring vegetation is an active area of laser-induced fluorescence imaging (LIFI) research. The Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology (HCET) at Florida International University (FIU) is assisting in the transfer of the LIFI technology to the agricultural private sector through a market survey. The market survey will help identify the key eco-agricultural issues of the nations that could benefit from the use of sensor technologies developed by the Office of Science and Technology (OST). The principal region of interest is the Western Hemisphere, particularly, the rapidly growing countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis of needs will assure that the focus of present and future research will center on economically important issues facing both hemispheres. The application of the technology will be useful to the agriculture industry for airborne crop analysis as well as in the detection and characterization of contaminated sites by monitoring vegetation. LIFI airborne and close-proximity systems will be evaluated as stand-alone technologies and additions to existing sensor technologies that have been used to monitor crops in the field and in storage.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this study is to enhance existing thermal maturity maps in Pennsylvania by establishing: 1) new subsurface CAI data points for the Ordovician and Devonian and 2) new %Ro and Rock Eval subsurface data points for Middle and Upper Devonian black shale units. Thermal maturity values for the Ordovician and Devonian strata are of major interest because they contain the source rocks for most of the oil and natural gas resources in the basin. Thermal maturity patterns of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group are evaluated here because they closely approximate those of the overlying Ordovician Utica Shale that is believed to be the source rock for the regional oil and gas accumulation in Lower Silurian sandstones (Ryder and others, 1998) and for natural gas fields in fractured dolomite reservoirs of the Ordovician Black River-Trenton Limestones. Improved CAI-based thermal maturity maps of the Ordovician are important to identify areas of optimum gas generation from the Utica Shale and to provide constraints for interpreting the origin of oil and gas in the Lower Silurian regional accumulation and Ordovician Black River-Trenton fields. Thermal maturity maps of the Devonian will better constrain burial history-petroleum generation models of the Utica Shale, as well as place limitations on the origin of regional oil and gas accumulations in Upper Devonian sandstone and Middle to Upper Devonian black shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Research on miscible displacement of West Sak oil is described. The following tasks were performed: Task 1, laboratory measurement of phase behavior and physical properties of West Sak oil/endash/solvent mixtures. Task 2, measurement of minimum miscbility pressure for enriched gas solvents/endash/West Sak crude mixtures. Task 3, prediction of phase behavior and miscibility conditions for West Sak crude/endash/solvent mixtures. Task 4, displacement experiments on steam/endash/solvent process for West Sak oil. Task 5, displacement studies on steam/endash/solvent injection for heavy oil recovery and application to West Sak reservoir: development of a heat transfer model. 14 figs., 5 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The test evaluation of supported system CuO/Zeolite was carried out in the fluidized bed reactor with 450 mean average particle diameter. In all the tests, the sulfur capacity was observed below 1 mole % conversion for 10 ppM H/sub 2/S concentration in the effluent gas. There was an improvement in sulfur capacity of air-steam regenerated batches (Run 171 and 172) compressed to air regenerated batches (Run 169 and 170). We believe CuO-ZnO system has greater potentials than supported CuO only. We plan to carry out a desulfurization test of mixed oxide CuO/ZnO sorbent with ZrO/sub 2/ as diluent.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Gulf of Mexico is a small ocean basin surrounded by land masses. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Strait to the east and to the Caribbean Sea through the Yucatan channel. Numerous topics have been studied in the Gulf of Mexico including: sediment transport, mineralogy, grain size and more recently sea floor sediment distribution. These studies confirm the major influence of sediment supplied by the Mississippi River on the composition of the Gulf of Mexico sediments.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the Ferron Sandstone project is to develop a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, quantitative characterization of a fluvial-deltaic reservoir to allow realistic inter-well and reservoir-scale models to be developed for improved oil-field development in similar reservoirs world-wide. Quantitative geological and petrophysical information on the Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone in east-central Utah will be collected. Both new and existing data will be integrated into a three-dimensional model of spatial variations in porosity, storativity, and tensorial rock permeability at a scale appropriate for inter-well to regional-scale reservoir simulation. Simulation results could improve reservoir management through proper infill and extension drilling strategies, reduction of economic risks, increased recovery from existing oil fields, and more reliable reserve calculations. Transfer of the project results to the petroleum industry is an integral component of the project. This report covers research activities for fiscal year 1993-94, the first year of the project. Most work consists of developing field methods and collecting large quantities of existing and new data. We also developed preliminary regional and case-study area interpretations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NRAP TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In line with a determination by the Federal Government that a fluidized bed combustion process can efficiently convert the energy of coal to usable power in an environmentally acceptable manner, Georgetown University was awarded contract E(49-18)-2461 to construct and operate a demonstration plant. Construction of an atmospheric fluidized bed boiler for burning high-sulfur coals was completed in November 1979. Progress made during the second quarter of plant startup is reported. In the October through December 1979 quarter, the FBC boiler was operated for 694 hours during 9 separate runs. Of these additional hours of operation, 78 1/2 hours were on two beds, and the balance on one bed. Steam generation rates ranged from 18,000 to 80,000 lb/h. A peak generation rate of 56,000 lb/h was achieved on one bed alone. Boiler operations at levels in excess of 80,000 lb/h were precluded by the relatively mild Fall weather encountered, which limited the peak campus steam load to 80,000 lb/h. The boiler was operated through the first week in December at which time the plant was shut down for the balance of the Quarter for inspection and to complete various modifications, the most important of which were the installation of grid plate seals within the boiler, and modifications of the flyash reinjection blowers. With these modifications, the boiler is ready for extensive performance testing in January 1980. (LCL)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Spreadsheet containing pH, temperature, and barometric pressure data for well 36-10 during 2009.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Two refinery operations, runs Nos. 35 and 35A, are covered by this report. The purpose of run No. 35, July 19 and 20, 1951, was to submit a mixture of polymer, slop oil, and naphtha to a simple fractionation at atmospheric pressure to obtain suitable distillate stocks for road oil blending purposes. Run No 35A, from July 30 to August 3, 1951, was a modified atmospheric distillation in which the visbroken residuum charge stock was reduced to an asphalt for preparing road oil.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Reservoir Class Field Demonstration Program was initiated in FY92 in response to rapidly declining domestic production and the realization that huge volumes of oil are being abandoned in reservoirs because of uneconomic production techniques. This program is just one of the critical elements of the National Oil Program necessary to move Improved Oil Recovery (lOR) technology from the conceptual stage through research, pilot scale field experiments, and full-scale field demonstrations to industry acceptance and commercialization. Both the successful results and failures of the field demonstrations will provide focus to concurrent research programs. Elements of the field demonstrations that are suitable for broad industry application are being communicated to the industry through the oil program's technology transfer effort. Significant events in the oil industry during 1998-1999, including company repositioning, mergers, sale of fields, and personnel layoffs, have effected important changes in DOE's Class projects. Several projects have moved field locations and transferred the technology developed in Phase I to other nearby fields in Phase II. Mergers have caused several fields to be sold, and a few projects have terminated early because of these changes. The value of the research remains high, and publications and technology transfer presentations by project personnel continue to contribute a significant body of knowledge on the solution of problems in producing oil from mature domestic oil fields.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Understanding geoengineering properties of host rock is fundamental for determining repository construction feasibility and evaluating the ability of host rock to provide a structural barrier to the migration of radionuclide's. The shafts, access drifts, emplacement rooms, and emplacement holes should be designed, excavated, monitored, and maintained in such a way that they remain stable during the repository life. To assure adequate performance of the repository in the preclosure and postclosure stages, rock geoengineering properties, and the underground conditions surrounding the repository should be understood.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The microbial transport simulator (MTS) is a three-dimensional, three-phase, multiple-component numerical model that permits the study of the transport of microorganisms and nutrients in porous media. Microbial parameters incorporated into MTS include: Microbial growth and decay, microbial deposition, chemotaxis, diffusion, convective dispersion, tumbling, and nutrient consumption. Governing equations for microbial and nutrient transport are coupled with continuity and flow equations under conditions appropriate for a black oil reservoir. The model`s mathematical formulations and preparation procedures of data files for conducting simulations using MTS are described. A general background of microbial transport simulation is given in Section I and the governing equations, mechanisms, and numerical solutions of MTS are given in Section II. Explanations for preparing an input data file with reservoir and microbial transport data are described in Section III, and recurrent data are given in Section IV. Example data inputs are enclosed after explanations of each input line to help the user prepare data files. Major items of the output files are reviewed in Section V. Finally, two sample problems for running MTS are described in Section VI, and input files and part of the output files of these problems are listed in the appendix.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Forty selected core samples of ''Devonian shales''from two wells in western and southwestern West Virginia were analyzed petrographically. Lithologically these samples may be grouped into 6 rock types: shale, silty shale, dolomitic shale, shaly siltstone, shaly dolostone, and dolostone. Mineralogically, illite comprises the major part of the argillaceous fraction, whereas quartz constitutes the principal nonclay mineral. Carbonate is present in most specimens and is generally dolomitic. The most prevalent heavy mineral is pyrite. Dark gray (N3) to brownish-black (5YR2/1) organic, rich shale constitutes the most distinctive rock type in the principal ''Brown shale pay zone interval. Organic matter occurs in several forms and comprises as much as 4.4% of the shale. Vertical mineral-lined fractures are important in facilitating gas accumulation and migration in most pay zones. Dolomite is the main mineral constituent in these linings; however, small amounts of calcite and barite are also present. Mineral linings serve as propping agents to hold fractures open and thus are important in maintaining porosity and permeability along the fractures. Lenses of silt-size quartz and feldspar may serve as conduits for movement of gas into these fractures. (16 figures)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- "The proposed program is in concert with the president's energy message of June 4, 1971, in which he requested the secretary of the interior to initiate a leasing program to develop our vast oil shale resources, provided that environmental questions can be satisfactorily resolved. As part of the program, the department authorized informational core drilling at various sites in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah and 16 core holes were completed. The department requested nominations of proposed leasing tracts on November 2, 1971, and a total of 20 individual tracts of oil shale land were nominated."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The primary objectives of this program was: (1) to determine the relationships between fluid injection practices, regional geology and stress regime, and the occurrence of earthquakes; (2) to identify waste-disposal strategies for injection that reduce and minimize the triggering of seismic activity, or that ensure that seismic activity is confined to low-magnitude, harmless events.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of hydration and recarbonation on the solid phase distribution of trace elements in retorted oil shale. The oil shale samples were retorted by the Paraho direct heating process and equilibrated with deionized distilled water under controlled carbon dioxide conditions. A sequential extraction technique was then used to fractionate trace elements into soluble. KNO3 extractable, N2O extractable, and residual phases. The chemical fractions present in retorted oil shale and hydrated and recarbonated retorted oil shale were compared to identify trace element mineralogical changes that may occur n retorted oil shale disposal environments.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- We have installed several types of geotechnical instrument systems at our Hoe Creek, Wyoming in situ coal gasification site to measure both surface and subsurface deformations resulting from gasification cavity creation. The subsurface instruments include two six position borehole extensometers in borings EX-1 and EX-2, two electrical shear strips in borings SS-1 and SS-2, a piezometer borehole PZ-1 containing four hydraulically isolated pore pressure transducers, and six boreholes completed so as to allow the use of a wire line inclinometer device.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In 1976, Congress passed the "Solid Waste Disposal Bill." Part of the bill is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Under Section 3001 of this act, the Environmental protection Agency is required to define the criteria and methods for the identification and listing of hazardous wastes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of the Westinghouse Coal Gasification Program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized fluidized bed gasification system for production of low- and intermediate-Btu fuel gas for electric power generation, syngas, feedstocks or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scale-up data for the process and hardware.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project is to demonstrate the value of elastic-wavefield seismic stratigraphy, a new seismic interpretation science based on the principles that: ? All modes of an elastic wavefield have equal value for studying subsurface geology. ? One wave mode of a multicomponent (i.e., elastic) seismic wavefield often reveals depositional sequences and depositional facies across a stratigraphic interval that cannot be detected with the other modes of that wavefield.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This manual is the result of a detailed analysis of the CHEMFLUB code. The first portion, Chapter II, consists of a description of the variables needed to run CHEMFLUB and output variables which contain the results produced by the code. Chapter III provides all of the information needed to run CHEMFLUB including setting of input variables, printing output options, constructing the calculation mesh and restarting a previous calculation. The next section, Chapter IV, is a detailed discussion of the code operation; followed by Chapter V which contains the flow charts of CHEMFLUB. Chapter VI discusses the diagnostic messages currently contained in CHEMFLUB to alert the user to incorrect input conditions, calculation problems, etc. Chapter VII consists of the results of using CHEMFLUB to perform a calculation. The sample problem is discussed, the input used for the problem is shown, and the generated output is provided so that a user can verify the results produced by operating the code. The file needed to restart the calculation and the output produced are also included. The information gained from using CHEMFLUB is summarized in Chapter VIII so its limitations and capabilities can be better understood by users. 4 references, 8 figures, 22 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Tasks which were performed in this period are: (1) Natural Gas Reservoir Data System Development, (2) Technology Transfer, (3) Storage Media, (4) Reservoir Data System Updates, and (5) Supplemental Reservoir Studies.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Final Report-DE-NT0004651-In this project, new fluids have been designed to efficiently drill deepwater wells that can be cost-effectively drilled. The new fluids are heavy-liquid foams with low density at shallow depths and high density at drilling depths. Designing new fluids to efficiently drill deepwater wells that can not be costeffectively drilled with current technologies. The new fluids will be heavy liquid foams that have low-density at shallow dept to avoid formation breakdown and high density at drilling depth to control formation pressure. The goal of this project is to provide industry with formulations of new fluids for reducing casing programs and thus well construction cost in deepwater development. Studying the effects of flue gas/CO2 huff n’ puff on incremental oil recovery in Louisiana oilfields bearing light oil. Arriving at a quantitative understanding for the three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) geophysical response of typical Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon reservoirs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "The Assessment Unit is the fundamental unit used in the National Assessment Project for the assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources. The Assessment Unit is defined within the context of the higher-level Total Petroleum System. The Assessment Unit is shown here as a geographic boundary interpreted, defined, and mapped by the geologist responsible for the province and incorporates a set of known or postulated oil and (or) gas accumulations sharing similar geologic, geographic, and temporal properties within the Total Petroleum System, such as source rock, timing, migration pathways, trapping mechanism, and hydrocarbon type. The Assessment Unit boundary is defined geologically as the limits of the geologic elements that define the Assessment Unit, such as limits of reservoir rock, geologic structures, source rock, and seal lithologies. The only exceptions to this are Assessment Units that border the Federal-State water boundary. In these cases, the Federal-State water boundary forms part of the Assessment Unit boundary."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- MIP 5H well data from the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL). The resources were downloaded, packaged and uploaded from the MSEEL website https://www.mseel.com/data/. "The objective of the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) is to provide a long-term field site to develop and validate new knowledge and technology to improve recovery efficiency and minimize environmental implications of unconventional resource development." A read me file was created from the data describing the essential information and metadata for the resources included in this submission, and is available for download from this submission. The read me has a file list and directory information describing how the data files were organized and zipped within this submission.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Long-term experience in burning gas from underground gasification of coal (UGC gas) indicates that as far as the efficient organization of gas consumption is concerned, this form of gas is superior to any type of coal in terms of fuel characteristics, and is only slightly inferior to natural gas in terms of thermal power plant efficiency."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This environmental impact statement examines the environmental and socioeconomic impacts that would result from that proposed action. The purpose of this document is to assist the Secretary of Interior in making a decision on whether or not to hold a lease sale in March 1983, and if one is held, which tracts to offer. It supplements the 1973 Prototype Environmental Impact Statement, updating environmental data which has become available since that time, and analyzing the impacts of leasing an additional tract that was not included in that document.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Aspen Aerogels designed an innovative aerogel sorbent for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture with improved CO2 capacity, high adsorption/desorption cyclic stability, and resistance to contaminants in the flue gas, improving the performance and economics of CO2 capture.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Design of efficient oil shale retorting plants and evaluation of the thermal efficiency of proposed retorts require information on the rate of heat transfer to a bed of shale. A search of the literature does not reveal any data of this type. To provide some preliminary values on the rate of heat transfer from a gas stream to Colorado oil shale, data obtained from experiments in the heat of retorting apparatus were used. These experiments were not designed originally to provide heat transfer data and consequently some data that would be desirable are not available. However, because of the urgent need for heat transfer data, this report was prepared from the data at hand. Studies planned for the future will cover this subject more adequately."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Pentek coating removal technology was tested and is being evaluated at Florida International University (FIU) as a baseline technology. In conjunction with FIU`s evaluation of efficiency and cost, this report covers evaluation conducted for safety and health issues. It is a commercially available technology and has been used for various projects at locations throughout the country. The Pentek coating removal system consisted of the ROTO-PEEN Scaler, CORNER-CUTTER{reg_sign}, and VAC-PAC{reg_sign}. They are designed to remove coatings from steel, concrete, brick, and wood. The Scaler uses 3M Roto Peen tungsten carbide cutters while the CORNER-CUTTER{reg_sign} uses solid needles for descaling activities. These hand tools are used with the VAC-PAC{reg_sign} vacuum system to capture dust and debris as removal of the coating takes place. The safety and health evaluation during the testing demonstration focused on two main areas of exposure: dust and noise. Dust exposure minimal, but noise exposure was significant. Further testing for each exposure is recommended because of the environment where the testing demonstration took place. It is feasible that the dust and noise levels will be higher in an enclosed operating environment of different construction. In addition, other areas of concern found were arm-hand vibration, whole-body, ergonomics, heat stress, tripping hazards, electrical hazards, machine guarding, and lockout/tagout.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The fourth underground coal gasification experiment conducted by the Laramie Energy Technology Center is currently underway at a site near Hanna, Wyoming. The Hanna IV experiment, as originally conceived, was significantly larger than the three previous experiments. The experiment was designed to nest the following objectives: determination of the interrelationships of well spacing, air injection rate, and areal sweep efficiency; demonstration of the ability to conduct reverse combustion linkage over distances up to 45.7 m; determination of pressure and gas composition gradients within the coal seams during process operation; determination of gasification zone progress as a function of time; and demonstration of relaying the process down a row of process wells. A portion of the technology development has involved environmental assessment of the process. This assessment included characterization of the effulents from the process as well as initiation of the biological effects studies and determination of the fate of pollutants from the process. Major concerns associated with the process are impacts on air and ground water quality and the effects of subsidence. This paper describes the initial phase of the Hanna IV experiment in which difficulties were encountered and a sustained gasification process could not be maintained. An override situation acress the 30.5 m well spacing resulted in a premature shutdown of the experiment, Preparations are being made to continue the experiment and recover from the override situtions."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The Bureau of Mines and the Alabama. Power Co. jointly conducted a first experiment in underground gasification of coal at Gorgas, Ala., during the fall and winter of 1946-47. This preliminary experiment showed that it was not difficult to maintain combustion of coal underground, and that coal in place could be completely gasified. It was noted that the high temperature developed by the gasification of coal in place brought about changes in overlying strata that appeared to be favorable to the process. The high temperatures caused the roof rock to become plastic, to expand, and to settle down an the mine floor directly behind the reacting coke face. These results were promising enough to warrant further investigation of the process. It was believed that if this action could be controlled properly with roofs of similar composition, it would tend to force the gas-making fluids underground against the coal faces. Plans for the second experiment were based in part on this favorable roof action, and the successful operation of the planned initial straight-line passages depended on this fact."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goal of this project is to develop prototype rechargeable batteries capable of operating in a high-temperature environment to power a variety of emerging measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and other logging equipment in deep wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The United States Department of energy is sponsoring a program to select and characterize a potential underground coal gasification experiment site in western Washington State. This activity is evaluated with reference to possible environmental impacts in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This program was designed to demonstrate the capabilities of state-of-the-art 3-D seismic technology for the imaging of shallow, thin target beds in subtle traps and to determine the cost-effectiveness of current survey techniques and procedures as a prospecting tool for the smaller independent geological/geophysical exploration company. The 3-D field test included the following tasks: -The development of technologies for use in the identification of shallow exploration targets, - The design of a field test on a scale appropriate for small operators or other independents, such as a native American Tribe, - A field test of the design, - A test and evaluation of state-of-the-art 3-D technologies to image subtle hydrocarbon traps, -An assessment of the effectiveness and economics of the process from the point of view of the typical small operator, -Transfer of the technology to independent operators and native tribes. The ultimate goal of the program was to design, develop, and promote new and innovative petroleum exploration techniques, to encourage drilling activity by independents within the U.S., and ultimately to increase domestic production. In addition, a location in Osage County was chosen to further the objectives of the Presidents Native Tribes Initiative, which has a goal of encouraging entrepreneurial activities on Native American lands.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This temperature data has been interpreted considering available diagnostic measurements. Spurious segments of the record have been deleted on these copies to reduce the possibility of misinterpretation and only validated data is presented. In the final report to be published, this data will be complemented by the complete set of raw data and the diagnostic data on which judgments were biased.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Mississippian Class 2 project is an effort to introduce Kansas producers to potentially useful technologies and to demonstrate these technologies in actual oil field operations. In addition, advanced technology will be tailored specifically to the scale appropriate to the operations of - Kansas producers. The majority of Kansas production is operated by small independent producers that do not have resources to develop and test advanced technologies (90% of the 3,000 Kansas producers have less than 20 employees). For Kansas producer's, access to new technology is important for sustaining production and increasing viability. A major emphasis of the project is collaboration of university scientists and engineers with the independent producers and service companies operating in the state to accelerate adaptation and evaluation of new technologies. An extensive technology transfer effort is being undertaken to inform other operators of the project results. In addition to traditional technology transfer methods (for example, reports; trade, professional, and technical publications; workshops; and seminars), a public domain relational database and computerized display package will be made available through the Internet and other means of digital access. The goal is literally to provide access to data and technology to independent producers in their office.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This study deals with three questions: What does gas from coal cost and what affects this cost; How do different approaches and processes compare; and How near to competitive cost-levels is present-day technology. Discussion covers production of both substitute natural gas (SNG) and medium calorific gas (MCG: 10-16 MJ/Nm3 or 250-400 Btu/SCF). Conclusions are that SNG from low-cost U.S. coal and West German brown coal are, on the basis of mature technology and Government rates-of-return, roughly competitive with gas imports into the U.S. and Europe respectively. Similarly MCG from second-generation gasifiers is competitive with gas-oil or No. 2 heating oil in Europe, North America and Japan. However, capital costs form about half total gas costs at 10 percent rate-of-return, so that the competitiveness of gas from coal is sensitive to capital costs: this is the area of greatest uncertainty.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- We have made excellent progress toward a practical route from field butanes to MTBE, the oxygenate of choice for high-octane, clean-burning, environmentally acceptable reformulated gasoline. We have evaluated two proprietary process possibilities with a potential commercial partner and have conducted a joint catalyst evaluation program. The first of the two potential processes considered during the past quarter utilizes a two-step route from isobutane to tert-butyl alcohol, TBA. Not only is TBA an intermediate for MTBE production but is equally applicable for ETBE-an oxygenate which utilizes renewable ethanol in its` manufacture. In the two-step process, isobutane is oxidized in a non-catalytic reaction to a roughly equal mixture of TBA and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. TBHP, eq. 1. We have developed an inexpensive new catalyst system based on an electron-deficient macrocyclic metal complex that selectively converts TBHP to TBA, eq. 2, and meets or exceeds all of the process criteria that we have set.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains a review and evaluation of three systems analysis studies performed by LITCO on integrated thermal treatment systems and integrated nonthermal treatment systems for the remediation of mixed low-level waste stored throughout the US Department of Energy weapons complex. The review was performed by an independent team of nine researchers from the Energy and Environmental Research Center, Science Applications International Corporation, the Waste Policy Institute, and Virginia Tech. The three studies reviewed were as follows: Integrated Thermal Treatment System Study, Phase 1--issued July 1994; Integrated Thermal Treatment System Study, Phase 2--issued February 1996; and Integrated Nonthermal Treatment System Study--drafted March 1996. The purpose of this review was to (1) determine whether the assumptions of the studies were adequate to produce an unbiased review of both thermal and nonthermal systems, (2) to identify the critical areas of the studies that would benefit from further investigation, and (3) to develop a standard template that could be used in future studies to assure a sound application of systems engineering.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Dow Chemical Company contract with the Department of Energy to investigate the feasiblity of recovering energy from Antrim shale by an in situ process required the investigation of several fracturing techniques. One of these included the use of explosives detonated in wellbores at a depth of 1200 to 1400 feet. This report summarizes the seismic monitoring of several of these explosions and the analysis of the data obtained.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In this report we present the mathematical foundations of the physical processes for true in-situ retorting by electromagnetic heating. The modeling of in-situ retorting via electromagnetic heating requires a mathematical formulation of the problem and empirical relations for such quantities as thermal conductivity, heat capacities, rate constants, permeabilities, and viscosities. The mathematical formulation consists of equations for conservation of species, saturations, capillary pressure, momentum and energy. These equations constitute a system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations which must be solved numerically. 8 references.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Logsheets for various samples in Green River Oil Shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Quarterly report Oct-Dec 1973, detailing: In Situ Oil Recovery from Tar Sand Deposits, The Chemistry of Tar Sand Bitumens, Characterization of Heavy Petroleum Oils, Asphalt Studies1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Oil shale blocks were cored to suitable dimensions (nominally 2.5 cm diameter and 1 cm thick). Specific gravity measurements were then carried out on these cylindrical cores to determine the organic content. Selected samples were also assayed at Laramie Energy Technology Center, WY, by the pulsed NMR technique. Oil yields obtained by the two methods on identical cores were in agreement with the limits of experimental error (vide infra). The cored shale samples were crushed to particles which passed through 100-mesh sieves. Ten to fifteen milligram batches of these crushed shale particles were then subjected to enthalpy measurements in the differential scanning calorimetry assembly. A sample of kerogen concentrate was obtained from Laramie Energy Technology Center. DSC measurements were carried out on a DuPont 990 thermal analysis system fitted with the DSC accessory module. All measurements were carried out in a flowing atmosphere of prepurified N/sub 2/. A heating rate of 10/sup 0/C/min was employed for the enthalpy determinations. The fusion endotherm of zinc (mp 419.4/sup 0/C, ..delta..H/sub f/ = 27.05 cal/g) was used as the calibration standard. The linear correlation that was observed between the enthalpy of decomposition of the organic matter (..delta..H) and oil yields for Green river oil shales suggests that this technique might be useful as a rapid screening tool for resource evaluation of an oil shale deposit.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Isothermal and nonisothermal pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on Asphalt Ridge tar sand. Oil produced from the isothermal experiments has a molecular weight of approximately 250 and has a hydrogen to carbon ratio between 1.7 and 1.9. Product oil composition varies slightly with reaction time. Results of thin layer chromatographic separation of the residual bitumen show that the concentrations of saturates and aromatics in this bitumen decrease rapidly with increasing reaction time, while the concentrations of aromatics and polars in this bitumen increase. Polars and polynuclear aromatics are the dominant species in this bitumen. Nonisothermal data have been analyzed using a distributed activation energy technique. These tests show a distinct bimodal weight loss curve. The low temperature weight loss peak has a maximum about 275/sup 0/C (527/sup 0/F) and a first order apparent activation energy below 10 kcal/mol. The high temperature peak has a maximum above 400/sup 0/C (752/sup 0/F) and an apparent activation energy of about 60 kcal/mol. 12 refs., 11 figs., 8 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Vernal an Sunnyside deposits have been examined by the Federal Geological Survey, and reports covering the geology, general characteristics, grade of the deposits, reserves of bituminous sandstone, and contained bitumen have been published.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Pillars surrounding modified in situ retorts contain large amounts of potentially recoverable shale oil. Recovery of the oil contained in the pillars within a few feet of the retorts would significantly increase oil yields. A series of tests was conducted to evaluate methods for recovering oil from pillars. Analyses of core samples taken from a block of western oil shale that was retorted using radio-frequency energy indicate oil did not move horizontally within the block, but may have moved vertically by gravity drainage. In a later test, a block of western oil shale was extensively fractured when the block was heated to 120 to 150·C (250 to 300·F) using radio-frequency energy at a frequency of 915 MHz. Attempts to retort the fractured block by retorting oil shale rubble adjacent to the block were not successful. Channeling of the retorting air prevented the rubble from being heated as hot or as long as was planned. Another block of western oil shale was retorted with radio-frequency energy to acquire data to use for testing the Baker-Jarvis retorting model at a frequency of 915 MHz. The 915 MHz generator failed after 92 hours of heating with temperatures in the block varying from 450 to 320·C (840 to 61O F). Heating was continued for 6 hours using a frequency of 2450 MHz until dielectric breakdown was observed immediately after lightning struck nearby."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A preliminary program dated April 25, 1974, was prepared for Development Engineering, Inc. (DEI) on research and development, for laboratory, field and other engineering studies on the disposal of retorted oil shale. This program was revised and published as a final document dated December 17, 1974. The document included discussions on the peculiarities of retorted shale materials to be investigated and discussions of the various laboratory and field tests which would need to be conducted to define their physical and chemical properties1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A three-dimensional model which simulates the injection-production air flow rate in a tar sand bed was developed by the author in fulfillment of ERDA Contract (E(29-2)). The model consisted of a non-linear partial differential equation derived from the continuity equation, Darcy's Law and the ideal gas equation of state. A finite difference scheme based on the work developed by Bruce et al. was incorporated in a computer code which determines both the injection-production-air flow rates and the pressure distribution in the tar sand bed. The major drawback of the finite difference scheme is the question of stability, which imposes a severe restriction on the size of the time step required for convergence. Such a restriction increased the computation time considerably and necessitated a major revision of the previous computer code. Thus, the finite difference scheme was abandoned in favor of a more stable computer code based on the method of lines. Furthermore, a two-dimensional formulation replaced the more cumbersome three-dimensional code used on the previous stages. This was possible because the flow pattern obtained from the three-dimensional model exhibited negligible transverse flow normal to the bedding plane.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Mining considerations inherent in the in situ development of oil shale are examined. Three mining methods are evaluated with regard to their potential for producing a rubble column suitable for retorting. These are: 1) block caving, 2) sublevel room and pillar mining, and 3) sublevel caving. Physical and environmental constraints are also discussed and their impact on a shale oil industry evaluated.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A collection of shapefiles created and compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data is intended to help people understand and predict weather patterns - in particular to plan for potentially dangerous weather conditions such as storms and droughts. From the site: "The National Weather Service produces short-term warnings to protect lives and property. Four types of warnings (Tornado, Severe Thunderstorm, Flash Flood, and Special Marine) include polygon information at the bottom of the warning, highlighting the primary threat area for the warning. Data from these warnings are collected and databased into a real-time set of GIS shapefiles. These files can be downloaded from this website in order to be used real-time in other Geographic Information Systems applications."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Python script to calculate the fluid saturation of a 2-phase flow system within a rock matrix using 3D computed tomography (CT) scans. The script is designed to calculate the saturation over a series of scans. Outputs include a graphical representation of saturation as a function of scan series and a CSV with the same data. Saturation is calculated using the methodology described by Krevor et al. (2012). In this methodology, the CT number of the CO2SAT, BrineSAT, which are scans containing only CO2 and brine respectively in the pore spaces (furthermore referred to as end members) and the intermediate biphasic scans (CO2X) are used to calculate saturation in each voxel of the core during scCO2 injection (Equation 4) as follows: The first step prior to running the python script is to create a mask, or region of interest, that removes extraneous image data such as the core sleeve, confining fluid, and core holder from any calculation. This is done by applying a zero value to all volume outside of the mask region and a value of 1 to all values inside of the mask volume. The mask creation was done in ImageJ and created to the same dimensions as the images of interest (Figure 6). The experimental images and mask image files are then imported into Python using Scikit-image(van der Walt et al. 2014) and subsequently converted into 64-bit arrays. The mask is then multiplied by the experimental image arrays to remove extraneous data by converting all outside volume to zero. These zero values are then converted to not-a-number (NaN) values; this removes these pixel values from inclusion in further calculations. The image arrays are then used in Equation 3 and the result exported as tabular saturation data. Krevor, Samuel C.M., Ronny Pini, Lin Zuo, and Sally M. Benson. 2012. “Relative Permeability and Trapping of CO 2 and Water in Sandstone Rocks at Reservoir Conditions.” Water Resources Research 48 (2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010859 Van Der Walt, S., Schönberger, J. L., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Boulogne, F., Warner, J. D., Yager, N., et al. (2014). Scikit-image: Image processing in python. PeerJ, 2014(1), e453. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4531Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The interrelationship between the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde, Lewis, Fox Hills, and Lance formations of Northwestern Colorado and south central Wyoming, and the position of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in this area, have been studied in detail for over 50 years. With the addition of considerable subsurface control in the past few years, it is now possible to present a more complete picture of the stratigraphy of this part of the section. Additional paleontological collections are needed and, in the deeper parts of the Sand Wash and Washakie basins, there are large gaps in the subsurface control. Detailed surface mapping of the intertonguing relationships of the Upper Cretaceous formations could add immeasurably to the stratigraphic knowledge of this area. The occurrence of gas, and possibly oil, in this part of the stratigraphic column, creates an economic reason for more precise knowledge of environments of deposition and paleogeography. The purpose of this paper is to review the origin of stratigraphic nomenclature now in use and to add new information regarding regional stratigraphy and its relationship to gas entrapment.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This progress review on enhanced oil recovery covers: Chemical Flooding /emdash/ Supporting Research; Gas Displacement /emdash/ Supporting Research; Thermal Recovery /emdash/ Supporting Research; Resource Assessment Technology; Geoscience Technology; Environmental Technology; Microbial Technology.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Green River basin of Wyoming contains oil shales of considerable value in the Lower Laney and Tipton members of the Green River formation, with the best oil shales in the Tipton with some depths exceeding 1500'in the south-eastern portion of the basin. From data obtained by field work and the drilling of six wells by Union Pacific it is estimated that there are 435 square miles of Union Pacific land containing 55 billion barrels of shale oil in beds with an average content of 10 GPT or more. Where the oil content averages 20 GPT or more there are 300 square miles beneath Union Pacific lands containing at least 30 billion barrels.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Soils are among the largest pools of carbon and hold great promise for mitigating increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) (Marland et al., 2001) (all references cited in the Executive Summary are found in the reference section of the report). In natural conditions, CO2 from the atmosphere can be stored in the soil as a solid. When soils are managed to increase carbon uptake, it is commonly referred to as carbon sequestration. Carbon is stored in soils in two forms, as soil organic carbon or soil inorganic carbon. Soil organic carbon forms through plant uptake and decomposition, while soil inorganic carbon forms through mineralization. To take advantage of these natural processes that pull CO2 from the atmosphere, alternate farming and resource management practices can be employed that increase the carbon stock in biomass and soils. The promotion and implementation of water and land management practices that enhance carbon buildup in biomass and soils include adopting conservation tillage, reducing soil erosion, and minimizing soil disturbance; using buffer strips along waterways; enrolling land in conservation programs; restoring and better managing wetlands; restoring degraded lands; converting marginal croplands to wetlands or grasslands; eliminating summer fallow (Lal et al., 1999; Paustian and Cole, 1998), using perennial grasses and winter cover crops; and fostering an increase in forests (Peterson et al., 1999).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Wireline logs available for 36-15C well in project area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Experiments are being performed to optimize the conversion of NaCl in the presence of carbon to an active steam gasification catalyst. During the past quarter we examined the effect on conversion of a variety of methods for addition of the NaCl to the carbonaceous material. These methods included admixture, wet impregnation and vapor deposition on Illinois No. 6 coal char and on a mineral-free carbon black, Spheron-6. Using temperature programmed reaction (TPR), we found modest enhancement in reactivity with steam of the catalyzed materials. But the degree of conversion of the NaCl to an active catalytic species was small. To understand the chemistry of the conversion process, we are examining the gaseous species in equilibrium with the NaCl-carbon admixtures using Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. These studies reveal that hydrolysis of NaCl in the presence of carbon and steam at subgasification temperatures is accompanied by a decrease in the thermodynamic activity of the NaCl. 6 references, 3 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Air, mist, foam, and other variations of aerated fluid drilling are utilized in various areas because of the improved penetration rate when compared to conventional mud drilling. The high compressibility of aerated drilling fluids and multiphase flow phenomena encountered when using these fluids have given rise to sophisticated engineering approach to achieve proper downhole cleaning and material transport. There have been several attempts to calculate the minimum volumetric requirements for air and gas drilling. The results of these studies are valid over limited ranges of drilling rates at best. The method described in this paper will permit the driller and drilling engineer to determine optimum fluid injection rates in the field. It eliminates the need for complicated flow calculations used to predict volumetric air requirements.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Additional oil and produced water samples were collected for use in completing the laboratory work. Reservoir Characterization The Griggs 107 well has been designated the type well for the pilot study because it has the best core recovery of the six wells cored for the pilot flood. The Cypress Sandstone has been subdivided into five separate reservoir compartments in the pilot area. Graph of permeability measurements in core analysis report shows low permeability rocks separate the A, B, C, D, and E sandstones in the middle Cypress sandstone from one another. Examination of cores show that low permeability units are composed of siltstone, shale and interbedded shale and fine-grained sandstone. These permeability barriers separate reservoir compartments from one another in the Cypress Sandstone. Geophysical logs have been evaluated in each well in the pilot area. Formation depths have been established for all wells and the Cypress sandstone has been subdivided in each well in the pilot area. The Pennsylvanian Bridgeport A, B and D sandstones have also been subdivided in each well in the pilot area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The U.S. DOE, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is sponsoring research on advanced methods for removing contaminants from the hot, fuel gas streams of coal-fired combustion or gasification plants. Contaminants present in all coals such as ash particles, compounds of sulfur and nitrogen, and alkali metals must be controlled because they are environmental problems, are detrimental to advanced generation power equipment, or both. Significant advances have been made in the high-temperature control of these contaminants.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Estimated use of water for Arkansas at the county level.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) is a software system for computer-aided process design. ASPEN was developed at M.I.T. during the period 1976-1981 under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy and 55 industrial participants. There are four manuals and one computer tape describing the maintenance, use, and installation of ASPEN. The ASPEN User Manual is a two volume manual describing how to use ASPEN. It is intended to serve both as a reference manual for users familiar with ASPEN and as a tutorial manual for the beginning user. The User Manual contains all the information needed to create an ASPEN Input File. It does not describe how to make an ASPEN run. Run procedures are computer system dependent and are described in the four ASPEN Installation Manuals. In addition to these manuals, over 100 publications, reports, and theses were produced by the ASPEN project. The ASPEN Project Final Report serves as a guide to these documents.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A technical review has been completed of the stimulation technologies being applied to or considered for the Eastern Gas Shales. This review included a consideration of the production characteristics of the shales amenable to stimulation as well as consideration of the physical processes associated with each stimulation method. The review efforts culminated in a workshop held in Morgantown on May 18th and 19th, 1978. In this workshop, specific consideration was given to the known production characteristics of Devonian Shales, the geologic and tectonic control of Devonian shale gas production, reservoir and production simulation methods applicable to the Devonian shale, the modeling and analysis of the various stimulation methods being considered and, finally, instrumentation needs for the field evaluation of stimulation effects and the consequent changes in production characteristics. This report summarizes the results and primary conclusions of this workshop and the related efforts conducted by Science Applications during the two months preceding the workshop.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- ?Interest in the Gulf of Mexico has been greatly accelerated in the past decade, and there is much evidence that this interest will continue, which should result in the eventual solution of many of the present riddles of the Gulf of Mexico. (Lynch, 1954), p. 83 When S.A. Lynch wrote these words half a century ago, gas hydrates were not anticipated as one of the ?riddles? of the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Gas hydrates were not predicted to occur in the Gulf until 1979, when key indicators in seismic data suggested their presence (Shipley and others, 1979a). Samples of these elusive materials were not discovered in the Gulf until about 1983, when hydrate was recovered in cores and dredges in the Green Canyon area (Brooks and others, 1984; Kennicutt and others, 1985). Since these first discoveries in the Gulf, studies have expanded rapidly: now the Gulf is one of the best studied natural laboratories for understanding sea-floor gas hydrate mounds and marine gas hydrate occurrence within a leaky world-class petroleum system.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "In early September, 1981, core from three drill holes (CH133, 2HP-173, and 2HP-174) was taken from Laramie to Golden for preparation of standard specimens (2.54x2.54 cm cylinders) for paleomagnetic measurements. The pieces of drill core were drilled perpendicular to their axis; with large pieces of core, several specimens were prepared (8-10 or more) from each piece. A breakdown of the number of cylinders collected over specific drilling intervals from each hole is given in Table 1. In some instances, the core is so fragile or so poorly consolidated that standard drilling techniques did little to retrieve cylinders. In these cases, whole (small) portions of core were retained and cubical specimens prepared to fit into small, plastic boxes which could be measured directly. The burned material collected from the Hoe Creek sites was simply bagged as coarse grit during the field drilling procedures. In these cases, a small vial (approx. 100 cc) of material was collected from each bag. CH133, the section cored prior to any underground gasification experiments, was sampled and is being studied in hopes of compiling a ""standard"" section of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data to compare with results from core taken from holes near the underground burns. Cores 2HP-173 and 2HP-174 were drilled, respectively, at the edge and directly above the Hanna II Phase 2 and 3 site. We anticipated that the data from these cores would exemplify the potential variations in magnetic properties as a function of proximity to a burn."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Values of absolute permeability to gas and porosity for Pittsburgh, Hanna, and Gillette coals are presented. Effective and relative permeability's to gas as functions of water saturation and flow orientation are also calculated from steady-state Darcian flow experiments. The rate of increase in permeability to gas past the critical gas saturation is significantly greater as the rank of the coal decreases. Similarly values of absolute permeability, shrinkage, and porosity are inverse functions of rank. Values of the former range over three orders of magnitude. The critical gas saturation does not appear to be a function of rank ."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Luff Exploration Company (LEC) focused on involvement in technologies being developed utilizing horizontal drilling concepts to enhance oil- well productivity starting in 1992. Initial efforts were directed toward high-pressure lateral jetting techniques to be applied in existing vertical wells. After involvement in several failed field attempts with jetting technologies, emphasis shifted to application of emerging technologies for drilling short-radius laterals in existing wellbores and medium-radius technologies in new wells. These lateral drilling technologies were applied in the Mississippi Ratcliffe and Ordovician Red River formations at depths of2590 to 2890 m (8500 to 9500 ft) in Richland Co., MT; Bowman Co., ND; and Harding Co., SD.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This volume reports interim experimental and theoretical results of the first two years of a three year study of entrained coal gasification with steam and oxygen. The gasifier facility and testing methods were revised and improved. The gasifier was also modified for high pressure operation. Six successful check-out tests at elevated pressure were performed (55, 75, 100, 130, 170, and 215 psig), and 8 successful mapping tests were performed with the Utah bituminous coal at an elevated pressure of 137.5 psig. Also, mapping tests were performed at atmospheric pressure with a Utah bituminous coal (9 tests) and with a Wyoming subbituminous coal (14 tests). The LDV system was used on the cold-flow facility to make additional nonreactive jets mixing measurements (local mean and turbulent velocity) that could be used to help validate the two-dimensional code. The previously completed two-dimensional entrained coal gasification code, PCGC-2, was evaluated through rigorous comparison with cold-flow, pulverized coal combustion, and entrained coal gasification data. Data from this laboratory were primarily used but data from other laboratories were used when available. A complete set of the data used has been compiled into a Data Book which is included as a supplemental volume of this interim report. A revised user's manual for the two-dimensional code has been prepared and is also included as a part of this interim report. Three technical papers based on the results of this study were published or prepared. 107 references, 57 figures, 35 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The pyrolysis of kerogen, which occurs in retorting and in related extraction processes, such as thermal solution, breaks down the complex kerogen structures into singular molecules, a number of which have been identified. Among these are a limited number of nitrogen-containing compounds of the substituted-pyridine class. Many authors report that qualitative tests show the presence of memberd of other classes of nitrogen, but positive identification of individual members is lacking. The conclusion that comparatively little is known concerning the nature of the nitrogen compounds of shale oil is inescapable.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the design, construction, and preliminary results of an experiment that studies imbibition displacement in two fracture blocks. Multiphase (oil/water) displacements will be conducted at the same rate on three core configurations. The configurations are a compact core, a two-block system with a 1 mm spacer between the blocks, and a two-block system with no spacer. The blocks are sealed in epoxy so that saturation measurements can be made throughout the displacement experiments using a Computed Tomography (CT) scanner. Preliminary results are presented from a water/air experiment. These results suggest that it is incorrect to assume negligible capillary continuity between matrix blocks as is often done.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objectives of this project are to investigate reaction kinetics and develop simulation models for novel high temperature desulfurization sorbents tested were zinc ferrite and a zinc oxide- titanium oxide. The fractional conversion of sorbents selected by DOE will be measured during sulfidation and regeneration in a TGR over the temperature range of 1000 to 15000/degree/F and the pressure range of 1 to 20 atm. The chemical and physical property changes which occur in the sorbents during sulfidation and regeneration will be evaluated and their impact on the rate of reaction and sorbent capacity will be determined. Single particle and multiparticle models will be developed based on the TGR tests and used to simulate bench scale test results. Results are presented and discussed. 2 figs., 5 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Results of tests of oils distilled from Scottish, Utah, and Colorado shale are described.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The University of Akron set out to develop a low-cost carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technology by integrating metal monoliths with a grafted amine sorbent.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In April 1985, the Department of Energy (DOE) selected the Clinch River site as its preferred site for the construction and operation of the monitored retrievable storage (MRS) facility (USDOE, 1985). In support of the DOE MRS conceptual design activity, available data describing the site have been gathered and analyzed. A composite geotechnical description of the Clinch River site has been developed and is presented herein. This report presents Clinch River site description data in the following sections: general site description, surface hydrologic characteristics, groundwater characteristics, geologic characteristics, vibratory ground motion, surface faulting, stability of subsurface materials, slope stability, and references. 48 refs., 35 figs., 6 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A trap for hydrocarbons requires the simultaneous existence of (a) a reservoir, (b) on isolated region of low potential in the reservoir, and (c] a barrier seal) with high enough entry pressure to retain a commercially producible volume hydrocarbons. Three kinds of traps exists structural, stratigraphic, and hydrodynamic. All three kinds have a reservoir bounded by 1:1 barrier but differ in what causes the isolated area of low potential. In classification of hydrocarbon accumulations, the conditions that determined the present location of the accumulation should be used where they can be ascertained.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Catalytic gasification of coal to produce H{sub 2}-, CO-, and CH{sub 4}-rich mixtures of gases for consumption in molten carbonate fuel cells is currently under development; however, to optimize the fuel cell performance and extend its operating life, it is desired to separate as much of the inert components (i.e., CO{sub 2} and N{sub 2}) and impurities (i.e., H{sub 2}S and NH{sub 3}) as possible from the fuel gas before it enters the fuel cell. In addition, the economics of the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) can be improved by separating as much of the hydrogen as possible from the fuel, since hydrogen is a high-value product. Researchers at the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) and Bend Research, Inc., investigated pressure-driven membranes as a method for accomplishing this gas separation and hot-gas cleanup. These membranes are operated at temperatures as high as 800 C and at pressures up to 300 psig. They have very small pore sizes that separate the undesirable gases by operating in the Knudsen diffusion region of mass transport or in the molecular sieving region of mass transport phenomena. In addition, H{sub 2} separation through a palladium metal membrane proceeds via a solution-diffusion mechanism for atomic hydrogen. This allows the membranes to exhibit extremely high selectivity for hydrogen separation. Specific questions to be answered in this project include: what are the effects of membrane properties (i.e., surface area, pore size, and coating thickness) on permeability and selectivity of the desired gases; what are the effects of operating conditions (i.e., temperature, pressure, and flow rate) on permeability and selectivity; what are the effects of impurities (i.e., small particulate, H{sub 2}S, HCl, NH{sub 3}, etc.) on membrane performance?1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The primary purpose of this report is to create beneficial reuse standards for coal ash and clean coal technology by-products. One of the highlights of the report is the benefits of FGD by-products for agriculture. Alfalfa growth and yields have been better this year than any other year. The report provides a brief information on study of FGD benefits for neutralizing acid mine spoil or coal refuse. Chemical Speciation models were conducted to improve our understanding of the impact of FGD on soil, water and plant quality.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NO2 Levels in Diesel Exhaust, Topical Report1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The application of differential optical absorption (DOA) techniques for the in-situ determination of the chemical composition of coal gasification process streams is investigated. Absorption spectra of relevant molecular species and the temperature and pressure effects on DOA-determined spectral characteristics of these species will be determined and cataloged. A system will be configured, assembled, and tested. 14 references, 1 figure.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Wireline logs available for well 36-16 in the project area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Uinta basin comparison of S-wave velocity anisotropy and P-wave AVO. Good correlation exists throughout vertical section, indicating sensitivity of P-waves to fractures and their contents.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "For the second time in 40 years, the DOE Oil Shale Program is evolving new technologies to produce shale oil in competition with conventional petroleum. The first stage in the program (1944 to 1984) resulted in oil shale conversion systems such as Paraho, Oxy, and Geokinetics, which were funded through the pilot plant stage and are technically but not economically ready for commercialization. The current stage consists of a combination of basic and applied research on faster, more efficient conversion systems such as fluidized-bed retorts/combustions and hydroretorts. These second-generation systems are capable of higher rates of throughput and shorter residence time (therefore, smaller size and lower capital costs) and higher conversion efficiencies (therefore, leaving a cleaner silent shale). Currently, most research is still at laboratory scale, with the largest unit being the LLNL 1-ton-per-day unit. The program consists of a combination of in-house, national laboratory (LLNL, LANL, and SNL), and contract research. Most of the basic research is conducted in house and at the national laboratories and at WRI. Most of the applied research is s conducted under contracts at HYCRUDE, Mineral Resources Institute, Cliffs Engineering, and Eastern Shale Research Corporation. For the basic research, use of a series of reference shales has been instituted. The program addresses the critical issues for both first- and second-generation oil shale conversion systems, including both surface and in situ processes. In the first-generation surface systems, the critical technical issue is solid waste disposal . The issue is being addressed primarily at WRI and KCERL. Laboratory-scale research has been conducted for many years, but the value of this work is diminishing because scale-up is now required to address such issues as percolation through piles. METC developed an engineering-scale research plan and is awaiting funding. In the in situ systems, the critical technical issue is predictability of rock fragmentation. The issue is being addressed at SNL. The current lack of funding precludes much progress in this effort. METC and SNL developed a research plan for rock fragmentation research and is awaiting funding. WRI continues to investigate optimization of in situ retorting. In the second-generation surface systems, METC and LLNL are addressing the issues of system characterization. This effort is designed to correlate resources, processes, and products to identify fundamental advantages or problems relating to the latest processes. For example, advantages of FBR/FBC may be the mitigation of sulfur emissions and production of clean (no residual organics) spent shale. Disadvantages of the same system may be increased crushing costs, increased erosion due to abrasive action of the small particles, and increased particulates in the product oil . Two key efforts in the program are the METC in-house research, including data base development and the systems analyses effort. The data base effort is designed to determine what is known and what data are useful and meaningful for oil shale conversion. This effort alone will produce a more comprehensive understanding of the oil shale conversion process. The systems effort is destined to drive the R&D efforts by determination of which cost centers (mining, processing, upgrading, and environmental) need more/different research to realize the most cost savings. In FY 86, Congress directed the DOE to report on the feasibility of a national oil shale research facility. The report will be delivered before the end of FY 86."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The in-line burner process is a modification of the Gas Combustion retort in which process heat is supplied b hot flue gases generated by burning retort gas in a furnace external to the retort vessel. The process is illustrated in figure 1. In this sketch, which illustrates the Rifle pilot-plant equipment, cold recycle gas is used as burner fuel. In a commercial installation, to preheat the gas before it is burned, fuel gas for the burner would probably be withdrawn from the retort above the gas-preheating-retorted-shale-cooling zone (bottom zone of the retort).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This paper describes a two-dimensional numerical model for simulating the pressure distribution and air flow in a tar sand bed as a result of air injection into the middle line of a linear nine well pattern. The method of lines is used to solve the nonlinear differential equation describing the flow. The effects of injection pressure and well radius on the air flux are reported. The results are presented in context of field study of oil recovery from tar sands by reverse combustion.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy (DOE) is seeking to develop high temperature, high pressure inorganic membrane technology to perform a variety of gas separation processes to improve the efficiency and economics of advanced power generation systems such as direct coal-fueled turbines (DCFT) and the integrated gasification combined cycle process (IGCC). The temperatures encountered in these power generation systems are far above the temperature range for organic membrane materials. Inorganic materials such as ceramics are therefore the most likely membrane materials for use at high temperatures. This project focussed on silica glass fiber membranes made by PPG Industries (Pittsburgh, PA). The goals were both experimental and theoretical. The first objective was to develop a rational theory for the performance of these membranes. With existing theories as a starting point, a new theory was devised to explain the unusual molecular sieving''behavior exhibited by these glass membranes. An apparatus was then devised for making permeation performance measurements at conditions of interest to DOE (temperatures to 2000[degrees]F; pressures to 1000 psia). With this apparatus, gas mixtures could be made typical of coal combustion or coal gasification processes, these gases could be passed into a membrane test cell, and the separation performance determined. Data were obtained for H[sub 2]/CO,N[sub 2]/CO[sub 2], 0[sub 2]/N[sub 2], and NH[sub 3]/N[sub 2] mixtures and for a variety of pure component gases (He, H[sub 2], CO[sub 2], N[sub 2], CO, NH[sub 3]). The most challenging part of the project turned out to be the sealing of the membrane at high temperatures and pressures. The report concludes with an overview of the practical potential of these membranes and of inorganic membranes in general of DOE and other applications.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall intent of this study was to identify the extent of the Chattanooga shale in Tennessee, characterize its properties, review its potential as an oil producer in terms of present-day technologies, and to assess interest in the private sector for development and commercialization. This report contains the results of this six-month study. 7 figures, 19 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- UCR TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A detailed natural gas ultimate recovery growth (URG) analysis of the Texas Gulf Coast Basin and East Texas has been undertaken. The key to such analysis was determined to be the disaggregation of the resource base to the play level. A play is defined as a conceptual geologic unit having one or more reservoirs that can be genetically related on the basis of depositional origin of the reservoir, structural or trap style, source rocks and hydrocarbon generation, migration mechanism, seals for entrapment, and type of hydrocarbon produced. Plays are the geologically homogeneous subdivision of the universe of petroleum pools within a basin. Therefore, individual plays have unique geological features that can be used as a conceptual model that incorporates geologic processes and depositional environments to explain the distribution of petroleum.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The design, siting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of coal gasification, coal liquefaction, and oil shale facilities could present safety risks both to synfuels workers and to the environmental system unless careful controls are exercised. Many of these hazards are expected to be similar to those associated with conventional mining, mineral processing, coking operations, and refining of petroleum. However, because of the chemical and physical properties of coal and shale and their products, the types of technologies to be employed, and the scales of their operations, it has been suggested that unconventional hazards may occur. Issues which summarize the deliverations and work of the Committee on Synthetic Fuels Facilities Safety in evaluating the various technologies and their potentials for unconventional safety hazards are described in Chapters 2 and 3 of the report. Suggestions for research and development to further improve the safety and reliability of future synfuels plants (Chapter 4) and the mechanisms that might aid in the generation and gathering of such data (Chapter 5) are presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Field and modeling studies were performed to characterize two-phase flow within the natural cleat structure of an upper Cretaceous sub bituminous coal seam. A two borehole pattern with open completion was used in a study of dewatering and tracer residence time distribution, Air was used as the airborne tracer. Air inflow and air and water production rates and tracer arrival times were monitored. The field tests were simulated with a two-phase three component porous flow code. Results showed that the air inflow and air and water outflow rates and breakthrough times could not be modeled assuming a uniform darcy-type permeability. The use of a pressure dependent permeability did provide, however, a much better match with the field data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Energy Resourcs Co. Inc., and its subcontractor Elf Aquitaine Oil and Gas Company are conducting a 100-acre pilot polymer flood in the Storms Pool Field near Carmi, in White County, Illinois. The project is a cost-sharing venture with the United States Department of Energy (DOE). Preparation for the polymer flood began in September 1977, and the project is scheduled for completion in December 1983. This report reviews progress during the fourth year of performance (October 1980 through September 1981). The Storms Pool, once highly productive, has yielded over 12 million barrels of oil from the Waltersburg formation since its discovery in 1939. The field has been waterflooded for over 20 years and is now largely in stripper production with high watercuts at most producing wells. Material balance and recent electric logs indicate, however, that there is a substantial volume of movable oil still in place, presumably bypassed by the inefficient waterflood. The polymer flood is intended to improve the sweep efficiency, showing that the engineering, management, and financial resources required for such tertiary techniques can be applied to similar fields that might otherwise be abandoned for lack of investment by parties knowledgeable in enhanced oil technology. Preflush injection and polymer injection were both initiated during this period with total polymer injection now standing at 179,453 barrels (or about 6% pore volume). Laboratory testing has continued throughout the year with the emphasis being on field support (troubleshooting field problems and monitoring the field injection and production systems). No evidence of polymer break-through has been detected at the production wells. Details of the interference testing program and the radiotracer study executed during this period are also presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the Intelligent Mobile Sensor System (IMSS) project is to develop an operational system for monitoring and inspection activities for waste storage facility operations at several DOE sites. Specifically, the product of this effort is a robotic device with enhanced intelligence and maneuverability capable of conducting routine inspection of stored waste drums. The system has an integrated sensor suite for problem-drum detection, and is linked to a site database both for inspection planning and for data correlation, updating, and report generation. The system is capable of departing on an assigned mission, collecting required data, recording which portions of its mission had to be aborted or modified due to environmental constraints, and reporting back when the mission is complete. Successful identification of more than 96% of drum defects has been demonstrated in a high fidelity waste storage facility mockup. Identified anomalies included rust spots, rust streaks, areas of corrosion, dents, and tilted drums. All drums were positively identified and correlated with the site database. This development effort is separated into three phases of which phase two is now complete. The second phase demonstrated a prototype system appropriate for operational use in an actual storage facility. The prototype provides an integrated design that considers operational requirements, hardware costs, maintenance, safety, and robustness. The final phase will demonstrate commercial viability using the prototype vehicle in a pilot waste operations and inspection project. This report summarizes the design and evaluation of the new IMSS Phase 2 system and vehicle. Several parts of the IMSS Phase 1 Topical (Final) Report, which describes the requirements, design guidelines, and detailed design of the Phase 1 IMSS vehicle, are incorporated here, with modifications to reflect the changes in the design and the new elements added during the Phase 2 work.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- TDEC is continuously striving to create better business practices through GIS and one way that we have found to provide information and answer some question is utilizing an interactive map. An interactive map is a display of geospatial data that allows you to manipulate and query the contents to get the information needed using a set of provided tools. Interactive maps are created using GIS software, and then distributed to users, usually over a computer network. The TDEC Land and Water interactive map will allow you to do simple tasks such as pan, zoom, measure and find a lat/long, while also giving you the capability of running simple queries to locate land and waters by name, entity, and number. With the ability to turn off and on back ground images such as aerial imagery (both black and white as well as color), we hope that you can find much utility in the tools provided.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Pentek coating removal technology was tested and is being evaluated at Florida International University (FIU) as a baseline technology. In conjunction with FIU`s evaluation of efficiency and cost, this report covers evaluation conducted for safety and health issues. It is a commercially available technology and has been used for various projects at locations throughout the country. The Pentek coating removal system consisted of the ROTO-PEEN Scaler, CORNER-CUTTER{reg_sign}, and VAC-PAC{reg_sign}. They are designed to remove coatings from steel, concrete, brick, and wood. The Scaler uses 3M Roto Peen tungsten carbide cutters while the CORNER-CUTTER{reg_sign} uses solid needles for descaling activities. These hand tools are used with the VAC-PAC{reg_sign} vacuum system to capture dust and debris as removal of the coating takes place. The safety and health evaluation during the testing demonstration focused on two main areas of exposure: dust and noise. Dust exposure minimal, but noise exposure was significant. Further testing for each exposure is recommended because of the environment where the testing demonstration took place. It is feasible that the dust and noise levels will be higher in an enclosed operating environment of different construction. In addition, other areas of concern found were arm-hand vibration, whole-body, ergonomics, heat stress, tripping hazards, electrical hazards, machine guarding, and lockout/tagout.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A detailed relaxation study has been carried out on an eastern bituminous coal from the Powhatan No. 5 mine. Emphasis is on the relaxation parameters that determine the analytical reliability of /sup 13/C CP/MAS experiments. The apparent aromaticity obtained with a contact time of 1 ms is in agreement with the value obtained from a Bloch-decay experiment. The efficiency of the /sup 13/C CP/MAS analysis of coal is discussed, including consideration of low-temperature work.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Altex Technologies Corporation, in partnership with Pennsylvania State University (PSU), have previously developed the integrated temperature and pressure swing (ITAPS) carbon capture system. The ITAPS system utilizes advanced molecular basket sorbents (MBSs) on microchannel heat exchangers, which can be quickly cycled between carbon dioxide (CO2) sorption from coal-derived syngas and desorption into low-pressure steam exhausted from steam turbines in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power system. This would replace the typical three-stage Selexol system (for acid gas removal and pre-combustion carbon capture in the context of IGCC) with smaller and energy-efficient desorption and sorption units.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Air Liquide is developing a novel polyimide-based membrane material, PI-2, for application in their hybrid process that combines cold membrane operation with cryogenic separation to reduce the overall cost of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from flue gas. The focus of the project is to advance the high CO2 permeance PI-2 material to commercial-scale, 6-inch bundles for testing with actual flue gas in a 0.3-megawatt-electric (MWe) test unit at the National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The economic and financial feasibility studies comprised both a review of the general considerations involved in devising a financing plan for the Dunn-Nokato Project and quantitative analyses of project economics based on a computer model. Since The Nokota Company does not have the financial resources to provide the equity capital necessary to fund the Project, and since other equity sponsors have not yet been identified, a definitive financing plan cannot be determined at this time. However, an investigation of the characteristics necessary to any suitable financing plan for the Project was undertaken, included in: (1) a survey of possible sources of debt funds; (2) a discussion of the risks as perceived by lenders and the ways in which these can be addressed; (3) an analysis of the considerations involved in selecting a legal and financial structure; and (4) a review of available government support options under the Energy Security Act. The results of this work are summarized. The quantitative analysis developed pro forma financial statements over the life of the Project, calculated relevant rates of return for the Project, and generated various statistical measures of Project creditworthiness, based on information supplied by Nokota and Project consultants. These analyses indicate that, under the scenario judged to be most reasonable by Nokota and Project consultants, the Project is economically and financially viable. The economics of the Project under the base case design alternative were compared to the economics of other process design alternatives for which cost and output estimates had been prepared by Fluor. In addition, sensitivity analyses quantifying the effect of changes in key assumptions were performed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The methodology outlined below is applicable only to direct retorting of Green River oil shale by the Paraho process. Further, it should be used only for shales assaying between 20 and 36 gallons of oil per ton of shale. To facilitate materials balance calculations, several generalized assumptions have been made. These appear to be valid as first approximation but may need to be refined later.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is an investigation of various multi-phase and multiscale transport and reaction processes associated with heavy oil recovery. The thrust areas of the project include the following: Internal drives, vapor-liquid flows, combustion and reaction processes, fluid displacements and the effect of instabilities and heterogeneities and the flow of fluids with yield stress. These find respective applications in foamy oils, the evolution of dissolved gas, internal steam drives, the mechanics of concurrent and countercurrent vapor-liquid flows, associated with thermal methods and steam injection, such as SAGD, the in-situ combustion, the upscaling of displacements in heterogeneous media and the flow of foams, Bingham plastics and heavy oils in porous media and the development of wormholes during cold production.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- At 550{degree}C, the 1 wt % SO{sub 4}{sup 2}{minus}/l wt % Sr/La{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst, one of the most active catalyst for the selective conversion of methane at these moderate temperatures, showed a very good stability with a reactant mixture of CH{sub 4}/air = 1/1 with GHSV = 70,040 {ell}/kg catal/hr. During a 25 hr catalytic test, the conversion of CH{sub 4} and the C{sub 2}{sup } selectivity did not change, indicating good stability of the catalyst. At the same time, the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio remained steady at about 2.2, but the C{sup 2}{sup =}/C{sub 2} ratio shifted slightly with time from 0.74 to 0.68. The oxidative coupling of CH{sub 4} to C{sub 2}-hydrocarbons was very sensitive at 550{degree}C to the alteration of the CH{sub 4}/air reactant ratio at GHSV = 70,040 {ell}/kg catal/hr. It was observed that the conversion of CH{sub 4}, the C{sub 2}{sup } selectivity, and the %yield of C{sub 2}{sup } hydrocarbon products decreased very rapidly with increasing CH{sub 4}/air ratio from 1 to 3-4. At the largest CH{sub 4}/air ratio of 40.77 that was used utilized, the CH{sub 4} conversion was less than 0-5 C-mol%. The reverse process of decreasing the CH{sub 4}/air ratio from {approx}40 to 1 showed nearly reversible catalytic performance, but some deactivation was apparent at the lowest reactant ratios. The 1 wt % SO{sub 4}{sup 2}{minus}/1 wt % Sr/La{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst used in the experiments in which the CH{sub 4}/air ratio was varied subsequently revealed a good stability in the CH{sub 4} conversion level during testing at 550{degree}C for 15 hr (GHSV = 70,040 {ell}/kg catal/hr and CH{sub 4}/air = 1/1). Indeed, the C{sub 2}{sup } selectivity even increased by 3 to 4 C-mol%. Increasing the temperature from 550 to 600{degree}C resulted in a further recovery of the activity of the partially deactivated catalyst.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) Technology Transfer Program is envisioned as the last step in the fossil energy research and development (R and D) process. The intent of this Technology Transfer Program is to make the information on METC fossil energy technologies available to appropriate users for their consideration, adoption, and use. The concept on which this Technology Transfer Program is based centers around the lead laboratory R and D mission areas. The 13 fossil energy technology areas for which METC is responsible supply the technical information dissemination base for which the various technology transfer mechanisms function as information dissemination channels to users. Technology transfer is therefore the way of doing business for this Energy Technology Center. The 13 METC fossil energy R and D lead mission technologies are: coal gasification, fluidized-bed combustion, gas stream cleanup, heat engines, fuel cells, components, instrumentation and control, low-rank coals, unconventional gas recovery, oil shale, tar sands, underground coal gasification, and Arctic and offshore technologies.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Shale oil, produced at Rifle, Colorado, by the Bureau of Mines through NTU retorting of oil shale, has been examined by a combination of the following techniques: distillation, extraction with a solution consisting of a metal chloride dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid, silica-gel percolation, extraction with urea, and infrared spectrometry. Hydrocarbons constitute 39% of the shale oil, and compounds of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen account for the remaining 61%. The hydrocarbons are 6% normal paraffin, 6% normal olefins, 5% isoparaffins plus naphthenes, 12% isoolefins plus cycloolefins, 4% monocyclic aromatics, and 6% polycyclic aromatics. The non-hydrocarbons are 36% nitrogen compounds, 6% sulfur compounds, and 19% oxygen compounds. The composition data suggest that some hydrocarbons are formed during retorting of oil shale via the steps: kerogen--) nitrogen compounds--)isoparaffins plus naphthenes --)isoolefins plus cycloolefins --)aromatics."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A significant fraction of the product energy from oil shale retorting is contained in the retort off gas. Most oil shale processes use the retort off gas from plant fuel. The H/sub 2/S and NH/sub 3/ in retort off gas produce too much SO/sub 2/ and NOX to allow burning without a pollution control system. We used the ASPEN flowsheet simulator to model retort off-gas cleanup by venturi scrubbers. Venturi scrubbers are commonly used to remove particulates from gas streams, but the scrubbing liquid also absorbs some NH/sub 3/ and H/sub 2/S from the gas. The ASPEN venturi scrubber model makes good predictions of the particulate removal efficiency. The ASPEN estimates for H/sub 2/S and NH/sub 3/ absorption are higher than the equilibrium absorption predictions made by a state-of-the-art sour water vapor-liquid equilibrium model, TIDES. The discrepancy probably results from trying to simulate an electrolyte system with a vapor-liquid equilibrium model that is designed for molecular systems. The simulation indicates that a venturi scrubber may absorb enough NH/sub 3/ to serve as the primary NH/sub 3/ removal system. The H/sub 2/S absorption is quite low, however, and some other process is needed to remove the H/sub 2/S. 17 references, 6 figures, 3 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents a computer algorithm for determining the degree of heterogeneity among the layers of a reservoir. The algorithm uses the equations developed by Brigham and Smith that predict the behavior of a tracer slug flowing in a five-spot injection pattern. To illustrate the use and potential problems in the application of this algorithm, examples are presented using five sets of simulated field test data. One example using actual field data is also presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- Program has resulted in significant technical accomplishments -High-temperature wafer process is in production -High-temperature design infrastructure (libraries/toolkits) in place -Precision Amplifier and FPGA design success on the 1stpass -Demonstrated High-temperature non-volatile memory capability -A-to-D design and fabrication complete, ready for evaluation ?Objectives to date are being met -Vote of confidence last fall with SOPO revision and additional funding from JIP partners and DOE -JIP is on-board for 2006 ?There is a clear path forward to achieve the program goals1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Office of Technical Program Management is responsible for coordinating the development, coordination and execution of all of the LETC program implementation plans. It is also assigned the management responsibilities and authorities for all project support activities. Te office is organized with three projects managers, under an Assistant Director for Technical Program management. The Assistant Director and the projects managers provide technical and management leadership for all LETC assigned programs and activities. The office of Research and Development provides technical personnel to manage specific projects and contracts, and provides technical expertise in support of project activities. The resultant matrix structure requires close coordination and cooperation between the ORD and the OPM.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The basis of this book was a desire to prepare a report which provides readily accessible and concise data on all major activities in coal conversion technology. The data are given in three main sections: Section I, Coal Conversion Processes for the Production of Solid, Liquid, and gaseous products; Section II, High-Btu Coal Gasification Processes; and Section III, Low- and Medium-Btu Coal Gasification Processes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This paper describes a one-dimensional numerical model which simulates oil recovery from tar sands by reverse combustion. The method of lines is used to solve the nonlinear differential equations describing the flow. The effects of volumetric air flux on the peak temperature, flame velocity, and oil recovery efficiency are reported. The results are compared to the results of relevant experimental studies.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) conducted a number of feasibility studies on the combustion and retorting of five oil shales: Celina (Tennessee), Colorado, Israeli, Moroccan, and Sunbury (Kentucky). These studies generated technical data primarily on (1) the effects of retorting conditions, (2) the combustion characteristics applicable to developing an optimum process design technology, and (3) establishing a data base applicable to oil shales worldwide. During the research program, METC applied the versatile fluidized-bed process to combustion and retorting of various low-grade oil shales. Based on METC's research findings and other published information, fluidized-bed processes were found to offer highly attractive methods to maximize the heat recovery and yield of quality oil from oil shale. The principal reasons are the fluidized-bed's capacity for (1) high in-bed heat transfer rates, (2) large solid throughput, and (3) selectivity in aromatic-hydrocarbon formation. The METC research program showed that shale-oil yields were affected by the process parameters of retorting temperature, residence time, shale particle size, fluidization gas velocity, and gas composition. (Preferred values of yields, of course, may differ among major oil shales.) 12 references, 15 figures, 8 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Control of sulfur emissions is a key environmental concern in the retorting of oil shale. Oil shale may contain 2% or more sulfur, while a typical shale in the Green River Formation of Colorado contains about 0.7% sulfur. Although this sulfur concentration is not large compared to some high sulfur coals, large-scale production of shale oil will require processing millions of tonnes of oil shale; thus, sulfur emissions would be very great if controls were not applied. About 16 to 30% of the sulfur in oil shale is liberated to the vapors produced during retorting, and the remainder stays with the spent shale. Retort gases generally contain hydrogen sulfide as the major sulfur compound and lesser amounts of other organic sulfur compounds such as sulfur dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and mercaptans.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Final Report-07122-44-The goal of this project is to increase gas recovery from tight gas formations in the Uinta Basin, Utah by analyzing and modeling natural fracture networks and their interactions with hydraulic fractures, mainly in Mesaverde Group reservoir rocks. The plan is to incorporate natural and hydraulic fracture data into a multiphase, discrete-fracture fluid flow model that simulates gas production from these reservoirs. The results will be used to optimize gas production from selected tight gas formations in the basin.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Coal is a combustible, rocklike substance formed from plant remains that have undergone physical and chemical changes through geological processes. In early geological times a warm, moist climate prevailed and swamps covered large parts of the world. Ferns, reeds, mosses, and other plants grew in great numbers, sometimes reaching as much as 200 feet in height. After the plants died are sank to the bottom of the swamps, water and new layers of plant material sealed them off from the air, preventing them from decaying completely. Some of this mass was covered by the sea, which deposited layers of inorganic sediment, sand, and dirt, forming the overburden now found over coal seams. Thus, coal lies in giant subterranean sandwiches, shallow or deep, flat or pitched. Most coal beds are broad and thin, and are within 3,000 feet of the surface.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The University of Kentucky and the Kentucky Geological Survey have worked together to collect the oil and gas well locations in Kentucky into GIS-readable shapefile downloads.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The U.S. Department of Energy conducted its second in-situ-combustion field experiment from August, 1977 to February, 1978 in Utah’s Northwest Asphalt Ridge deposit. Data from this experiment was utilized to estimate the oil price necessary for an economically viable in-situ-combustion project. The results of this investigation are contained in this report.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The second experiment in underground gasification of coal at Gorgas was operated continuously for 22-1/2 months without any great difficulty. As shown in figure 1, the initial development consisted of 1,100 feet of double entry between borehole II and the entry seal driven horizontally in the coal bed and a single entry 300 fee long connecting borehole II with borehole I. Theses entries provides a passage for the gas-making fluids along the coal faces. Five large-diameter boreholes on 300-foot centers were drilled from the surface to the entries, and subsequently two additional large-diameter boreholes were drilled near the perimeter of the reacting zone in order to introduce air at the horizon of the coal bed and to remove gas and products of combustion. An air black of approximately 7.500 c.f.m. usually was employed, but at times a reduced blast rate was used. The operational characteristics of the installation were studied, and records were kept of the volume of air admitted to the system, temperatures at various points underground, and other pertinent data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This is the first report that presents literature review, experimental work and recent developments in this project. The experimental work consists of static tests and preliminary “Enhanced Sweeps”. This report includes the first batch of experimental results obtained from the tests conducted on the SSL (Small Sweep Loop) flow loop as well as preliminary successful static test results for oil droplet attachments. Based on results from preliminary flow loop tests, subsequent “Enhanced sweep” tests were conducted according to a modified Test Matrix. A preliminary analysis of the experimental data obtained is presented. The effects of parameters such as rheology, flow rate, bed heights and pressure drop are presented. The focus of this report will be the results from the “Enhanced Sweep” tests. The research also shows some interesting behavior of oil droplets attaching to cuttings. Because of the buoyant ability of the oil, it tends to lift the particle in the drilling fluid.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The 5th Annual In-Situ Energy Recovery Technology short course was presented on August 7-8, 1980 at the AMFAC Hotel in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This year we had over 100 attendees, counting guests and speakers. The new course format was well suited to the needs of the majority of attendees. The new approach was to devote the first morning period to an overview and to the basic generic technology of in-situ processes; followed by, three half-day sessions covering underground coal gasification, in-situ oil shale extraction, and other in-situ energy recovery technologies such as geothermal, solution uranium mining, and unconventional gas recovery."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Two methods are used on the Eastern Gas Shales Project to measure the gas volume of encapsulated shale samples. The direct method measures pressure and volume and is initiated almost immediately upon encapsulation of the sample. A second method measures pressure, volume, and composition, and is initiated after pressure is allowed to build up over several weeks. A combination of the two methods has been used on selected samples, and yields more data as it allows extrapolation to account for gas lost prior to encapsulation. The stratigraphic horizons, characterized by dark shales with high organic and high carbon content and a relatively high gamma ray intensity of 200+ API units also have high gas contents (relative to other units within the same well). The Lower Huron, Rhinestreet, and Marcellus Shales are high in gas content relative to other stratigraphic units at the same sites. The difference in gas content of the same stratigraphic horizon between well sites appears to be controlled by the thermal maturity. Kinetic studies have shown that, in some samples, significant amounts of gas are released after the time when the gas volume would be initially measured. Additional work needs to be performed to determine why the rates and volume of gas released vary between samples.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Onshore Unconventional TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The ENPEX project comprises the production and upgrading of heavy crude San Miguel tar in an integrated facility designed to produce a syncrude or clean fuel products. The project utilizes fluidized bed coal combustion to produce high pressure steam (2500 psi) for steam flooding of fifty feet of San Miguel net pay located at a depth of approximately 1,800 feet. ENPEX has successfully utilized CONOCO's FAST technology to produce over 16,000 barrels of crude San Miguel tar in the world's first major steam flood project to be fueled entirely by coal. Currently the produced tar from the project must be blended with a lighter oil for transport from the site and refining by the Gulf Coast refiners. Future plans for the project include long term operations, utilizing a multipattern steam flood, with support from the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation as per the SFC/ENPEX Four Corners Agreement of July, 1984. ENPEX has designed a fully integrated production and refining plant utilizing CONOCO's fast technology for production of between 5,000 and 20,000 barrels per day of tar, and CE Lummus'LC-FINING hydrocracking technology for the production of syncrude from the native tar.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Accomplishments for the past quarter are presented for the following tasks: process development unit test operations; process analysis; process and component engineering and design; cold flow scaleup facility; and laboratory support studies. 3 refs., 33 figs., 11 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The concept that a substantial fraction of guest molecules is trapped within the macromolecular network of coals has undergone some modification since the proposal that led to the funding of this project was written. Accordingly, the strategy to be followed has been revised somewhat. It is now predicted that the polycyclic alkanes and long-chain alkyl aromatics to be used in this project as markers for the mobile phase should be extractable from suitable coals by ethylene diamine or a methylcyclohexanone/dimethylformamide mixture. This prediction is being tested. It would follow, if the hypothesis is correct, that a substantial part of liquefaction consists of the liberation of physically trapped material of quite low molecular weight. A further 19 coals have been sealed in pyridine-d/sub 5/ for pulsed free-induction-decay /sup 1/H nmr; this completes the set of 24 coals to be studied by this technique, in an experiment designed to obtain information on the variation of the mobile phase with rank and geological history. A sample from the Illinois No. 6 seam has been extracted with a benzene/ethanol mixture under Soxhlet conditions and at 100/sup 0/C in an autoclave for 3, 24 and 96 hours. A fairly systematic increase in extract yield and in the hexane-soluble portion is observed. The same coal has been extracted under various conditions with other, more polar, solvents, which yielded less or no more hexane-solubles than benzene/ethanol. Indoline has been reported to be a better donor solvent than tetralin. It has now been found that this is certainly true for 3 coals if conversion is defined by THF solubility. Research has been continued in exploring dry catalytic coal hydrogenation as a technique by which to examine the compositions and relationships of the molecular phase and network. It has been confirmed that the impregnated molybdenum catalyst should be present in the fully sulfided form in order to attain high catalytic activity. 22 refs., 3 figs., 17 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- It is well documented that Louisiana has the highest rate of wetland loss in the United States. Deep-water channel dredging and leveling of the Mississippi River since the 1930s have interrupted the natural delta cycle that builds new marshes through sediment deposition. Several sediment diversion and hydrologic restoration projects are currently in various stages of implementation under the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA 1993). Many of the areas that are subsiding and deteriorating are isolated from riverine sediment sources; therefore alternative methods to deposit sediment and build marshes must be implemented. This project demonstrates that the earthen materials produced when drilling oil and gas wells can be used as a suitable substrate for growing wetland plants. Drilling fluids (muds) are used to lubricate drill bits and stabilize the earth around drill holes and become commingled with the earthen cuttings. Two processes (referred to in this report as A and 8) have been reported to restore drill cuttings to acceptable levels by removal of any toxic components found in drilling muds. The main objective of this project was to assess the potential of drill cuttings processed by these two methods in terms of their ability to support wetland vegetation and potential toxicity. It was our belief that if processed drill cuttings can be shown to pose no environmental hazard, support wetland vegetation, and compare favorably in cost to their current disposal, then their use in wetland creation and restoration projects should be considered.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Section8 of Taggart coal bed1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Triaxial compression tests and ultrasonic velocity measurements were made on two oil shale rocks of differing kerogen content (20 gal/ton and 40 gal/ton). Triaxial compression tests to 0.8 Gpa on samples cut at various angles to the bedding planes showed anisotropic strength behavior with the minimum strength occurring at an angle of approximately 30-40 degree to the bedding planes. The anistotropic strength characteristic was observed to vanish for triaxial tests at 0.8 Gpa on the 20 gal/ton rock but was still prevalent at 0.8 Gpa in the 40 gal/ton rock.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Vertical modified in-situ processes for oil-shale development require an accessible, thick and continuous oil-shale section. In Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin the Mahogany zone and its overlying oil-shale is the Green River Formation section that best meets these requirements. This oil-shale section is described and evaluated in detail with contour maps of richness, thickness, and oil resource in place. Seven cross sections were constructed to provide the frame work necessary for basin-wide correlation of assay results from 189 cores. These correlations form the basis for detailed contouring and source evaluation of the Mahogany zone, A-groove, and 5 overlying oil-shale sections. Total oil in place basin-wide in this primary resource is 419 billion barrels with 85 percent occurring in areas with resource exceeding 400,000 bbls per acre. Ninety-five percent of the resource occurs where average richness of the total section exceeds 14 gallons per ton. Thickness of the continuous section reaches 600 feet and virtually all the resource occurs in sections thicker than 300 feet (91 meters).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Viscoelastic measurements of bitumens made on a mechanical spectrometer assisted with bitumen-again characteristics, adsorption of bitumen components on mineral surfaces, and the effect of moisture on the bitumen components on mineral surfaces, and the effect of moisture on the bitumen-aggregate interactions. Irregular transitions believed related to changes in molecular structuring in bitumens were observed in the viscoelastic and asphaltene settling times data following time-dependent oxidative aging of the bitumens.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Two tasks were active during the tenth quarter of the CNG acid gas removal project. Subtask 1.4: calibration of instruments and elimination of equipment difficulties for the process development-scale triple-point crystallizer. Subtask 2.1: acquisition of crystallizer rate and mechanical slurry handling data. Within Subtask 1.4, a method was established to allow the washer-melter liquid level to fluctuate within a specified range. Bulk movement of the liquid within this range promotes a ratchet-type upward movement of the solid bed. Continuous crystallizer runs up to 5 hours have been achieved with this intermittent upward movement of the solid bed. The persistent gradual accumulation of solid carbon dioxide in the flasher is now the major obstacle preventing long-term continuous operation of the crystallizer. Within Subtask 2.1, the continuous crystallizer runs this quarter have achieved steady state crystallizer concentration profiles, and permitted measurement of crystallizer separation factors for the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide. The separation factors fall in the range 1000-3000. The lower bound separation factor, 1000, is double the value used in recent engineering designs of the crystallizer. A complete data log of one crystallizer run with the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide is presented in Appendix A. 3 references, 68 figures, 12 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A theoretical model for an in situ oil shale retort with three distinct zones surrounded by the wall of oil shale deposits, the overburden and underburden, is considered to study monitoring the progression of retorting processes by means of the electromagnetic wave propagation. The overall power reflection and transmission coefficients for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic waves are obtained as a function of position of a combustion zone in the retort based upon the assumption of straight line propagation of monocromatic plane waves through layered lossy dielectric media.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Several underground coal gasification experiments have been conducted in the Hanna No 1 coal seam. During the fall of 1980 the Laramie Energy Technology Center performed a post-burn field study of the Hanna II, Phases 2 and 3 experiment at the Hanna UCG site. The field work consisted of high resolution seismic, drilling, coring, and geophysical logging. The Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, contributed to the post-burn study by doing laboratory work on the cores and geophysical logs. Funding was provided by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. The purpose of the laboratory work was to provide an estimate of the temperatures and chemical conditions reached during the conversion experiment by studying the mineralogic and textural characteristics of thermallly altered and unaltered overburden.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The last six cycles of a 25-cycle sorbent durability test were completed, final installation of the flame photometric detector was accomplished, and fifteen tests whose aim was to determine the minimum prebreakthrough H{sub 2}S concentration over reduced CeO{sub 2} were performed. There was little, if any, evidence of sorbent deterioration in the durability test. During the durability test the author confirmed that, when using pre-reduced sorbent and a clean system, the prebreakthrough H{sub 2}S concentration was less than 100 ppmv, the detection limit of the thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Consequently, a more sensitive flame photometric detector (FPD) which permitted measurements of H{sub 2}S concentrations of 1 ppmv or less was installed. The FPD and TCD were connected in parallel so that, when desired, the entire H{sub 2}S breakthrough curve could be measured. Most of the quarter was devoted to conducting reduction-sulfidation tests to determine the minimum prebreakthrough H{sub 2}S concentrations which could be achieved using prereduced CeO{sub 2}. Fifteen runs involving variations in reduction-sulfidation temperature, H{sub 2}S concentration in the feed gas, and feed gas volumetric flow rate were completed. In all tests the prebreakthrough H{sub 2}S concentration was less than 10 ppmv, and in many of the tests the H{sub 2}S concentration was equal to or less than 1 ppmv for an extended time period.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project was to assess the risks and close the technology gaps of subsea DC connectors, a critical component to ensure the safe and reliable operation of subsea high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission and distribution (T&D) systems, which is the emerging technology for environmentally safe and reliable powering of long step-out, ultra-deepwater (UDW) subsea oil and gas processing. The program demonstrated the HVDC electrical functionality of the connector, and together with the field-proven mechanical design this will retire the key technical risks in order to reach Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 3. The project was conducted in preparation for the prototype development. In Phase 2, the novel subsea HVDC connector design concepts will be proposed and validated by constructing and testing electrical mock-up prototypes under ambient and simulated subsea conditions in the lab.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Use of Engineered Nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 Foams to Improve Volumetric Sweep of CO2 EOR ProcessesProject Final Report-DE-FE0005917-The goal of this project is to develop a new carbon dioxide injection enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) process using engineered nanoparticles with optimized surface coatings that has better volumetric sweep efficiency and a wider application range than conventional CO2-EOR processes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- PSUADE (Problem Solving environment for Uncertainty Analysis and Design Exploration) is a software toolkit to facilitate the use of output from detailed process models to quantify uncertainty; it was developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952. It was blended from upper Bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.9 gal. per ton.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "This action would make available for private development up to six leases of public oil shale lands of not more than 5,120 acres each. Two tracts are located in each of the State of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Oil shale development would produce both direct and indirect changes in the environment of the oil shale region in each of the three States where commercial quantities of oil shale resources exist. Many of the environmental changes would be of local significance, and others would be of an expanding nature and have cumulative impact."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- This chapter addresses waste package components, emplacement environment, design, and status of research and development that support the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigation Project. The Site Characterization Plan discussion of waste package components is contained entirely within this chapter and Chapter 8. The discussion of emplacement environment in this chapter is limited to considerations of the environment that influence, or which may influence if perturbed, the waste packages and their performance. This discussion considers the near-field environment as described in previous chapters but does not address overall site environment. For an understanding of the overall environment, the reader is referred to those chapters. The basis for conceptual waste package design as well as description of the design is included in this chapter. The complete design will be reported in the Advanced Conceptual Design report and is not duplicated in the SCP. The focus of the design discussions is the SCP is on those aspects of the design that are dependent on site characterization information. The relationship between this chapter and other design-related documents is shown in Figure 7-1.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Appalachian basin architecture during Middle Ordovician time was dominated by a Black River ramp to the northwest flanked by the central Appalachian basin along its southeast margin, with the deeper Sevier basin still farther to the east and southeast. The ramp margin, which marked the western edge of the central Appalachian basin, was in the approximate location of the western edge of the Rome trough. Black River carbonate rocks were deposited on this broad, stable, shallow-water ramp as epeiric seas transgressed much of what is now the Appalachian region, while thick, shaley carbonates were being deposited within the trough-influenced foredeep and clastic sediments were being deposited in the Sevier basin. The elongate, north-northeast-trending depocenter that developed during early Black River time would continue to exist and even expand throughout the remainder of the Ordovician Period.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Topics explored through this project include: decisions involving disposal of mixed, low-level, and transuranic (TRU) waste and disposition of nuclear materials; decisions involving DOE budget requests and their effect on environmental cleanup and compliance at DOE facilities; strategies to treat mixed, low-level, and transuranic (TRU) waste and their effect on individual sites in the complex; changes to the FFCA site treatment plans as a result of proposals in the EM 2006 cleanup plans and contractor integration analysis; interstate waste and materials shipments; and reforms to existing RCRA and CERCLA regulations/guidance to address regulatory overlap and risks posed by DOE wastes. The work accomplished by the NGA project team during the past four months can be categorized as follows: maintained open communication with DOE on a variety of activities and issues within the DOE environmental management complex; and maintained communication with NGA Federal Facilities Compliance Task Force members regarding DOE efforts to formulate a configuration for mixed low-level waste and low-level treatment and disposal, DOE activities in the area of the Hazardous Waste Identification Rule, and DOE`s proposed National Dialogue.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Program Change Control Procedure is part of the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program management System, as described in the PMS Manual. The Program Change Control Board may develop additional procedures, as necessary, to supplement this procedure.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal methods of analysis were used to resolve conflicting statements in the literature on the thermal decomposition of dawsonite (NaAl(OH)/sub 2/CO/sub 3/). By 350/sup 0/C the dawsonite structure collapses and water equivalent to the hydroxyl group and a large portion of the carbonate CO/sub 2/ are lost. This decomposition product then gradually loses the remainder of the CO/sub 2/ and remains amorphous until crystalline NaAlO/sub 2/ is formed at approximately 670/sup 0/C.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goals of this project were to: -Complete the development of the University of Utah discrete-fracture model so that an alternative production-level fractured reservoir model is available. - Incorporate the most modern numerical schemes in reservoir simulation algorithms and implement the simulator on large PC clusters to demonstrate affordable parallel reservoir simulation. - Develop optimization-based reservoir simulators so that exploitation of oil reservoirs is planned in an economically optimal fashion and oilfields are operated optimally over their lifetime. -Implement the entire package on the internet so that the technology is available and accessible to a wide group of independents.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A compilation of material property data on Green River (Piceance Basin) oil shale is presented. While this report is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature, it is intended to provide a baseline of data to support various thermomechanical modeling efforts in progress at Sandia National Laboratories. The data, presented in tabular form, are divided into three categories: elastic properties, failure properties and thermal properties. Within each category, the data are listed by kerogen content and test condition (confining pressure, temperature, etc.). Summaries of some of the important features of the elastic and failure properties of oil shale are presented in graphical form.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The design of the Pulsed Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor (PAFBC) as described in the Quarterly Report for the period April--June, 1992 was reviewed and minor modifications were included. The most important change made was in the coal/limestone preparation and feed system. Instead of procuring pre-sized coal for testing of the PAFBC, it was decided that the installation of a milling system would permit greater flexibility in the testing with respect to size distributions and combustion characteristics in the pulse combustor and the fluid bed. Particle size separation for pulse combustor and fluid bed will be performed by an air classifier. The modified process flow diagram for the coal/limestone handling system is presented in Figure 1. The modified process flow diagrams of the fluidized bed/steam cycle and ash handling systems are presented in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques were developed to study concentrated suspension flows. The tasks completed were: (1) materials selection for imaging of both particle and fluid components, (2) pipe flow measurements, and (3) flows in complex geometries. The partially completed task is the development of rapid imaging techniques by analog compensation of eddy currents, generated by the gradient pulses, and real-time image reconstruction from the data. The best combination of materials found is pharmaceutical beads in silicon oil. Their relaxation times T{sub 1} are sufficiently different to permit imaging the two components separately. The pipe flow experiment used 3 mm, neutrally buoyant, plastic particles, up to 40% by volume, in 80--90W transmission oil flowing in a 5 cm diameter pipe. Distances ranging from 60 cm to 6 m downstream from a commercial mixer was studied. The flow is fully developed at 6 m and the concentration and velocity profiles agree with earlier lower resolution experiments. The eddy current compensation scheme works well for two channels and is being extended to eight channels. The authors have also built a rapid reconstruction hardware that processes and displays images in a fraction of a second. They studied the flow of neutrally buoyant concentrated suspension past a step expansion and contraction in a cylindrical pipe. Interesting transition is observed at the expansion whereby the high fluids-fraction outer layer spreads to become the outer layer in the larger pipe.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The state of stress influences several potential risks associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS). Among these are the risk of induced seismicity and leakage due to unintentional hydraulic fracturing. In situ stress can be measured or inferred using several techniques, but these measurements are only made at discrete locations, and they generally provide an incomplete description of the full stress tensor. Because of this there is generally considerable uncertainty in the state of stress within a GCS reservoir and surrounding formations. The state of stress analysis tool (SOSAT) provides a method to use a Bayesian approach to calculate a probability distribution for in situ stress at a particular point using a variety of common data types. Using this stress state probability distribution, the SOSAT then calculates the probability of activating a critically-oriented fault at a specified range of pore pressures. The result is an easy to use physics-based tool for estimating the risk of induced seismicity and unintentional hydraulic fracturing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The first Laramie Energy Technology Center steam flood experiment in a Utah Tar Sand, LETC TS-1S, was conducted in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge deposit located near Vernal, Utah. Following completion of construction n April 1980, steam injection was initiated in the center well of two concentric inverted five spot patterns. The zone chosen for the experiment was a 45 foot (14 m) thick sandstone in the Rimrock Member of the Mesavarda Formation. The pattern area was 0.25 acres (1012 m^2) and contained a 12k API (986 kd/m^3) bitumen with a viscosity greater than 10^6 cantipoise (10^3 Pa.s) at reservoir conditions. The average oil saturation was 8.9 percent of the pore volume. During the 160 days of operation, 65,700 barrels (10.4 dem^3) of water equivalent steam were injected at 360 to 530 peig (2.5 to 3.7 MPa) and 180 to 650 BPD (29 to 103 m^3/d). Total production during the test amounted to 1,150 barrels (183 m^3) of oil and 6,250 barrels (994 m^3) of water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- Three counties in the Uintah Basin in the northeastern corner of Utah, which could be the site of numerous energy development projects in the next two decades, are the focus of this report. Socioeconomic characteristics of the area, as they presently exist, are described as a baseline for comparison of impact projections. Topics include population, land use, housing, transporation, community services, employment and imcome, public finances, local political profile, and social and psychological aspects. Impacts, through the year 2000 where possible, of growth from energy development are discussed for each of these topics.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective is to develop an in situ process for recovering shale oil using a fire front moving in a horizontal direction. The project is being conducted at a field site, Kamp Kerogen, located 70 miles south of Vernal, Utah. There are no retort nor production data included in this report because no retort was burned nor oil produced during the second quarter. Reclamation work has begun on Retorts number 24, number 25, and number 26. Final preparations were made in May to ignite Retort number 27. Five post-blast packer tests on Retort number 28 have been finished and results should be available in July. Construction of the off gas processing plant for Retorts number 27 and number 28 began in April. To date, the oil storage tanks, demister tanks, air coolers, ammonia absorber and stripper, the afterburner stack, the H/sub 2/S absorber, the steam generator, the ammonia stripper reboiler, and a small heat exchanger have been installed. The gas piping including the by-pass system through the plant is complete; the installation of process piping in the ammonia plant is nearly complete. Process modifications have delayed the piping in the sulfur plant. The ignition, vacuum and spare blowers are all operational. 10 figures, 4 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- STA Tool – a virtual research assistant designed to: • Organize and visualize disparate big data and knowledge resources • Simplify geologic domain formation • Provide and execute multi-dimensional statistical analyses and validation • Utilize ML to characterize property trends and predictions The Subsurface Trend Analysis (STA) Tool utilizes the STA method as a framework for integrating machine learning and artificial intelligence to accelerate subsurface analyses. The Subsurface Trend Analysis method (Rose et al., 2020) is a validated methodology that improves prediction of subsurface properties, even in areas with little to no data. This download includes the 2D version of the STA Tool. A 3D version is forthcoming. This work was conducted under the Advanced Offshore Research Portfolio, FWP Number 1022409 at National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy. For more information: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/offshore/portfolio-items/geohazards-subsurface-uncertainty-modeling/ Rose, K., Bauer, J.R., and Mark-Moser, M., “A Systematic, Science-Driven Approach for Predicting Subsurface Properties,” Interpretation, 8:1 (2020), 167–181, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2019-0019.1.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- SRI International is developing a novel ammonia (NH3) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3)-based mixed-salt solvent carbon dioxide (CO2) capture process. Large bench-scale and engineering-scale (~10 megawatt-electric [MWe]) testing is being performed to validate enhanced CO2 capture efficiency, high loading capacity, and reduced energy consumption.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- CT and core logger data of the Yawkey #98 core described in the technical report: Crandall, D.; Mackey, P.; Paronish, T.; Brown, S.; Moore, J.; Workman, S.; Warden, L.; Computed Tomography Scanning and Geophysical Measurements of the Rhinestreet and Marcellus Shale from the Yawkey #98 Well; NETL-TRS-X-2018; NETL Technical Report Series; U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory: Morgantown, WV, 2018; p 45.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NRAP TRS.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report will provide a brief synopsis of the problem including a hydrogeologic description of the area, highlights of the baseline data collection program, and description of some significant process characteristics which may have effected the distribution of contaminants.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- GIS maps of Alabama resource data; includes maps of geology, natural hazards, and water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The principal objective in the mathematical analysis presented was to describe mathematically the oil yield, the amounts of oil degradation into coke and gas, and the rate of oil generation in the retorting of oil shale at various pressures. The results of the analysis are in good agreement with the experimental results obtaine under various retorting conditions. In this analysis, the rate equations for the decomposition of organic matter the recovery of liquid oil as oil mist or oil vapor, and the stoichiometry factors were determined from the experimental data on powdered oil shale with nitrogen as a sweep gas.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Sandia National Laboratories is conducting and directing the MultiWell Experiment (MWX) core analysis program as part of the Western Gas Sands Project for the Department of Energy's Unconventional Gas Sands Program. Sandia National Laboratories will carry out sample selection, sample distribution, prioritization of analyses, distribution of data, and coordination of interagency analyses. The U.S.G.S., along with Sandia, will provide interpretation of analytical results. A sedimentological model of the Mesaverde~ Group at the Multi-Well site will be published by J.C. Lorenze (Sandia). The Petrology Laboratory of Bendix Field Engineering Corporation is providing routine mineralogic and petrologic analyses of MWX core samples and interpretations, as detailed in this report. These are preliminary results to be used primarily for characterization of the general mineralogy and textures of an interval so that variations in mineralogic trends can be delineated. This report is the third of fifteen which will present the results of petrologic analyses of the fifteen intervals to be submitted from drill holes MWX-1 and 2. Included here are mineralogic and petrologic data from the Corcoran and Cozzette Intervals of drill hole MWX-2.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The report gives results of an evaluation of two mobile pilot-plant scrubbers (one alkaline, the other Stretford) for removing reduced sulfur compounds from the offgas of an in-situ retort at Geokinetics. The alkaline scrubber had a tray tower and a venturi contactor used alternately with NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH to investigate the effects of scrubbing chemical, chemical concentration, and residence time on removal efficiency and H/sub 2/S selectivity. The Stretford plant employed a venturi contactor (near the end of the test, a packed-tower contactor was added downstream of the venturi). A computer model of the alkaline scrubber, based on the penetration theory, was developed and agrees well with the observed performance. Based on this model, it appears possible to design an alkaline scrubber system that can achieve 95% H/sub 2/S removal at a selectivity of 37.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the program was to assess the potential environmental hazard posed by the surface disposal of raw and spent eastern oil shale. Three shales: Sunbury, Cleveland and New Albany were investigated. The spent materials were derived in the case of the Sunbury shale from the Battelle, in the case of Cleveland shale from the Rockwell, and in the case of the New Albany shale form the Hytort process. The raw, low carbonate Sunbury and Cleveland shales were found to produce acid drainage readily on exposure to the atmosphere and water, this action was accelerated by iron oxidizing bacteria. The raw New Albany shale behaved in a manner analogous to highly calcareous coals. No pyrite appeared to be left in the spent shales, the presence of ferrous sulfide in the New Albany and Cleveland shales was indicated. Mechanisms responsible for the results obtained are discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Estimated use of water for Indiana at the county level.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The fluvial tower Eocene Wind River Formation crops out throughout most of the Wind River Basin. The geology of the Wind River Formation is important from an economic point of view, as it is the host rock for important quantities of hydrocarbons and uranium. Soister (1968), Van Houten (1964), and others have written detailed accounts of the stratigraphy of the Wind River Formation in specific parts of the basin, and Keefer (1965a) has presented a more regional view. These works will provide a background for the sedimentologic and stratigraphic data and interpretations of this paper.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- ARS TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- It was determined that many potential environmental hazards from microbial enhancement of oil recovery (MEOR) technology are extensions of EOR environmental problems. One unique concern of MEOR is that interactions between injected microorganisms and molasses, and those microorganisms already present in the reservoir might pose novel problems. It appeared necessary to obtain information regarding the indigenous microbial flora and the survival characteristics of a MEOR system after it encounters simulated reservoir microbial conditions. We found from laboratory studies that adventitious microbial species present in the molasses overgrew several of the indigenous microorganisms in Berea sandstone cores and also overgrew the injected MEOR microorganisms. From the results of these studies, we conclude that: (1) The introduction of nutrients into a petroleum reservoir could stimulate the growth of indigenous microorganisms. (2) Microorganisms present in injected non-sterile nutrients can overgrow both injected microbes and indigenous microorganisms. (3) Spore-forming bacteria cannot survive time periods in porous media of 4-20 weeks if there are other bacterial types present. 7 refs., 7 figs., 6 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An experiment has been conducted to study hydraulic fracture behavior at a geologic formation interface. Fractures were initiated above and below an interface between welded tuff with modulus of elasticity (E), Poisson's ratio (v), porosity (~) and permeability (k) of 3.B x 106 psi, 0.239, 13% and 0.01 md, respectively, overlying a bedded ash-fall tuff with E, v, ~, and k of 2.4 x 105 psi, 0.312, 45% and 0.01 md, respectively. Nine-thousand gallons and five thousand gallons of colored cement were injected into the ash-fall tuff and welded tuff, respectively, at a flow rate of 6 bbl/min. Conventional fracture design calculations indicated that this volume was sufficient to propagate 50 ft high fractures, 600 ft total length in each zone. Material property measurements from logs and laboratory tests on core samples, in situ stresses in adjacent regions, design calculations, pumping schedules and treatment operations relevant to this experiment are described. Mineback through the experiment regions has been initiated and will allow direct observation of the created fracture systems. Evaluation of the fracture behavior, particularly at the interface, will be performed during mineback and integrated with the present data to provide a better understanding of hydraulic fracturing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The reservoir properties of the Woodbine Formation are well known. Production from a number of reservoirs gives us a view of the sandstone properties and fluid behavior within the system (for example, Galloway and others, 1983, p. 5464). This long production history is one of the reasons for selection of this brine formation for characterization. One scenario proposed for reuse of oil and gas infrastructure (pipelines or pipeline right-of-way, wells, mineral rights) would be use of abandoned reservoirs for CO2 storage. Severe pressure depletion because of historic production practices in Woodbine field might increase CO2 storage capacity. Main site http://www.beg.utexas.edu/environqlty/co2seq/co2data.htm1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The current conceptual HYTORT process design for the hydroretorting of oil shales employs moving-bed retorts that utilize shale particles larger than 3 mm. Work at the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) is in progress to investigate the potential of high-temperature (1100 to 1300 K) fluidized-bed gasification of shale fines (<3 mm size) using steam and oxygen as a technique for more complete utilization of the resource. Synthesis gas produced from fines gasification can be used for making some of the hydrogen needed in the HYTORT process. After completing laboratory-scale batch and continuous gasification tests with several Eastern oil shales, two tests with Indiana New Albany shale were conducted in a 0.2 m diameter fluidized-bed gasification process development unit (PDU). A conceptual gasifier design for 95% carbon conversion was completed. Gasification of 20% of the mined shale can produce the hydrogen required by the HYTORT reactor to retort 80% of the remaining shale. 12 refs., 1 fig., 5 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This progress report summarizes the status of government sponsored projects undertaken to increase gas production from low-permeability gas sands of the western United States during August, 1978. Background information is given in the September 1977 Status Report, NV0/0655-100.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Current or Potential Electrode Selector (COPES) was built to help automate earth resistivity measurements. It provides convenient means to switch electrodes in an array between the excitation current source and the potential measuring equipment. Probe configurations may be selected manually or by computer control to make measurements with various effective depth of penetration and resolution.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A prototype methodology for evaluating oil production due to advanced secondary recovery (ASR) processes was fully developed and used by ICF Resources Incorporated in the Multistate analysis which was performed for the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC). As part of Work Request Number AC/l5104/BC/42,Rev. the Department of Energy (DOE) as requested that BDM-Oklahoma review this methodology to determine its suitability for use in TORIS and to suggest changes in the methodology if warranted. This document provides documentation of the methodology currently applied. Its purpose is to provide potential reviewers with the level of understanding necessary to critically review the current approach. Hopefully, by understanding the methodology used in the past, reviewers will be able to brainstorm and develop new ideas both for testing the current methodology as well as developing alternative approaches for resolving any problems.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Fort Berthold Indian Reservation Lake Sakakawea Williston Basin SunMag Gradient Azimuth Display (deg)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Paradox basin of Utah, Colorado, and Arizona contains nearly 100 small oil fields producing from carbonate buildups or mounds within the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Paradox Formation. These fields typically have one to four wells with primary production ranging from 700,000 to 2,000,000 barrels (111,300-318,000 m3) of oil per field at a 15 to 20 percent recovery rate. At least 200 million barrels (31,800,000 m3) of oil is at risk of being unrecovered in these small fields because of inefficient recovery practices and undrained heterogeneous reservoirs. Five fields (Anasazi, Mule, Blue Hogan, Heron North, and Runway) within the Navajo Nation of southeastern Utah are being evaluated for waterflood or carbon-dioxide-miscible flood projects based upon geological characterization and reservoir modeling. The results can be applied to other fields in the Paradox basin and the Rocky Mountain region, the Michigan and Illinois basins, and the Midcontinent1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Offshore TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The controlled source audio-frequency magnetoteliuric surface electromagnetic geophysical technique was used to monitor the Tono project partial seam CPIP UCG test conducted by LLNL. The use of the CSAMT technique on the Tono UCG experiment was the first application of the technique to monitor an active UCG process. This test provided the opportunity to evaluate the technique and to determine if the technique could map the process on an essentially real-time basis. A grid of measuring electrodes was installed over the process area an measurements were made almost daily during the length of the 30 day test. As a completely automatic data collection system provided to be too costly and because daily manual field surveys of the required magnitude were not feasible, a combination of automatic scanning and manual surveying was selected for the test. The results of the monitoring show a changing resistivity pattern with time indicative of a changing process. The process boundary determined using CSAMT technique agrees very well with the process boundary determined from the limited thermal data coupled with the mass balance calculations and post-test coring. The CSMAT measured resistivities respond to the movement of water during dewatering. The dewatering boundary appears to be influenced by geologic barriers such as faults and fractures and the dewatering boundary appears to determine the ultimate process boundary.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Ozonation and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were evaluated for their effects on the treatment of biorefractory organic solutes in an oil shale process wastewater (Oxy-6 retort water). Direct mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined for each method and for combined UV irradiation/ozonation, but emphasis was placed on the use of these oxidative methods to effect structural alterations, thereby promoting subsequent biooxidation. Short sequential or combined exposures to low dosages of UV and ozone did not affect mineralization of DOC nor did they promote biooxidation of previously biotreated (spent ) retort water. Prolonged exposure to UV did not effect significant photochemical oxidation. In contrast, five hours of a high ozone dosage altered 14 percent of the recalcitrant DOC, thereby promoting subsequent microbial mineralization. Similar results were obtained after only three hours of combined high-dosage UV/ozone treatment; the trend of increasing biodegradability with increasing dosage, however, was reversed after three hours of treatment. Exhaustive biooxidation followed by extensive UV irradiation in combination with ozonation and by secondary biooxidation achieved total elimination of color and odor from Oxy-6 retort water, but more than 41 percent of the DOC was refractory to this series of treatments. Direct chemical and photochemical oxidation and the action of excited oxygen species, ozone decomposition products, and organic radicals are discussed; the ramifications of structural alterations of recalcitrant nitrogen heterocycles are considered."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Sandia National Laboratories is developing a drilling system which uses high pressure water jets to drill horizontal holes in a coal seam accessed through a vertical borehole for underground coal gasification, these horizontal holes to create linking paths between vertical process wells. Currently, the full-scale cornering drill system is undergoing above-ground evaluation tests in Albuquerque. An elevated test platform is being used to permit observation of the cornering and drilling mechanisms during operation. A simulated coal block serves as a convenient drilling target during these tests. Recorded hole location data have been compared with independently determined measurements. Test results, to date, indicate satisfactory performance of the major drill components."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A laboratory-scale Circulating Fluidized-Bed Reactor (CFBR) has been selected to best overcome the tendency for caking coals to agglomerate during the mild gasification. Several characteristics make the CFBR unit attractive for this use. These include the capabilities to use a high velocity fluidization, dilute solid gas stream, recycle solids, high solid throughputs, and to maintain an inventory of inert solids. A cold-flow CFBR unit has been built for studying the dynamics of particle flow within the reactor. Limestone, sand, and Nylon BB's have been chosen to characterize this unit. The optimal operation has been predicted for Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous and Montana Rosebud subbituminous coal using the data from the cold-flow model. The scope of these studies is to present some of the reactor's design considerations and to describe the reactor. 18 refs., 12 figs., 7 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This two-volume report summarizes the state of the art in performance modeling of advanced high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) gas cleanup devices. Volume I contains the culmination of the research effort carried over the past 12 months and is a summary of research achievements. Volume II is the user's manual for the computer programs developed under the present research project. In this volume, Section 2 presents background information on pressurized, fluidized-bed combustion concepts, a description of the role of the advanced gas cleanup systems, and a list of advanced gas cleanup systems that are currently in development under DOE sponsorship. Section 3 describes the methodology for the software architecture that forms the basis of the well-disciplined and structured computer programs developed under the present project. Section 4 reviews the fundamental theories that are important in analyzing the cleanup performance of HTHP gas filters. Section 5 discusses the effect of alkali agents in HTHP gas cleanup. Section 6 evaluates the advanced HTHP gas cleanup models based on their mathematical integrity, availability of supporting data, and the likelihood of commercialization. As a result of the evaluation procedure detailed in Section 6, five performance models were chosen to be incorporated into the overall system simulation code, ASPEN. These five models (the electrocyclone, ceramic bag filter, moving granular bed filter, electrostatic granular bed filter, and electrostatic precipitator) are described in Section 7. The method of cost projection for these five models is discussed in Section 8. The supporting data and validation of the computer codes are presented in Section 9, and finally the conclusions and recommendations for the HTHP gas cleanup system model development are given in Section 10. 72 references, 19 figures, 25 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The effects of injection gas composition of the performance and economics of a Modified In Situ oil shale retort have been examined. The injection of air could produce oil at a slightly lower price than steam-air injection. Retort systems using steam oxygen or carbon dioxide oxygen are economically unattractive. A system using water and air could be economical if water addition can be controlled. Approximately one-quarter of the energy is produced as a retort off-gas that has a very low heating value.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The focus of this report is on the results related to evaluation of in situ combustion processes applied to Schrader Bluff. Initially, overall screening processes were applied to determine which of the EOR methods, were most appropriate for Schrader Bluff. In situ combustion was among the methods considered potentially favorable and was evaluated further. Laboratory scale tube runs were conducted to determine if the kinetic parameters for the crude oil were favorable. Additional sensitivity studies were conducted to evaluate the recovery potential. Described in this report are the results of the (1) initial screening,(2) experimental tube runs, and (3) simulation sensitivity studies as related to in situ combustion in Schrader Bluff.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document is Volume 11 of a series of reports entitled ''Geological Evolution and Analysis Confirmed or Suspected Gas Hydrate Localities.''Volume 11 provides an analysis of the Black Sea region. The report presents a geological description of the Black Sea region, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. Included also is a discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, distribution of hydrates within the sediments, and the relation of hydrate distribution to other features such as salt dispirism. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are discussed in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. A depositional analysis of the areas is discussed in order to better understand the thermal evolution of the locality and to assess the potential for thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 80 refs., 27 figs., 16 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: “The Geologic Atlas of the United States is a set of 227 folios published by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1894 and 1945. Each folio includes both topographic and geologic maps for each quad represented in that folio, as well as description of the basic and economic geology of the area. The Geologic Atlas collection is maintained by the Map & GIS Library. The repository interface with integrated Yahoo! Maps was developed by the Digital Initiatives -- Research & Technology group within the TAMU Libraries using the Manakin interface framework on top of the DSpace digital repository software. Additional files of each map are available for download for use in GIS or Google Earth. A tutorial is provided which describes how to download theses files.”1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Kimberlina 1.2 Velocity model and synthetic seismic data, produced in collaboration of teams at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through the National Risk Assessment Partnership. Data is associated with the following publication: Zheng Zhou, Youzuo Lin, Zhongping Zhang, Yue Wu, Zan Wang, Robert Dilmore, and George Guthrie, "A Data-Driven CO2 Leakage Detection Using Seismic Data and Spatial-Temporal Densely Connected Convolutional Neural Networks," International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol 90, 2019. The Kimberlina 1.2 Velocity models were produced by Zan Wang, Robert Dilmore, William Harbert, and Lianjie Huang at NETL. The following citations are directly related to the creation of the velocity models: Wang, Z. Harbert, W., Dilmore, R., Huang, L. Modeling of time-lapse seismic monitoring using CO2 leakage simulations for a model CO2 storage site with realistic geology: Application in assessment of early leak-detection capabilities. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. V. 76, September 2018, Pages 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.06.011 Wang, Z., Dilmore, R., Harbert, W. Inferring CO2 saturation from synthetic surface seismic and downhole monitoring data using machine learning for leakage detection at CO2 sequestration sites. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, V. 100, September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103115 The velocity models were built based on the Kimberlina 1.2 aquifer impact data which is associated with the following publications: Buscheck, T.A., Mansoor, K., Yang, X., Wainwright, H., and Carroll, S. (2019). Downhole pressure and chemical monitoring for CO2 and brine leak detection in aquifers above a CO2 storage reservoir. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 91. 102812. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102812. Xianjin Yang, Thomas A. Buscheck, Kayyum Mansoor, Zan Wang, Kai Gao, Lianjie Huang, Delphine Appriou, Susan A. Carroll, Assessment of geophysical monitoring methods for detection of brine and CO2 leakage in drinking water aquifers, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Volume 90, 2019, 102803, ISSN 1750-5836, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102803 The synthetic seismic data was produced by Youzuo Lin and team at LANL, and are associated with the following citations: Jordan, P. D., and J. L. Wagoner. Characterizing Construction of Existing Wells to a CO2 Storage Target: The Kimberlina Site, California. Zheng Zhou, Youzuo Lin, Zhongping Zhang, Yue Wu, Zan Wang, Robert Dilmore, and George Guthrie, "A Data-Driven CO2 Leakage Detection Using Seismic Data and Spatial-Temporal Densely Connected Convolutional Neural Networks," International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol 90, 2019.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents the results of an aerial photographic analysis of an experimental in situ tar sands recovery site carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas. This is the third report in a series documenting the operation, deactivation, and reclamation of the 10 acre site near Vernal, Utah where enhanced petroleum recovery experiments have been carried out since 1975. Prepared for the US DOE's LETC, the report presents an analysis of site reclamation and recovery progress between May and September 1982. Aerial photographic analysis indicated an increase of 1.2 acres exhibiting signs of vegetative recovery since May 1982, amounting to a net overall increase of 0.7 acres since an initial monitoring overflight in October 1980. Additionally, of 18 support structures and associated equipment present on the site in May 1982, all but 3 had been removed by September 1982.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The adsorption of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide on retorted oil shale is investigated for two different grades of oil shale that were retorted in a combustion retort. The adsorption studies were carried out in a packed bed arrangement at three different temperatures and consisted of six different concentrations of either hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide in pure nitrogen. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich equations and a generalized three parameter equation proposed by Radke and Prausnitz. The isoteric heat of adsorption were calculated and compared to the heat of condensation for each of the adsorbents separately.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- BDM-Oklahoma is the Management and Operating (M&O) Contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Oil and Related Programs (NORP) which includes the operation of the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) in Bartlesville, Oklahoma and other authorized sites. NIPER is a DOE-owned facility where major elements of the NORP are performed. The primary functions conducted at NIPER are advance research and development activities in the area of oil exploration, extraction, and processing and utilization. NIPER is also responsible for transferring newly developed technologies to the domestic oil industry. NIPER currently has no field sites; however, in the future BDM-Oklahoma could develop field sites in the United States to test oil drilling and recovery technologies. Additionally, the DOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE) maintains the Metaire Site Office in New Orleans, Louisiana, to support environmental research programs for the National Oil Program. BDM-Oklahoma will be required to open a branch office to assist the Metaire Site Office. Finally, there are plans for DOE or NIPER to open a liaison office in Russia during 1994 to assist that country in developing its oil reserves. DOE has a group of Federal employees, known as the Bartlesville Project Office (BPO) at the NIPER facility to oversee the M&O contract. BPO personnel assist in interpreting DOE directives, approving budget requests, and monitoring BDM-Oklahoma contractual performance. Under the terms of the M&O contract with DOE, number DE-AC22-94PC91008, BDM Oklahoma is responsible for the daily operation of NIPER and other field sites. BDM Oklahoma conducts all oil research activities, manages technology transfer efforts, and performs all the maintenance and housekeeping operations. One of BDM-Oklahoma's responsibilities is to carry out a fully compliant Environment, Safety and Health program.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Devonian shale production has been continuous for many years in the Appalachian Basin. In the northwest portion of West Virginia and the southeast area of Ohio, the shale produces liquid hydrocarbons. A few wells have reported initial potentials (IP's) in excess of 1000 barrels per day (bpd). Inherent to this unconventional resource (low pressure, low permeability, low porosity, and naturally-fractured) is a rapid rate of production decline such that, after 4 to 6 months, many wells become inoperable. The US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Morgantown Energy technology Center. (METC) anticipates investigating the occurrence of liquid hydrocarbons in the shale, as well as the reservoir engineering and fluid properties aspects. DOE/METC intends to offer producers in the area information, techniques, and procedures that will optimize liquid production. Besides new well drilling ventures, results of the investigation should affect the approximately 2000 shale wells that are already completed but are plagued by a rapid decline in production. Ideally, these older wells will be regenerated, at least to some degree, leading to further resource exploitation. This report summarizes some of the available production data, characterizes decline rates for selected wells, and specifies a refined study area of high resource potential. 11 refs., 14 figs., 1 tab.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- As the nations needs for additional sources of petroleum products become ever more pressing, a role for oil shale in the synthetic fuels industry becomes more probable. One of the problems in converting shale oil to hydrocarbon liquid products in the elimination of nitrogen from the shale oil. Nitrogen compounds not only impart undesirable properties to the finished products but their basic nature makes them effective poisons for the acidic catalysts used in petroleum refining. An efficient means of eliminating nitrogen from shale oil is hydrodenitrification of the oil in the presence of a dual function catalyst. In a study of the denitrification of model nitrogen compounds over an Ni-W on Al2O3 catalyst, Flinn reported that amines and anilines reacted readily to form ammonia but indole was much less active and quinoline was the most difficult to dentrify. Unfortunately, most of the nitrogen in shale oil has been found to be of the quinoline and indole types.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report briefly describes the Department of Energy's (DOE's) coal-fueled gas turbine program as implemented by the Department's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), and presents in some detail METC in-house research and development (R and D) related to this program. Previous coal-fired gas turbines and technological barriers to their use are discussed. The incentive for the Department's coal-fueled turbines program is the development of a modular, low-cost, electric-generating capacity using domestic coal as the fuel. The program concept is an outgrowth of, and builds upon, past DOE programs in heat engines and coal preparation. Recent and anticipated advances in these technologies are being examined in an integrated systems approach to electric power generation. In-house R and D includes laboratory- and bench-scale combustion testing, systems and economic analyses, and computer modeling of the combustion and deposition processes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Tenth Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting was held August 28--30, 1990 at the Lakview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The purpose of the meeting was threefold: to review the technical progress and current status of the gasification and gas stream cleanup projects sponsored by the Department of Energy. To foster technology exchange among participating researchers and other technical communities. To facilitate interactive dialogue which would identify novel concepts that would make coal-based gasification and hot gas cleanup systems more attractive economically and environmentally. Two hundred thirty representatives of government, academia, industry, and foreign energy research organizations attended the three-day meeting. Thirty papers and thirty-three poster displays were resented summarizing recent developments in the gasification and gas stream cleanup programs. Scientists, engineers, and administrators discussed many of the issues facing those engaged in the research and development activities that constitute these programs. This document records the Volume 2 of the proceedings of that meeting, and summarizes the gasification and gas stream of cleanup programs. Individual papers have been catalogued separately.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "This action would make available for private development up to six leases of public oil shale lands of not more than 5,120 acres each. Two tracts are located in each of the State of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Oil shale development would produce both direct and indirect changes in the environment of the oil shale region in each of the three States where commercial quantities of oil shale resources exist. Many of the environmental changes would be of local significance, and others would be of an expanding nature and have cumulative impact."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The Laramie Energy Research Center (LERC) has conducted several gasification experiments in recent years, at its Hanna, Wyoming test site. Herein is an attempt to quantify field test results using material balance calculations consistent with those reported for Hoe Creek. The results of this study are compared with published results for Hanna II Phase I and Phase II and with recent Hoe Creek II results."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The current status of environmental information on the waste oil industry is reviewed. The sources, properties, and availability of waste oil are summarized. The topics of waste oil collection, utilization, and disposal, energy and economic considerations, and regulatory constraints are discussed, based upon the most recent data available at this time. The health and safety implications of the resource through end-use waste oil system are also presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the FORCE2 flow program input, output, and the graphical post-processor. The manual describes the steps for creating the model, executing the programs and processing the results into graphical form. The FORCE2 post-processor was developed as an interactive program written in FORTRAN-77. It uses the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) graphics standard recently adopted by International Organization for Standardization, ISO, and American National Standards Institute, ANSI, and, therefore, can be used with many terminals. The post-processor vas written with Calcomp subroutine calls and is compatible with Tektkonix terminals and Calcomp and Nicolet pen plotters. B&W has been developing the FORCE2 code as a general-purpose tool for flow analysis of B&W equipment. The version of FORCE2 described in this manual was developed under the sponsorship of ASEA-Babcock as part of their participation in the joint R&D venture, ``Erosion of FBC Heat Transfer Tubes,`` and is applicable to the analyses of bubbling fluid beds. This manual is the principal documentation for program usage and is segmented into several sections to facilitate usage. In Section 2.0 the program is described, including assumptions, capabilities, limitations and uses, program status and location, related programs and program hardware and software requirements. Section 3.0 is a quick user`s reference guide for preparing input, executing FORCE2, and using the post-processor. Section 4.0 is a detailed description of the FORCE2 input. In Section 5.0, FORCE2 output is summarized. Section 6.0 contains a sample application, and Section 7.0 is a detailed reference guide.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains a contour map showing true thickness of sandstone underlying G seam.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In the present paper the author gives a profound analysis of the earlier trials and develops a detailed picture of the second cycle of tests. The entire Soviet society is paying close attention to this work.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The effect of reduced pressure ranging from 0.05 to 0.86 atm on oil yield was determined as a function of heating rate, the flow rate and type of sweep gas, and the grade of oil shale. A lower pressure, higher heating rate, and higher flow rate of sweep gas produced a greater amount of oil. Retorting of Colorado oil shale at 0.05 atm with a heating rate of 12 K/min produced oil yield as high as 107 wt % of Fisher Assay (FA) with nitrogen and 112 wt % of FA with water vapor. The oil yield was substantially the same with nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The Michigan oil shale, containing a higher fraction of aromatic carbons than the Green River Formation shale, produced a higher percentage of FA oil yield under a reduced pressure.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of the research program are to (1) identify and develop polymer systems which have potential to improve reservoir conformance of fluid displacement processes, (2) determine the performance of these systems in bulk and in porous media, and (3) develop methods to predict their performance in field applications. The research focuses on three types of aqueous gel systems - a polysaccharide (KUSPl) that gels as a function of pH, a polyacrylamide-chromium(III) system and a polyacrylamide-aluminum citrate system. This report describes work conducted during the second year of a three-year program. Progress was made in the utilization of KUSP 1 as a gelling agent. It was shown that gels can be formed in situ in porous media using CO2 or ester hydrolysis to lower pH. An ester was identified that could be used in field-scale operations. It was determined that KUSPI will form strong gels when ortho boric acid is added to the system. It was also determined, in cooperation with Abbott Laboratories, that KUSPI can be produced on a commercial scale. Rheological studies showed that shear rate significantly affects gelation time and gel strength. The effect of rock-fluid interactions at alkaline conditions was examined experimentally and through mathematical modeling. A model was developed that treats non-equilibrium conditions and this is an improvement over previously published models.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Excel files and PDFs of data and charts regarding bottom hole pressure, temperature, and fluid flow rates.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Bureau of Mines has presented an Industry-Scale Oil Shale Project Report in which a 234,000 B/CD operation is designed and its cost estimated. Crushed oil shale is retorted by the Gas-Combustion retorting process. The crude shale oil is visbroken near the retorting site and pipelined from Colorado to California. The visbroken oil is cracked thermally, yielding naphtha and residuum. The cracked naphtha is split into two fractions, the light naphtha being treated with five pounds of 98% sulfuric acid per barrel. The heavy fraction is reformed with a hydrogen atmosphere over cobalt-molybdate catalyst and the reformate treated lightly with concentrated sulfuric acid. Residuum is utilized, in part, as refinery fuel and the balance is marketed as bunker-grade fuel oil.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A bench scale (1 1/2" diameter) fluid bed retort was used to evaluate the effect of rapid heating combined with high sweep gas velocities on product yield from Kentucky oil shale. Emphasis was placed on product collection and material balance cloaure. Distribution of organic carbon among spent shale oil and gas was also examined. Spent shale was used to compare coke formation in the fluid bed as compared to bench scale fixed bed retorting. At a bed temperature of 550 C and 28 L/min helium fluidizing gas velocity, oil yields, based on product collected, were 135-155% (by weight) of Fischer Assay oil yields. Under these conditions, 55% of the raw shal3e organic carbon was removed. Material balances were 100 -.1% For the same shale a decrease in non-condensable gases to half that obtained by Fischer Assay, was coupled with the substantial increase in oil weight recovered. This plus a small decreaw3 in fixed carbon in the spent shale, shows a decreased in coke formation in the fluid bed retort in comparison to the fixed bed retort where fixed carbon is formed in the spent shale during retorting. The effect if bed temperature on product yield and distribution was also studied.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Although at the present time there is no commercial production of shale oil in the United States, considerable effort has been directed toward the development of an oil shale retorting process adapted to the type of oil shale, as well as to the economic conditions prevailing. Shale oil can be produced by simple pyrolysis, but the scale of production necessary, the relatively small yield of oil, and the location of the principal deposits in an area of limited water supply present sizable engineering problems. These conditions dictate that the successful Americal oil shale process has high unit capacity, efficient energy utilization, and uses little or no water. This paper traces the development work which las led to the construction and operation of such an engineering plant.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Raw low-rank coal/water slurries, primarily due to the high inherent moisture, have such low energy densities that they cannot be economically utilized. However, hot-water drying (HWD) permanently removes the inherent moisture and some oxygen, allowing dramatic improvements in the resulting slurry energy density. This process results in the coal essentially being slurried in its own moisture and produces a liquid fuel with approximately the same heating value as the parent coal. Elevated process temperatures cause the low-rank coals to undergo both chemical and physical changes, which include decarboxylation, mild pyrolysis, dehydration, and surface modification. Tars and waxes also form and flow to the coal surface where they solidify upon cooling and plug micropore entrances. As a result, lignite and subbituminous coals acquire surface characteristics and improved coal quality, which allow the preparation and utilization of concentrated low-rank coal/water fuels. Improvement of the energy density of HWD coal/water fuels versus those prepared with the raw coal are typically >30%. Conceptual economic studies have determined the cost to process Wyoming subbituminous coal into a 60 wt % CWS to be $1.40/MMBtu (Bechtel National Inc.), $2.20/MMBtu (UNDERC) and for processing Australian brown coal $2.00/MMBtu (Davy McKee Pacific). 18 refs., 21 figs., 8 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Babcock and Wilcox continues to expand its NOx control experience and technology along several fronts. The Dual Register Burner/Compartmented Wind box system is successful performing on 35,200 megawatts of capacity in a wide range of coal/boiler applications. In addition, there are several new low NOx systems described in this paper. The Enhanced Ignition Dual Register Burner and the Hitachi-NR burners offer improvement for difficult-to-burn fuels and for further NOx reduction, respectively. In-Furnace NOx Reduction utilizes returning technology to achieve extremely low NOx emissions for gas, oil, or PC and can be applied in new or retrofit situations. Also, the Low NOx cell is being developed for direct retrofit for the unique cell burner design. Circulating fluidized beds with low NOx emissions are being sold for a variety of application. Finally, Furnace Sorbent Injection combined with low NOx burners is providing a means of simultaneous NOx/SO2 reduction for PC units.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- "Allis-Chalmers has designed a 500-BPD demonstration-scale retort system for the processing of a New Albany shale. The system is based on the patented ROLLER GRATE apparatus and will fully utilize the energy in the kerogen by first retorting the shale and then recovering the remaining energy by combusting the residual carbon. The heat recovered in this step is used to drive the retort process and produce steam and electricity. The ROLLER GRATE retort system has several, advantages. First, the ROLLER GRATE apparatus is used to convey a deep bed of shale that is in constant relative motion. This provides benefits such as more uniform temperature distribution and reduced gas flow requirements because the problem of gas channeling is eliminated. the multi-zone approach of the Allis-Chalmers process allows each of the zones to be designed individually, with optimal process gas temperatures and flow rates, rather than depending on the off-gas from a previous zone. Over 12 tons of eastern shale have been processed on a Process Development Unit (PDU) at Allis-Chalmers'facilities in Oak Creek. Wisconsin. Extensive data analyses and acquisition during testing were used to determine design variables that influence the retort, combustion and cooling kinetic rates. These tests have provided the data from which a continuous process plant was designed. A description of the ROLLER GRATE retort process is given, along with a discussion of the PDU apparatus used to obtain design data. Application of the test results from the PDU to the design of a 500-BPD demonstration plant is discussed. Finally, a description of the equipment in the demonstration plant and the operation of this plant is included."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Cylindrical samples of spent shale were heated. In each experiment, the weight loss was recorded as a function of time until the sample reached approximately constant weight. The final weight loss and the chemical analyses before and after the thermal treatment showed that virtually all carbon dioxide contained in dolomite is liberated during the heating of spent shale at these temperatures. The decomposition rate of dolomite can adequately be treated with a global, first order kinetics. The rate of dolomite decomposition in a block of spent shale can be predicted with reasonable confidence by properly accounting for intrinsic kinetics and heat transport effects.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Rio Blanco is the first phase of a three-phase program to demonstrate the potential of commercial development of I a natural-gas field by nuclear stimulation techniques in the Piceance Basin in Rio Blanco County~ Colorado. Because the gas is tightly held within the surrounding rock, this field cannot be developed by conventional stimulation methods. The first phase will consist of simultaneously detonating three nuclear explosives at different depths within the Fort Union and Mesaverde formations. The detonation is designed to stimulate a 1,350-foot vertical section of the Fort Union and Mesaverde formations. After a 3-month waiting period, a reentry well will be drilled into the gas-filled chimney, and the reservoir testing and evaluation will start.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document, Volume IV Book XV, contains calculations for the criticality analysis of a Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) Facility. (KJD)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A survey has been made of forward combustion gasification models that are available in the public domain. The six models obtained for study have been mathematically analyzed to determine their conceptual completeness and computational complexity. The models range in scope of generality from a simple constrained mass balance model to a two-dimensional unsteady-state model. The computer code for each model has been implemented on the University of Wyoming CDC CYBER 730/760 computer system. Computed analyses with each of the programs are compared using data (taken primarily from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Data Base) corresponding to six representative DOE sponsored field experiments at Hanna, Hoe Creek, Rawlins, and Pricetown. Four of the field tests were air injection experiments and two were oxygen/steam injection experiments. This study provides a direct comparison of input data requirements and computer resource requirements of the six computer codes. It furnishes an indication of the applicability of each model to the various operating conditions in the different field tests. Computational capabilities and limitations of each model are discussed in detail. 20 references, 47 figures, 13 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Excel file with wellhead monitoring, pressure, and temperature data for Charlton C3-30A.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Digitized off of USGS 1:24,000-scale Digital Raster Graphics (scanned topographic maps) by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection. First published January 2002, updated with Census 2000 attribute data and re-published March 2005.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Geologic Atlas of the United States is a set of 227 folios published by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1894 and 1945. Each folio includes both topographic and geologic maps for each quad represented in that folio, as well as description of the basic and economic geology of the area. Includes a link to a Google Earth overlay which includes links to sites with raster information as well as a map on the webpage with the links present. A viewer can use the links displayed on page (inside numbers) to be led to sites with lists/catalogs of downloadable data. Includes JPEG, TIFF, and GIS data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During second year operations of the jointly funded Penn Grade Micellar Displacement Project, all of the wells and 90 percent of the plant facilities were completed for the 24-acre test designated Phase II. A transient testing program, pre-flush brine injection, and production operations were all initiated during this period. This report details the development, testing, and operations of Phase II. Plans for continuing the test are also included. It is anticipated that micellar slug injection will be initiated by September, 1977.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This project increased recoverable waterflood reserves in slope and basin reservoirs through improved reservoir characterization and reservoir management. The particular application of this project is in portions of Fault Blocks IV and V of the Wilmington Oil Field, in Long Beach, California, but the approach is widely applicable in slope and basin reservoirs. Transferring technology so that it can be applied in other sections of the Wilmington Field and by operators in other slope and basin reservoirs is a primary component of the project. This project used advanced reservoir characterization tools, including the pulsed acoustic cased-hole logging tool, geologic three-dimensional (3-D) modeling software, and commercially available reservoir management software to identify sands with remaining high oil saturation following waterflood. Production from the identified high oil saturated sands was stimulated by recompleting existing production and injection wells in these sands using conventional means as well as a short radius redrill candidate. Although these reservoirs have been waterflooded over 40 years, researchers have found areas of remaining oil saturation. Areas such as the top sand in the Upper Terminal Zone Fault Block V, the western fault slivers of Upper Terminal Zone Fault Block V, the bottom sands of the Tar Zone Fault Block V, and the eastern edge of Fault Block IV in both the Upper Terminal and Lower Terminal Zones all show significant remaining oil saturation. Each area of interest was uncovered emphasizing a different type of reservoir characterization technique or practice. This was not the original strategy but was necessitated by the different levels of progress in each of the project activities.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the results made in fulfillment of contract DE-FG26-02NT15451, ?Multicomponent Seismic Analysis and Calibration to Improve Recovery from Algal Mounds: Application to the Roadrunner/Towaoc Area of the Paradox Basin, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Colorado?, for the Eighth Semi-Annual Report covering the time period May 1, 2006 through October 31, 2006.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of US Geological Survey (USGS) work are to conduct geologic research characterizing tight gas-bearing sequences in the western United States. Additional critical objects are to provide geologic consulting and research support for ongoing Multiwell Experiment (MWX) engineering, petrophysical, log-analysis, and well-testing research. The USGS research during the last few years has been in the Greater Green River, Piceance, and Uinta basins of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. However, beginning in FY-87 our efforts have been restricted for the most part to the Greater Green River basin. 16 refs., 20 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A select panel of oil resource analysts, convened on August 31 and September I, 1992 by the Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, and the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) at the request of the U.s. Department of Energy, concludes that the remaining, recoverable volume of crude oil in the United States ranges from 99 to 204 billion barrels, inclusive of 25 billion barrels of oil carried as proved reserves by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) at the end of 1991 (table A). The range in estimates reflects different assumptions of price and technology (including the geological ability to apply technology). The lower estimate assumes a stable oil price of $20 per barrel (1992 dollars) with existing technology. The higher estimate assumes a price of $27 per barrel (1992 dollars) but 'With advanced technology. The range in. estimates of the remaining resource base recoverable under the given assumptions is equivalent to 35 to 75 years of continued U.s. crude oil production at the current annual rate of 2.7 billion barrels. In the Oil Resources Panel's estimation of recoverable resources, both price and technology are significant and they are almost equivalent in their impact (fig. A). The average estimate for recoverable volumes (total undiscovered resources and reserve growth) at both price levels was approximately two-thirds greater with the assumption of advanced technology than with existing technology (table B).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Geophysical well log data for project well 36-10.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this program developed by UOP Inc. was to demonstrate innovative technology to reduce the cost of converting shale oil to high yields of aviation turbine fuels. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the results of the work completed under Phases III and IV.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- FISCHER ASSAY TABLES AND LITHOLOGIC DESCRIPTIONS FOR OIL SHALE CORES AUG. 1945 - AUG. 19831Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The TRW Gravichem process, a chemical desulfurization process to remove sulfur from coal, has been modified and evaluated by the Process Evaluation Office of the Department of Energy. The study was based on a revised version of the flowsheet which was received from TRW, and it was assumed that the coal was from the Lower Kittanning seam. Costs were determined for a commercial plant to produce 9902 tons per day of clean coal meeting the May 1978 EPA standards on sulfur emissions for new steam powerplants. Results of the study indicate processing charges of $20.36, $23.03, and $27.83 per ton of product assuming 12-, 15-, and 20-percent discounted cash flows (DCF) and 100 percent equity financing. With 33:67 debt-equity financing, again assuming 12-, 15-, and 20-percent DCF rates, the processing charges are $18.58, $20.33, and $23.50 respectively.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The flow of granular materials is an economically important phenomenon which is poorly understood. Granular materials may flow in several regimes: gas-solid two phase flow, rapid flow, or frictional flow. The purpose of this report is to develop a constitutive relation for the frictional flow regime in which the grains slide or roll over one another. Ultimately this relation will be incorporated into a large computer code which will be able to simulate all aspects of the motion of bed material in fluidized bed combustors. 13 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The micronized slurry fuel was prepared by grinding the clean float coal with water in two stages. The first stage was a conventional 4-ft diameter overflow mill charged with a graduated load of 2-inch and smaller steel balls. The grinding was at about 44% solids with sufficient Diamond Shamrock A-23 dispersant added to provide fluidity. The ground slurry was screened and the small amount of plus 20-mesh (0.85-mm) material collected was discarded. The finish grinding was in a Draiswerke Perlmill Model PM-40 stirred ball mill charged with 3-mm chromium-steel media. The tumbling ball mill and the stirred ball mill were both operated in open-circuit with no classification or recycle. The finish-ground slurry was combined in a large blending tank to which additional water and dispersants were added as needed to achieve the target loading, viscosity and stability. A combination of anionic and nonionic dispersants were used in the final blend but no stabilizer was included in the formulation. Finished slurry properties are given in Table 1. Figure 2 is a rheogram of the flow properties of the slurry as determined with a Fann viscometer. The micronized powder fuel was also prepared from the clean float coal. The excess water was allowed to drain away and then the coal was pulverized in a Pulvocron PC-20 air-swept hammer mill and classifier systems at Bepex Corporation facilities in Minneapolis. The coal had dried during handling so the transport air did not have to be preheated for the pulverizer system to operate properly.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In situ techniques that have been successfully employed in petroleum recovery can probably be used for recovery of oil from shale. Field tests should provide solutions to most of the problems.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A history and project summary of the development of an integrated drilling system using a mud-actuated down-hole hammer as its primary engine are given. The summary includes laboratory test results, including atmospheric tests of component parts and simulated borehole tests of the hammer system. Several remaining technical hurdles are enumerated. A brief explanation of commercialization potential is included. The primary conclusion for this work is that a mud actuated hammer can yield substantial improvements to drilling rate in overbalanced, hard rock formations. A secondary conclusion is that the down-hole mud actuated hammer can serve to provide other useful down-hole functions including generation of high pressure mud jets, generation of seismic and sonic signals, and generation of diagnostic information based on hammer velocity profiles.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Report on geologic carbon sequestration opportunities in the Mount Simon Sandstone with information on geology and stratigraphy, core analyses and geophysical logs, variation in the reservoir, porosity, permability, and storage capacity.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- As managers of a major national program designed to protect the environment, safety, and health of our citizens, it is essential that we assure the achievement of quality in fulfilling our responsibilities under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. To plans and procedural control and take the necessary actions which demonstrate to the public our ability to safely and efficiently handle and dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste. At the same time we must also demonstrate compliance with legislative, regulatory and departmental requirements for quality.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The grantee will evaluate the influence of hydrate production on ground subsidence near the wellbore and the surface. The objective of this research will be achieved by using computer simulations of what is expected in a hydrate reservoir during the production stage as reported by hydrate production models and available data. The model will be based on theories of continuum mechanics, thermomechnanics of hydrate production, principles of rock mechanics and geomechanics, and special features of geomaterials under cold temperatures such as those found in permafrost regions. The research work involved in the proposed investigation will be divided into three major tasks: mechanics of subsidence in permafrost regions; modeling of subsidence; and parametric studies. Under task 1, the literature survey was completed, and following factors were identified influencing subsidence: overburden depth; extent of dissociated (or depleted) hydrate reservoir; rock/frozen soil mechanical properties and strength; and reservoir compaction characteristics. Under task 2, technical progress is reported for studies on: mechanical properties; simulation of reservoir compression; and computer modeling effort.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The mining is being conducted by the Oil Shale Mining Branch of the Office of Synthetic Fuels. The duties of this branch are: (1) To determine the extent of the oil shale resources in the United States, (2) to produce and deliver to the retorting plant selectively mined oil shale from any of 10 beds within the Mahogany Ledge that vary in richness and retorting characteristics and (3) to develop and demonstrate mining methods and equipment and determine the detailed costs for mining the Mahogany Ledge on a large scale. This paper will be confined to the third and most important phase of the mining.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The percentage of ion-exchangeable cations was determined for the Center lignite. The ion-exchanged material was produced by treating the lignite with ammonium acetate which upon heating yields hydrogen attached to carboxyl groups. The amount of exchangeable sodium was found to be 95 percent while the amount of exchangeable calcium was 46 percent. Adhesive properties of the Center lignite ash were evaluated using the sticking apparatus developed by Abbott, Moza and Austin. The minimum substrate temperature for adherence (sticking temperature) was found to be 375/sup 0/C for Center ash. The adhesive strength of the slag to the substrate increased almost logarithmically when the substrate temperature was increased in the range up to 525/sup 0/C. A vertical tube furnace was used to grow deposits on cooled boiler steel substrates, providing a means to gain knowledge as to coal specific behavior related to ash deposition. The rate of ash deposition was measured with regard to ion-exchanged coals and hot zone temperature. The effect of removing the ion-exchangeable cations from Center lignite did not significantly change the rate of deposition. The strength of the deposits formed from the ion-exchangeable Center were markedly reduced as compared to the Center lignite due to decreased availability to alkali and alkaline earth elements which may be responsible for liquid phase sintering of the ash. The crystalline species consisted of anorthite and pyroxene with minor and trace amounts of gehlenite. Hot zone temperature had no effect on deposition rates for Center or ion-exchanged Center lignite, but the deposits formed from combustion in a hot zone temperature of 1500/sup 0/C had greater strengths than at 1400/sup 0/C. In the ion-exchanged coals the deposit strength was weaker at a hot zone temperature 1400/sup 0/C as compared to 1500/sup 0/C.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Water plays an important role in in-situ coal gasification. To better understand this role, we conducted a steam tracer test during the later stages of the Hoe Creek No. 3 underground coal gasification field test. Deuterium oxide was used as the tracer. This report describes the tracer test and the analysis of the data obtained. The analysis indicates that at Hoe Creek the injected steam interacts with a large volume of water as it passes through the underground system. We hypothesize that this water is undergoing continual reflux in the underground system, resulting in a tracer response typical of a well-stirred tank.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In the past US Department of Energy had sponsored projects for development of detailed mathematical models of gasification reactors. Four different mechanistic models were developed under these projects. They are CHEMFLUB and EF (Entrained Flow) developed by System Science and Software Inc. (SSS), and FLAG and FLAME developed by JAYCOR. CHEMFLUB and FLAG model fluidized-bed gasifiers, and EF and FLAME are the entrained flow gasifier models. The purpose of such models is to provide insight into the physical processes occurring in the reactors and to investigate the performances of various reactors designs. These models can also be used for predicting the scale up effects. However, the models can perform these tasks only if they are built around appropriate mathematical basis, and sound fundamental principles. In 1982 West Virginia University was awarded a two year contract to verify, and evaluate CHEMFLUB, FLAG, and FLAME. The overall objective of verification and evaluation was divided in five subtasks. These subtasks are as follows: (1) Testing of mathematical basis of the models; (2) Testing of numerical method of the models; (3) Testing model computer codes; (4) Exercising the models; and (5) Evaluation of model constitutive relations. This report documents the work performed over the duration of the contract and its extension. 24 refs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report summarizes the Fuel Cell program at the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) through mid-1990. A brief history of the Fuel Cell program is given. Options for fuel cell commercialization are reviewed. In particular, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid and solid oxide fuel cells are discussed. 22 refs., 25 figs., 1 tab.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A large volume of fly ash is produced that does not meet current American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications for use in the production of cement and concrete but could be used for other applications. In many cases, coal ash is required to meet ASTM specifications even when they are clearly inappropriate for the application (i.e., structural fill). Creating a classification system for fly ash that facilitates the use of performance-based specifications for use applications will broaden the utilization options for coal ash, resulting in elimination of disposal costs and opportunities for industry to develop new products and expand the use of coal ash in existing products. The inadequacy of the current classification system is one of the major technical barriers to increased coal by-product utilization. The goal of this project is to develop a classification system for fly ash that will provide a means of evaluating fly ash suitability for applications.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The proposed research is directed at evaluating the effect of flame aerodynamics on NOX emissions tlom coal fired burners in a systematic manner. This fimdamental research includes both experimental and modeling efforts being petiormed at the University of Arizona in collaboration with Purdue University. The objective of this effort is to develop rational design tools for optimizing low NOX burners to the kinetic emissions limit (below 0.2 lb./MMBTU). Experimental studies include both cold and hot flow evaluations of the following parameters: flame holder geometry, secondary air swirl, primary and secondary inlet air velocity, coal concentration in the primary air and coal particle size distribution. Hot flow experiments will also evaluate the effect of wall temperature on burner performance. Cold flow studies will be conducted with surrogate particles as well as pulverized coal. The cold flow furnace will be similar in size and geometry to the hot-flow furnace but will be designed to use a laser Doppler velocimeter/phase Doppler particle size analyzer. The results of these studies will be used to predict particle trajectories in the hot-flow fhrnace as well as to estimate the effect of flame holder geometry on furnace flow field. The hot-flow experiments will be conducted in a novel near-flame down-flow pulverized coal furnace. The fhrnace will be equipped with externally heated walls. Both reactors will be sized to minimize wall effects on particle flow fields. The cold-flow results will be compared with Fluent computation fluid dynamics model predictions and correlated with the hot-flow results with the overall goal of providing insight for novel low NOX burner geometry's.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During 1980, we completed the literature review task with publication of Volumes 1 and 2 of the ''Bibliography of Aquatic Ecosystem Effects, Analytical Methods and Treatment Technologies for Organic Compounds in Advanced Fossil-Fuel Processing Effluents.''A summary of work completed on all process waters evaluated during this project (15 May 1977 through 1 November 1981) is presented. A total of 32 process waters from coal gasification, oil shale retorting and tar sands extraction have been evaluated through our screening steps that include chemical toxicity, degradation and bioaccumulation testing. For the current reporting period we have completed work on 9 process water samples or sample sets: (1) the embryo-larval bioassay exposing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to Hanna-4B-01W coal gasification condenser water; (2) toxicant avoidance bioassays with the same Hanna-4B sample; (3) acute toxicity bioassays of chemical fractions of Hanna-3 (CGR-76-178) coal gasification condenser water; (4) Occidental-6 oil shale retort water (embryo-larval bioassays on fathead minnows and rainbow trout,6679 ); (5) Lawrence Livermore Run-4 oil shale retort water (chemical characterization, acute toxicity tests, and toxicant avoidance tests,6679 ); (6) Geokinetics-17 oil shale retort water (chemical characterization and acute toxicity tests,6679 ); (7) Omega-9, Geokinetics-9, and Paraho Tank 500 oil shale retort waters (fractional toxicity tests,6679 ); and (8) one major tar sands process water, Vernal tar sands water (80-Tarsand-1S-03W-00-C). Because this sample was produced as a stable oil-water emulsion, it was necessary to treat the sample in various ways producing several treated water samples which were characterized along with the raw water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The use of coiled tubing (CT) to conduct well intervention services is well established. With improving technology, the use of CT has continued to grow at an average rate of ten percent per year, even as other services decline. The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has historically and currently sponsors and directs a number of CT related research projects as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) goal to develop technologies to recover a higher percentage of domestic oil deposits and slow the decline of U.S. oil production. A recent study was conducted to help formulate a road map for future co-funded research in coiled tubing, coiled tubing drilling (CTD), slimhole/microhole and related technologies. The thrust of the first phase was to look at this relatively new (CTD) industry: identify the level of activity, the dominant service providers, applications and geographical distribution of activity. Second, to examine, in some detail the use of coiled tubing for grass roots drilling ? the advantages, disadvantages, limitations, costs and why it has flourished in Alberta Province and not elsewhere, particularly the lower 48 states. Finally, the results of a technology assessment was reported: identifying the cutting edge applications that are out in the field and what research is underway with Joint Industry Partners, universities and technology companies, some DOE co-funded, much of it not. Information was gathered through available public sources and through private discussions with a spectrum of industry experts. The second phase of the study focused on DOE funded research for coiled tubing generally, and coiled tubing drilling in particular. The related interest areas of slimhole/microhole drilling, high speed drilling and monitoring gas-flooded oil reservoirs with vertical seismic profiling were also examined. The research in these areas co-funded by DOE in the mid-1990s was general in nature. This is in contrast with the focused research in the above topics begun in the last two years. An assessment of industry acceptance and potential market was made for coiled tubing well intervention; coiled tubing conveyed drilling of slimholes/microholes for shallow production, exploration logging, lateral extension, and reservoir monitoring. In this phase as well, information was gathered from both public sources and private discussions with the principal investigators of DOE co-funded projects and other industry experts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The specific objective of the research is to demonstrate that the characteristics of wastewater from stripper oil wells and marginal gas wells are sufficiently similar to be treated under a standardized treatment methodology, that the environmental impacts of the discharge of treated brines from both stripper oil and marginal gas wells can be adequately regulated, and that. the inclusion of marginal gas wells in the same category as stripper oil wells is appropriate, especially for wells operating in the Appalachian Basin.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Shale kerogen has been degraded to an organic solvent soluble bitumen or oil by numerous methods. The various methods have been employed either to study production of oil or to gain insight into the structure of kerogen. The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight on kerogen structure by examination of the effects of strong base and nucleophilic displacement reagents on western and eastern shales.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Science Applications, Inc. is submitting this technical discussion to DOE/LERC to explore the potential applications and benefits of using high pressure water jets to cut oil shale during the preparation of in situ retorts. If successful, this approach would provide a low cost method of framing the required void volume for expansion of the shale for retorting. This approach would have application to both Wyoming and Utah shales which may not otherwise be exploitable by modified in situ processing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "In 1969, the U. S. Department of the Interior resulted in Gulf Oil Corporation and Standard Oil Company (Indiana) acquiring an oil shale lease for Tract C-a in the Piceance Creek basin of northwest Colorado. Gulf and Standard submitted the high bonus bid for Tract C-a ($210,305,600) at a lease sale in Denver on January 8, 1974. Rio Blanco Oil Shale Project (RBOSP) an organization directed an staffed by representatives of Gulf and Standard, was formed later that year for the purpose of developing Tract C-a. In the past two years, RBOSP has conducted extensive geotechnical and environmental data collection programs designed to establish baseline conditions on and around Tract C-a and to provide input to engineering studies leading to the selection of mining and processing plans for Tract C-a development. This 4-vo1ume detailed development plan (DDP) describes the baseline conditions and RBOSP's proposed construction and operation of a commercial-scale oil shale complex and support facilities on and around Tract C-a. Three major requirements must be met before development operations on tract C-a can begin : • The Area Oil Shale Supervisor, U.S. Geological Survey, must approve the development plan. • Key Federal and State actions must be fulfilled and permits issued. -The proposed development described in this plan must be commercially feasible at the time investments are committed."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goal of this three-year project was to provide a quantitative definition of reservoir heterogeneity. This objective was accomplished through the integration of geologic, geophysical, and engineering databases into a multi-disciplinary understanding of reservoir architecture and associated fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interactions. This interdisciplinary effort integrated geological and geophysical data with engineering and petrophysical results through reservoir simulation to quantify reservoir architecture and the dynamics of fluid-rock and fluid-fluid interactions. An improved reservoir description allows greater accuracy and confidence during simulation and modeling as steps toward gaining greater recovery efficiency from existing reservoirs. A field laboratory, the Sulimar Queen Unit, was available for the field research. Several members of the PRRC staff participated in the development of improved reservoir description by integration of the field and laboratory data as well as in the development of quantitative reservoir models to aid performance predictions. Subcontractors from Stanford University and the University of Texas at Austin (UT) collaborated in the research and participated in the design and interpretation of field tests. The three-year project was initiated in September 1993 and led to the development and application of various reservoir description methodologies. A new approach for visualizing production data graphically was developed and implemented on the Internet. Using production data and old gamma rays logs, a black oil reservoir model that honors both primary and secondary performance was developed. The old gamma ray logs were used after applying a rescaling technique, which was crucial for the success of the project. In addition to the gamma ray logs, the development of the reservoir model benefitted from an inverse Drill Stem Test (DST) technique which provided initial estimates of the reservoir permeability at different wells. A new single-well wettability test was conducted for the first time in the field and provided insight on the wettability of a large reservoir volume. The field wettability test pointed towards a mixed-wet system. Wettability tests performed at the laboratory indicated the same wetting state. The results of the crosswell seismic data were used to develop a new approach in the estimation of interwell reservoir properties using neural networks. With a fuzzy logic methodology, a minipermeameter, and thin sections, a new technique for petrographic analysis was developed. Combining the information from outcrop data, logs, crosswell seismic, and petrographic analysis, a new geological model is proposed for the Queen formation. The results of the three year project were presented to oil companies producing from the Queen formation and various publications were prepared to describe the results of the project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To provide for the development of repositories for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, to establish a progression of research, development, and demonstration regarding the disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, and for other purposes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Chattanooga Shale, underlying some 40,000 square miles in the southeastern United States, is considered to be a potentially large, low-grade source of uranium. The area in and near Dekalb County, Tennessee, appears to be the most likely site for commercial development. This paper deals with the mine design, mining procedures, equipment requirements, and operating maintenance cost for an underground mining complex capable of producing 100,000 tons of Chattanooga Shale per day for delivery to a beneficiation process."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Samples of Illinois shales and a limestone containing organic materials were tested to determine their oil content and to evaluate their possibilities as sources of oil. Oil content of the Pennsylvanian shale samples ranged from 0 to 40 gallons per ton, but only 3 samples contained more than 25 gallons per ton, whereas 88 percent contained less than 15 gallons. Of the shale formations for which 3 or more samples were tested, that above coal No. 2 in northern and western Illinois contained the highest average oil content, almost 16 gallons per ton.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of this study has been twofold. First, by employing radial disks, the effect of flow geometry found in a field application has been incorporated into the experimental study. At the same time, the ultimate measure of preflush effectiveness, the incremental oil produced as a result of the pretreatment, has been chosen as the yardstick for comparison. Second, by combining the scope of several previously reported studies covering a few inorganic and organic preflush chemicals into one study with a single source of rock, the effect of substrate variability could be isolated from the analysis. This work in Berea is considered a foundation for similar studies to be compJeted in reservoir rock, where the effect of different clay compositions and rock heterogeneities can be compared to the standardized case with Berea sandstone.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The project goal is to determine the validity and applicability of seismic stimulation of oil reservoirs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In order to manage the oxidation of pyritic materials effectively, it is necessary to understand the chemistry of both the waste and its disposal environment. The objective of this two-year study was to characterize the acid production of Eastern oil shale waste products as a function of process conditions, waste properties, and disposal practice. Two Eastern oil shales were selected, a high pyrite shale (unweathered 4.6% pyrite) and a low pyrite shale (weathered 1.5% pyrite). Each shale was retorted and combusted to produce waste products representative of potential mining and energy conversion processes. By using the standard EPA leaching tests (TCLP), each waste was characterized by determining (1) mineralogy, (2) trace element residency, and (3) acid-base account. Characterizing the acid producing potential of each waste and potential trace element hazards was completed with laboratory weathering studies. 32 refs., 21 figs., 12 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Problems with convection ash fouling and wall slagging were considerable during our study. The Dakota lignites posed the greatest problems, particularly with fouling. The subbituminous coals had considerable problems, related mostly with wall slagging. The Texas lignites had few problems, and those were only associated with wall slagging. The generation losses were as follows: The Dakota lignite burning stations averaged an overall availability of 87.13%. Convection fouling outages were responsible for 57.75% of this outage time for a decrease in availability of 7.43%. Fouling was responsible for curtailment losses of 317,649 Mwh or 8.25% of the remaining available generation. Slagging was responsible for losses of 2732 megawatt hours or .07% of the remaining available generation. Total ash related losses amounted to 16.08% of the total available generation. The subbituminous burning stations averaged an overall availability of 78.36%. Total ash related losses amounted to 1.54% of the total available generation. The Texas lignite burning stations averaged an overall availability of 80.63%. No ash related outage losses occurred. Slagging curtailments accounted 0.08% of the total available generation. Costs due to ash fouling and slagging related curtailments are a tremendous sum. Seven power stations were studied for a six month period to assess costs. The total cost directly attributable to ash slagging and fouling condition was $20,638,113. Recommendations for reducing the problems involve soot blowers, control of furnace gas exit temperature, water blowers and more conservative boiler design.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of the Advanced Turbine System (ATS) Phase 3 Cooperative Agreement between GE and the US Department of Energy (DOE) is the development of the GE 7H and 9H combined cycle power systems. The major effort will be expended on detail design. Validation of critical components and technologies will be performed including: hot gas path component testing, sub-scale compressor testing, steam purity test trials, and rotational heat transfer confirmation testing. Processes will be developed to support the manufacture of the first system, which will be sited and operated in Phase 4. Technology enhancements that are not required for the first machine design but will be critical for future ATS advances in performance, reliability, and costs will be initiated. Long-term tests of materials to confirm design life predictions will continue. A schematic of the GE H machine is shown. This report summarizes work accomplished in 1Q97.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this project is to use the extensive Gypsy Field laboratory and data set as a focus for developing and testing reservoir characterization methods that are targeted at improved recovery of conventional oil. The Gypsy Field laboratory, as described by Doyle, O'Meara, and Witterholt (1992), consists of coupled outcrop and subsurface sites which have been characterized to a degree of detail not possible in a production operation. Data from these sites entail geological descriptions, core measurements, well logs, vertical seismic surveys, a 3D seismic survey, crosswell seismic surveys, and pressure transient well tests. The overall project consists of four interdisciplinary sub-projects which are closely interlinked: 1. Modeling depositional environments. 2. Integrated 3D seismic interpretation. 3. Sweep Efficiency. 4. Tracer testing. The first of these aims at improving our ability to model complex depositional environments which trap movable oil. The second is a development geophysics project which proposes to improve the quality of reservoir geological models through better use of 3D seismic data. The third investigates the usefulness of a new numerical technique for identifying unswept oil through rapid calculation of sweep efficiency in large reservoir models. The fourth explores what can be learned from tracer tests in complex depositional environments, particularly those which are fluvial dominated.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The US DOE is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving bed granular filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. The objectives of Phase II of the program are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance; to continue development of the analytical model to reflect the high temperature effects; to optimize filter internal configuration; to perform parametric and long duration tests to characterize the effects of filter design improvements on filtration efficiencies; and to conduct an economic analysis of full scale filters for PFB service. A secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of combustion additives in reducing the alkali concentration in the outlet from the GBF. Earlier Phase II hot flow testing confirmed that the original GBF design incorporating inlet and outlet screens exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. That has lead to an alternate design of the GBF internals which eliminated the inlet and outlet screens. This screenless GBF has undergone cold and hot flow tests with collection efficiencies equal to the screened GBF and without ash plugging problems. All current development work under Phase II objectives is being carried out using the screenless configuration. The work accomplished in the development of the three-dimensional axisymmetrical model, the hot flow test set-up and the particulate and alkali sampling equipment and procedures, the test plan for hot flow testing, and the results of system checkout following equipment modifications are discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), operated by Phillips Petroleum Company, is the site selected for a comprehensive evaluation of the use of foam for improving the effectiveness of a CO{sub 2} flood. The project began in late 1989, and is now in the final year. A field test of CO{sub 2}-foam has been successfully conducted, and preliminary results are promising. Response in the foam injection well has been as anticipated, and an offset producing well has experienced a positive oil response as a result of the foam test. Based on the favorable results observed in the foam injection test, a second foam test was conducted. The monitoring program includes analysis of injectivity data, pressure falloff tests, observation well logs, interwell tracer response, production logs, history of production rates, and changes in gas-oil ratio. This annual report provides recent results from the project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Experiments have been performed to measure the rates of oil shale pyrolysis. The measurements have been used to develop a model of the reaction rates that takes into account resistance to the evolution of product. In the experiment, samples of shale were quickly injected into a batch fluidized bed of hot inert particles. The evolution of hydrocarbons was measured by means of an on-line flame ionization detector (FID) located in the product line of the reactor. The FID responses were corrected by taking into account the residence time distribution of the reactor in a convolution with the reaction rate. The initial stages of the reaction are very fast and decreases with increasing particle size. Larger particles also display a time delay for the appearance of product that is related partly to the time required to heat the particle. The later stages of product evolution are slow but continue for long times.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Offset Well Test Program completed in 1981 was undertaken in order to investigate the production characteristics of Devonian shale reservoirs. The investigation involved a study of gas flow through natural fractures, the orientation and distribution of these fractures, and the gas storage/release mechanism and its effect on production. An experiment was designed to test the reservoir under strictly controlled conditions. Interference tests were conducted in Meigs County, Ohio on two wells drilled in the expected maximum and minimum permeability directions from a producing well with known completion and production history. Analysis of the test results indicate that the Devonian shale formation in the Meigs County, Ohio, area is an anisotropic, layered reservoir system. Flow characteristics indicate that the Meigs County reservoir is naturally fractured, may be represented as a dual porosity system, and may be modeled using pseudo-steady-state gas transfer from the matrix to the fracture system. The orientation of the natural fracture system was established through core observation and well test analysis as S65/sup 0/W. The maximum to minimum permeability ratio in the direction of the natural fracture system was calculated to be 8.3. Three distinct zones with independent flow characteristics were identified. The bottom zone, with permeability values significantly higher than the upper two zones, is highly fractured and is a major contributor to the gas production of Well 10056. The pressure profiles of the bottom zones relative to the upper zones were significantly different, indicating minimal communication between the layers. The knowledge of these parameters should have a significant impact on future development of shale reservoirs, through optimization of well spacing and choice of stimulation treatment to enhance gas production.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- One purpose of this project is to measure the heat capacity and heat of dissociation of samples of in-situ natural gas hydrates. These calorimetric measurements will be made using a Perkin-Elmer model DSC-2 differential scanning calorimeter. A second purpose is to measure and model hydrate dissociation rates. These experimental measurements will be made with a Cahn 2000 recording electrobalance. This month we completed the electrobalance experiments on samples of carbon dioxide. We compared the results of these experiments with those involving samples of ice in order to calculate the radiative flux from the heater. We have determined that this heat flux is 322 Btu/ft/sup 2/-hr. We have also begun preliminary work with actual methane hydrate cylinders. We have experienced some problems with preparing a clean, whole cylinder for each experiment but these problems will soon be overcome. We continue to refine the technique of high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry on methane hydrate samples. We now run the experiments across 10 K temperature intervals at 2.5 K/min rather than 5 K/min. We also determine the water content of each sample exclusively by means of electrobalance weight measurements.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the progress to date of an effort to develop new concepts of management applicable to the US Bureau of Mines program of Energy Research. A system analysis task group was organized to identify principal problems associated with implementing a mission oriented research program and, in particular, to design a mechanism for determining research project priorities in terms of stated goals.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Natural-gas hydrates can form and are stable under specific ranges of elevated gas pressure and temperature, conditions that depend largely on gas composition and hydrate structure. When pressures (P) and temperatures (T) are changed, placing these hydrates outside their stability field, they are prone to decompose at rates that depend on many factors, including hydrate composition and structure, the degree to which the equilibrium boundaries defining the stability field are exceeded, the P-T-time pathway taken to make them unstable, and the physical state and properties of the hydrate and its surroundings.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this research project was to develop a sensor capable of real time, in situ detection of the rate of deposition of suspended particles on the surface of gas turbine components for systems utilizing coal-derived fuels for combustion. Of the several methods investigated, the system based upon correlating the thickness of the deposit layer with the amount of heat transfer to the sensor surface offers the most advantages for high-temperature, high-pressure field applications. A commercially available sensor consisting of thermopile imbedded in a ceramic filler was tested at temperatures up to 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) with fly ash deposits at surface loading levels up to 33 mg/cm/sup 2/. The output of the sensor decreased as the loading of particulate increased, and was shown to be a function of the flow velocity and the temperature of the gas stream. Radiation heat transfer effects are significant at higher temperatures. The ceramic materials of construction coupled with the thermopile design provides a robust element which can withstand high-temperature operating conditions more reliably than other methods tested or identified in the literature. The maximum particulate surface loading which can be detected is a function of heat leakage into the sides of the sensor and can be extended by increasing the thermal insulation surrounding the sensor when installed in the test section. Within the operating range of particulate loadings, the sensor had an average output of 0.043 mV/(mg/cm/sup 2/) which was independent of velocity for flow speeds below 5 m/sec. Therefore, the rate of deposition can be determined reliably over time even though the actual deposit thickness may not be known for a sensor whose calibration is uncertain due to differences in manufacture or system effects at the site of installation. 45 figs., 9 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The principal project goal to develop models for oil-water relative permeability through the transition zone, for a range of moldic-porosity lithofacies representative of Kansas and Midcontinent shallow -shelf carbonate reservoirs, that account for the influence of wettability and pore architecture. Reservoir simulation studies on theoretical reservoir architectures and two example reservoirs, from which core will be obtained and studied, will demonstrate the importance and application of the models.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The primary objective of this project was to carry out a thorough investigation of the kinetics of the interaction of SO{sub 2} gas with CaO particles at temperatures between 25{degree}C and 1000{degree}C. Our goal was to develop the new technique of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) spectroscopy for studies of the SO{sub 2}--CaO interaction so as to determine not only the kinetics but also the nature of the chemical products of the reaction for temperatures to 1000{degree}C. Further, our goal was to determine the effect of oxygen on the kinetics and products of the reaction. In addition, techniques of ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) spectroscopy and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) were to be employed to support these studies. It was hoped that results of these studies would clear many of the inconsistencies reported in literature on the sulfation of CaO. Results of these studies as well as results on the interaction of SO{sub 2} with calcined CaCO{sub 3} and MgCO{sub 3} (calcined at 700{degree}C), for temperatures up to 700{degree}C, are given in this report. 44 refs., 23 figs., 9 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Surface-consistent corrected center frequencies of line 2. The length of the time window is 256 msec.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A number of studies have been performed in earth media ranging from slightly fractured granite to a highly-fractured tuff. General objectives of these studies were to: measure quantitatively tracer-gas flow through a region of interest to evaluate flow communication; determine the permeability and its distribution within this region; determine the accessible porosity and its distribution within the region of interest; assess qualitatively the uniformity of localized fracturing within the region of interest; evaluate the pressurization, leak and recovery characteristics of the region under study.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Hydrogenated shale gas oil products from catalyzed and noncatalyzed runs were analyzed using nonaqueous potentiometric titration and infrared analysis, following an analytical scheme proposed by Koros. Results indicate that the shale gas oil denitrification reaction is limited by a hydrogenation step. Dealkylation of pyridine type nitrogen was found to be an important reaction. In all cases the net rate of conversion of the more stable pyridine type nitrogen was greater than that of the less stable pyrrole type nitrogen. It appears that polymeric compounds break down into pyrrole type compounds more rapidly than intopyridine type compounds."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Class Act is a biannual newsletter devoted to providing information about DOE?s Reservoir Class Program.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- DOE Project Tasks Task 1 and 2: P and S Wave Q Estimation from Well Logs Task 3: Synthetic Seismic Modeling with Q. Task 4: Using Multiple Seismic Attributes to Link Q and Dispersion to Well Data Task 5: Data Analysis and Reporting1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document includes charts, graphs, and tables pertaining to the Wyoming CoreholeS 11-14.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- (1) Chevron Research has been developing an oil shale retorting concept called the staged turbulent bed (STB) retort. This process handles a broad size distribution of small particles. Separate vessels are used for retorting and combustion. Hot combusted shale is recycled to the retort to supply the necessary process heat. (2) The process has been studied using a 1 ton/day fully integrated pilot plant. Scale-up has been studied by physical modeling on a scale-up to 350 ton/day. Process operating characteristics and product qualities from pilot operation are discussed. Plans for futher development of the STB oil shale retort are reviewed. 14 refs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Computed tomography and core logger data presented in the technical report Mackey, P.; Paronish, T.; Brown, S; Crandall, D.; Dinterman, P.; Moore J. P.; Moore, J. Computed Tomography Scanning and Geophysical Measurements of the Salina Formation from the #36 Brine Well; NETL-TRS-21-2018; NETL Technical Report Series; U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory: Morgantown, WV, 2018; p 64. DOE: 10.18141/1483799.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The operations under Permit 491 are a research and development project to develop the technology for the production of low and medium Btu gas via a series of two in situ coal gasification tests. Test 1 ran for 35 days and was completed December 5, 1979. The Test 2 period ran for approximately 85 days, starting August 17, 1981, and was completed November 12, 1981. Coal is never brought to the surface during this process and, therefore, coal is neither surface mined nor deep mined per se.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "This data set is a digital soil survey and generally is the most detailed level of soil geographic data developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The information was prepared by digitizing maps, by compiling information onto a planimetric correct base and digitizing, or by revising digitized maps using remotely sensed and other information. This data set consists of georeferenced digital map data and computerized attribute data. The map data are in a soil survey area extent format and include a detailed, field verified inventory of soils and miscellaneous areas that normally occur in a repeatable pattern on the landscape and that can be cartographically shown at the scale mapped. A special soil features layer (point and line features) is optional. This layer displays the location of features too small to delineate at the mapping scale, but they are large enough and contrasting enough to significantly influence use and management. The soil map units are linked to attributes in the National Soil Information System relational database, which gives the proportionate extent of the component soils and their properties."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives are to review shale oil technologies as a means of supplying domestically produced fuels within environmental, social, economic, and legal/institutional constraints; using available data, analyses, and experienced judgment, to examine the major points of uncertainty regarding potential impacts of oil shale development; to resolve issues where data and analyses are compelling or where conclusions can be reached on judgmental grounds; to specify issues which cannot be resolved on the bases of the data, analyses, and experienced judgment currently available; and when appropriate and feasible, to suggest ways for the removal of existing uncertainties that stand in the way of resolving outstanding issues.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Information on mines with documents and data tables: There are 2,040 active mines as shown on the following map. In 2011, industry operated 1,621 mines or almost 80% of the mines in New York State. Towns, counties, villages and other small local government entities operated 369 mines, and 40 mines were county-owned and operated. New York State agencies operate 10 mines. Most of the government mines belong to highway departments which use the material for road maintenance.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "As part of the current research effort in shale-oil chemistry conducted by the Federal Bureau of Mines, reduced chlorophyllins were prepared and pyrolyzed in an effort to identify the role of plant pigments and their decomposition products in the nitrogenous compounds found in the product of oil-shale pyrolysis. The properties of the chlorophyllin pyrolysates were related to the composition of the reduced chlorophyllins with particular emphasis on the amount and types of nitrogen compounds formed. A comparison based on the types of nitrogen compounds present was made between shale oil and the chlorophyllin pyrolsates. In order to make this comparison, a sample of shale-oil light distillate was separated into polar and nonpolar fractions, and a careful examination of the polar fraction was conducted to obtain an accurate picture of the types of nitrogen compounds present. The information gathered from these studies was used to evaluate reduced chlorophyllin as a model of oil-shale kerogen insofar as the production of nitrogen compounds was concerned. The results indicate that the reduced chlorophyllin does yield nitrogen products which are directly related to the nitrogenous compounds in shale oil, and it therefore represents a good model of shale-oil kerogen."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Energy Research and Development Administration has invited respondents to indicate their interest in applying specific technologies to specific oil shale resource types within the Eocene shale's of the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The process chemistry of sulfur and arsenic in oil shale retorting is being studied. After an introduction, Section II deals with identifying and quantifying the chemical forms of sulfur that were obtained in spent shale and retort off-gas from laboratory retorting experiments using a nitrogen atmosphere and covering a temperature range from 350/sup 0/C to 800/sup 0/C. The third section describes preliminary work on the separation of iron pyrite from oil shale by sedimentation using a liquid medium. Section IV describes some exploratory work on the analysis of raw shale for total arsenic by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA). Arsenic analyses were also carried out on materials obtained from the air atmosphere retorting experiments described in Section VI. Section V describes an exploratory experiment that included the high temperature water leaching of a spent shale. Work on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) described in Section VII includes a composited table of FTIR absorption peaks for oil shale minerals and a comparison of methylene peak heights with Fischer assay data on oil yields.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An extensive literature search was conducted and geological and mathematical analyses were performed to investigate the significance of using surface lineaments and fractures for delineating oil and gas reservoirs in the Mid-Continent region. Tremendous amount of data were acquired including surface lineaments, surface major fracture zones, surface fracture traces, gravity and magnetic lineaments, and Precambrian basement fault systems. An orientation analysis of these surface and subsurface linear features was performed to detect the basic structural grains of the region. The correlation between surface linear features and subsurface oil and gas traps was assessed, and the implication of using surface lineament and fracture analysis for delineating hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Mid-Continent region discussed. It was observed that the surface linear features were extremely consistent in orientation with the gravity and magnetic lineaments and the basement faults in the Mid-Continent region. They all consist of two major sets bending northeast and northwest, representing, therefore, the basic structural grains of the region. This consistency in orientation between the surface and subsurface linear features suggests that the systematic fault systems at the basement in the Mid-Continent region have probably been reactivated many times and have propagated upward all the way to the surface. They may have acted as the loci for the development of other geological structures, including oil and gas traps. Also observed was a strong association both in orientation and position between the surface linear features and the subsurface reservoirs in various parts of the region. As a result, surface lineament and fracture analysis can be used for delineating additional oil and gas reserves in the Mid-Continent region. The results presented in this paper prove the validity and indicate the significance of using surface linear features for inferring subsurface oil and gas reservoirs in the Mid-Continent region. Any new potential oil and gas reservoirs in the Mid-Continent region, if they exist, will be likely associated with the northeast- and northwest-trending surface lineaments and fracture traces in the region.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Those of the oil shale operators in this country who are sincerely attempting to make a real industry out of oil shale developments, are anxious to obtain fundamental data on the retorting of oil shale; particularly as regards the effect of certain variable factors in the process of retorting on the quantity and quality of products yielded from oil shales when they are subjected to destructive distillation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- Project Final Report-DE-FC26-09NT0005680-The goal of this project is to help oil and gas operators increase production, decrease costs, and enhance environmental protection in the shale gas producing states of New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas that encompass regions containing the Marcellus, Haynesville, Fayetteville, or Woodford shale formations. The objective is to create an internet-based water treatment technology catalog and decision tool that will pair an operator’s water treatment costs and capacity needs to optimal water treatment technologies. The catalog will identify produced water treatment options by region and water quality and quantity limits. The decision tool will help an operator choose from the best treatment options based on site specifics such as contaminants, desired resultant water quality, final use options, efficiency, and cost.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The hydrocarbon evolution data of Richardson et al. (1982) is reanalyzed to determine improved rate expressions for oil generation from Colorado oil shale under rapid pyrolysis conditions. Contributions from low molecular weight gases are subtracted from flame ionization detector data to obtain the rate of oil generation alone. Equally good fits to the data were obtained using two parallel first-order reactions or a single reaction with an effective reaction order of 1.51. The latter expression is easier to incorporate into global process models. The rate expressions are independent of shale source (Anvil Points or Tract C-a) and particle size (0.5 to 2.4 mm). The kinetic data are consistent with the previous conclusion that the small incremental oil yield possible for fluidized-bed pyrolysis requires a longer residence time than that estimated by kinetic expressions derived from slow heating rate data."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the available information relative to the occurrence of sulfur in Illinois coals, to indicate certain geological relationships pertinent to the sulfur problem, and to suggest a possible explanation of certain phases of sulfur distribution.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Results of tests on expansion bars made from conditioned and chemically processed AFB residue showed levels of expansion confirming that ettringite formation may be the main cause of the volume instability observed in road base compositions containing AFB residue. AFB fly ash, when treated with acid washing to remove calcium, has shown an ability to function as an ion exchange material. Further tests have shown that treatment of AFB fly ash by acid washing and the addition of zinc chloride produced a material that behaves like activated carbon in terms of color removal from water. Observations from ten different mix compositions using AFB residue, pulverized coal fly ash, and, in some cases, a gypsum waste sludge, have shown that briquettes having acceptable green strength for normal handling can be made from most formulations using a laboratory scale roll briquetting machine. Loose slurry mixes containing various proportions of AFB residue and pulverized coal fly ash develop sufficient compressive strengths at comparatively low permeabilities to recommend further investigation of their potential use as an expansive grouting material. The addition of portland cement in amounts of 1 to 5 percent for each mix did not significantly affect strength development in any of these mixes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report summarizes the meteorological and air quality data that have been collected during the fourth quarter and the whole year of monitoring (September 12, 1981 to December 11, 1981 and December 12, 1980 to December 11, 1981), at the proposed WyCoalGas coal gasification project site near Douglas, Wyoming. Details concerning monitor operation, siting, and data collection are provided in earlier WyCoalGas, Inc., submittals to the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) (November 17, 1980, and February 10, 1981). Quarterly precision and accuracy results are reported, as well as brief discussions of periods of maximum concentrations for each pollutant. Fourth quarter audit results were prepared from a performance audit conducted on December 1-3, 1981 (Woodward-Clyde Consultants March 1982). Measurements of wind speed and direction have been processed and summarized to provide a joint frequency distribution for the two sensor levels. Temperature data that have been tabulated and summarized, are presented in Appendix A-2.0. Visibility data have been summarized to provide a cumulative frequency distribution and are presented in Appendix A-3.0. Also provided are brief discussions of the ambient visibility. Total Suspended Particulate matter data from Station 2 (Project Monitor Site), have been tabulated for the period from September 16, 1981 to December 12, 1981 and are presented in SAROAD daily format in Appendix A-4.0. The results of the analyses of particulate matter samples for ambient lead concentrations are also presented in SAROAD daily format in Appendix A-4.0. Hourly data for the following parameters are presented in Appendix A-5.0: nitrogen dioxide (NO/sub 2/), sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/), ozone (O/sub 3/), visibility (B-scat), wind speed and direction (lower level (33 feet) and upper level (131 feet)), standard deviation of horizontal wind direction (lower level (33 feet) and upper level (131 feet)), temperature (33 feet), and pressure.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), is sponsoring research in advanced methods for controlling contaminants in hot coal gasifier gas (coal gas) streams of integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power systems. The programs focus on hot-gas particulate removal and desulfurization technologies that match or nearly match the temperatures and pressures of the gasifier, cleanup system, and power generator. The work seeks to eliminate the need for expensive heat recovery equipment, reduce efficiency losses due to quenching, and minimize wastewater treatment costs. Hot-gas desulfurization research has focused on regenerable mixed-metal oxide sorbents which can reduce the sulfur in coal gas to less than 20 ppmv and can be regenerated in a cyclic manner with air for multicycle operation. Zinc titanate (Zn{sub 2}TiO{sub 4} or ZnTiO{sub 3}), formed by a solid-state reaction of zinc (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}), is currently one of the leading sorbents. This report summarizes the highlights and accomplishments of the October slipstream test run of the Zinc Titanate Fluid Bed Desulfurization/Direct Sulfur Recovery Process (ZTFBD/DSRP) Mobile Laboratory at the Department of Energy`s Morgantown Energy Technology Center. Although the run had to be shortened due to mechanical problems with METC`s gasifier, there was sufficient on-stream time to demonstrate highly successful operation of both the zinc titanate fluid bed desulfurization and the DSRP with actual coal gas.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project was to develop and verify a geotechnical/geostatistical approach to find natural gas resources and to verify the process by drilling, completing, testing, and producing wells located by the process. Activities for the Multistrata Project began in Fiscal Year 1993 with the placement of the three Test Wells into production full force. By fuming all three wells in line October 1, 1992, gas began flowing as designed by the agreements negotiated in Fiscal Year 1992. The gas production overall from the three Project Test Wells has been exceptional. TWl has proven to be extremely successful with an average production of 52 mcfd for 1993 (prior to workover activities). This well far surpasses most wells in the region since many wells in southern West Virginia typically produce 8--12 mcfd. This makes TW2 (10 mcfd), comparatively speaking, an average well for the area. TW3 may be the most interesting of the three since its production (15 mcfd) is drawn almost entirely from the Poca Coal Seam. Circumstances have thus far prevented us from adequately dewatering and producing this well; but, even so, it still outproduces the average conventional well in the area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is the second part of a two-part topical report on Grimethorpe Tube Bundle E''Wastage Evaluation. Detail drawings, tube material certifications, spent bed and fuel/sorbent analyses, and field photographs make up this report. (JDL)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To drill and case a series of four microholes for use as seismic monitoring holes for instrument evaluation and during future CO2 injection at Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC) north of Casper, WY.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Material and land transferred to the United States of a State in accordance with this Criterion must be transferred without cost to the United States or a State other than administrative and legal costs incurred in carrying out such transfer.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Work during the quarter was devoted to final interpretation, integration, and compilation of surface stratigraphic and petrologic data into deliverable documents for DOE, MERC. As of September, two such documents have been prepared. A thesis on black-shale outcrop stratigraphy from the two eastern Kentucky outcrop belts has been completed and will be included with the annual report and a thesis on the thin-section petrology of three eastern Kentucky cores has also been completed and will be included with the annual report. Also during this quarter the transition to two new parts of the project was started including map compilation and a paleontological--paleoecological study. Compilation of isopach, lithofacies, and structural contour maps depends largely on completion of the well-log inventory from which all the data are generated. At present, well-log inventories for 37 of the 41 eastern Kentucky counties (90%) have been completed. Work has begun, however, on compiling data from the completed county inventories. Work has also begun on the paleontological--paleoecological portion of the project. A research assistant has been found to complete a thesis study on this part of the project and he is currently engaged in preliminary research.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- OIL SHALE is the Nation's first supplementary source of liquid fuels. Stored in vast deposits, this potential energy resource is greater than the known petroleum reserves and assures adequate domestic supplies of liquid fuel, gases, and petrochemicals for the foreseeable future.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A multidisciplinary team, composed of stratigraphers, petrophysicists, reservoir engineers, and geophysicists, studied a portion of Boonsville gas field in the Fort Worth Basin of north-central Texas to determine how modern techniques can be combined to understand the mechanisms by which fluvio-deltaic depositional processes create reservoir compartmentalization in a low- to moderate-accommodation basin. An extensive database involving well logs, cores, production, and pressure data from more than 200 wells, 26 mi{sup 2} of 3-D seismic data, vertical seismic profiles, and checkshots was assembled to support this investigation. The authors found the most important geologic influence on stratigraphy and reservoir compartmentalization in this basin to be the existence of numerous karst collapse chimneys over the area covered. These near-vertical karst collapses originated in, or near, the deep Ordovician-age Ellenburger carbonate section and created vertical chimneys extending as high as 2,500 ft above their point of origin, causing significant disruptions in the overlying clastic strata.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- highlighs of this past quarter are summarized for the following projects: (1) enthalpy relations for oil shale; (2) chemical reaction modeling; and (3) generic pyrolysis modeling. 7 figs., 1 tab. (AT)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Result of inverting the well test data in the GW-well field. This figure shows the ensemble median model using the variable-aperture lattice approach. Inversion model indicates a connected path between GW-5 and GW-2.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Advanced design criterion to improve the working gas capacity of natural gas storage caverns in salt deposits.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This section summarizes the significant results of Fluor's work in the Dunn-Nokota Methanol Project Feasibility Study: (1) preliminary design of the process plant and supporting facilities; cost estimates for the facilities and health and safety assessments related to the process plant. In addition to the base case methanol plant design and cost estimates, several alternative cases were investigated in less detail. The plant is designed to convert North Dakota lignite coal into chemical grade A methanol and other marketable by-products. The plant will receive run-of-mine coal at the plant site and will generate sufficient electrical power to meet normal plant and mine requirements. The plant has been designed with sufficient multiple trains, spare equipment and intermediate storage to provide an overall on-steam factor of 95%. In addition, the plant has been designed to be constructed in two phases with each phase having facilities to produce 50% of the total plant capacity. The lignite is crushed and screened and the sized coal is fed to Lurgi gasifiers where it is gasified under pressure in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce a raw synthesis gas. The raw gas is cooled and cleaned in downstream units to remove water, heavy hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and carbon dioxide. The purified gas, containing primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is compressed and converted into methanol in the presence of a catalyst. The crude methanol is purified by distillation, producing chemical grade A product. Methane produced in the gasification process is converted into additional synthesis gas and subsequently into methanol. Condensed hydrocarbon and chemical liquids are separated and upgraded into marketable by-products. Sulfur compounds removed from the raw gas are converted into an elemental sulfur by-product. Carbon dioxide removed from the raw gas is purified and compressed for sale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This final report summarizes the technical work performed under Department of Energy Contract DE-AC21-91MC27393, Simulated Coal- Gas-Fueled Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Development Program.''This work consists of five major tasks and their respective subtasks as listed below. A brief description of each task is also provided. The Stack Design Requirements task focused on requirements and specification for designing, constructing, and testing a nominal 100-kilowatt integrated stack and on requirements for the balance-of-plant equipment to support a 1000-kilowatt integrated stack demonstrator. The Stack Design Preparation task focused on the mechanical design of a 100-kilowatt stack comprised of 8-ft[sup 2] cells incorporating the new cell configuration and component technology improvements developed in the previous DOE MCFC contract. Electrode Casting focused on developing a faster drying solvent for use in the electrode tape casting process. Electrode Heat Treatment was directed at scaling up the laboratory continuous debinding process to a new full-size IFC debinding oven coupled to a continuous belt furnace that will both debind and sinter the electrodes in one continuous process train. Repeat Part Quality Assurance and Testing provided the appropriate effort to ensure consistent, high-quality, reproducible and comparable repeat parts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Production from the Marg 1 area at Port Neches is averaging 392 BOPD for this quarter. The production drop is due to fluctuations in both GOR and BS&W on the various producing wells, coupled with low water injectivity in the reservoir. We were unable to inject any tangible amount of water in the reservoir since late January.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Numerical modeling of the volumetric heating process is concluding. The develoment of the numerical model to describe the heat-mass problem for the radiation heating of oil shale is now near completion for low temperatures. The study of optimitzation of the heating process is now underway. Preliminary results indicate that the electricity for the heating process will be 5-7 kilowatt-hours/gal of recovered oil. This result is encouraging for the economics of the heating process.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An analysis of the needs for coal gasification reveals the following principal categories of information gaps that can be filled by programs already in progress or those readily initiated. The gaps are technology base needs required for successful application of both currently available and advanced gasification processes. The need areas are classified as follows: Reactor design/performance, gas cleaning/cooling separation, acid-gas removal/gas shift/gas conversion, wastewater treatment, and general data base on both state-of-the-art and advanced technologies. During the future operating and optimization phases of most of the coal gasification projects, when additional troubles will surface, the technical support program described herein will have provided the additional data base needed to correct deficiencies and/or to advance the state-of-the-art. The report describes US DOE supported projects in this area: brief description, title, contractor, objective, accomplishments, current work and possible application.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A fracture induced within the earth generates a global strain field o A strategy for determining the orientation, geometry and dimensions of this fracture from the strain field with near surface instrumentation requires sophisticated technology in each of the areas.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A four page factsheet describing the Unconventional Fossil Energy Resource Program1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Feed coals, corresponding solid residues, and 18 sample sets representing the SRC, H-Coal, Synthoil, Lignite, Clean Coke, and COED liquefaction processes were investigated chemically, mineralogicaly, and petrographically. The data were evaluated from an economic viewpoint. Most of the 71 elements determined chemically, with the exception of Hg, As, B, S, Ti, Mg, and N, are generally retained in the residues. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy analyses indicated that most mineral species remain unchanged during the liquefaction process. Mineralogical changes observed included the conversion of pyrite to pyrrhotite, the probable formation of metakolinite from kaolinite, and the collapse of some expandable clay minerals to a 10 A basal spacing. Microscopy of selected samples indicated that small amounts of solid organic particles, mostly vitroplast, are left in the residues. The chemical and mineralogical data, in conjunction with certain economic criteria, were utilized in a hypothetical economic evaluation of the minerals present in the residues as possible secondary sources for some metals. On the basis of 50 million tons of coal conversion, the value of 17 economically and strategically important metals was calculated, of which Al, V, and Ge were the most important.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A one-year technical and economic feasibility study to determine if the large deposits of deep basin Texas lignite can be recovered using in situ gasification has been completed. The study has consisted of engineering and geological analysis as well as limited experimentation. Since the project's inception in September, 1974, a total of seven faculty and staff, ten graduate students, and seven undergraduates have been involved in the research. The principal funding for this project has been provided by the National Science Foundation, RANN division. Other research funds have been provided by Texas Utilities Company, Continental Oil Company, Mobil Oil Corporation, and the Shell Development Company.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An on-line coal analyzer is being developed as a joint venture between the French company SODERN which specializes in the manufacturing of neutron generators and associated electronics and the John B. Long Company which specializes in coal sampling equipment. Progress this quarter is summarized under the following topical headings: Measurement layout; Detector temperature stabilization; Raw coal library; and Determination of Btu content from elemental concentrations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: “The Geologic Atlas of the United States is a set of 227 folios published by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1894 and 1945. Each folio includes both topographic and geologic maps for each quad represented in that folio, as well as description of the basic and economic geology of the area. The Geologic Atlas collection is maintained by the Map & GIS Library. The repository interface with integrated Yahoo! Maps was developed by the Digital Initiatives -- Research & Technology group within the TAMU Libraries using the Manakin interface framework on top of the DSpace digital repository software. Additional files of each map are available for download for use in GIS or Google Earth. A tutorial is provided which describes how to download theses files.”1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The report summarizes progress in design, fabrication, and construction activities. Progress on the fluid bed combustor, piping, fuel feeding system, ash system, and the control and instrumentation design is described. The report lists the construction activities completed during this quarter which included bed tubes installation, fan inlet flow measuring duct, bag filter, silencers for roots blowers, electric power cabling connections, light distributor panel and transformer installation inside the control panel, steam/water recirculation piping, fine coal receiving vent filter, and partial painting of ash silo and boiler.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of the current study was to probe the spectral characteristics of various fuel types at wavelengths that can be obtained with relatively inexpensive lamps and detectors. For example, single aromatic ring, and two- and three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) systems are common components of most fossil fuel materials. With appropriate mercury lamp sources, two readily available wavelengths at which these materials absorb are 254 nm and 280 nm (mercury lamp with 280 nm phosphor). Two wavelength regions where mercury lamps show no emission are near 340 and 450 nm. Therefore, the initial wavelengths that were studied were 254 and 280 nm excitation and 340 and 450 nm emission. This approach could define a new procedure using a relatively inexpensive portable instrument to gain some qualitative and quantitative information on soil contaminants.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A high energy explosive for gas and oil-well stimulation has been recently field tested in 103 wells. Blasting agents designed originally for open pit mining were modified into self-contained slurries, complete with encapsulated air, that can be safely placed through tubing. Blasting agents were placed with bailer or pressure displacement equipment on the last 75 of the 103 wells. For 60 wells with production data prior to explosive fracturing, 90% had increased production. Of total jobs, 75% were profitable. An outstanding feature of explosive stimulation is the random fracturing of formation rock around the well bore. This treatment may be most effective in hard, low permeability formations where hydraulic fracturing contacts a relatively small volume of rock. Several possible limitations should be considered: wells must be static with BHP less than 1,500 psi, bottom-hole temperature must be between 65$ and 250$F, and the formation must be exposed in open-hole.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A quick summary about the recycling of hydraulic fracturing fluids.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This final report describes the activities of the 3-year project entitled Erosion of Heat Exchanger Tubes In Fluidized Beds.''which was completed at the end of 1990. Project accomplishments include the collection of a substantial body of wear data In a 24in. [times] 24in. fluidized bed, comparative wear results In a 6in. [times] 6in. fluidized bed, the development of a dragometer and the collection of a comprehensive set of drag force data in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of bubble probe data to establish dominant bubble frequencies in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed, the use of a heat flux gauge for measurement of heat transfer coefficients in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed and the modeling of the tube wear in the 24in. [times] 24in. bed. Analysis of the wear data from the 24in. square bed indicates that tube wear increases with increase in superficial velocity, and with increase in tube height. The latter effect is a result of the tubes higher up in the bed seeing greater movement of dense phase than tubes lower down In the bed. In addition, tube wear was found to decrease with increase in particle size, for constant superficial velocity. Three models of tube wear were formulated and provided acceptable prediction of wear when compared with the experimental data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Environmental studies conducted by an independent team of scientists for El Paso Natural Gas Company in connection with a proposed nuclear fracturing experiment and two massive hydraulic fracturing experiments, which were designed to test the feasibility of stimulating natural gas flow in sandstone formations of low permeability, are summarized. Studies of vegetation, aquatic, non-domestic mammalian populations, and avian populations are described. (TFD)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- PDF scans of the 21th Symposium on the Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics (1983).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This presentation gives an overview of static and dynamic modeling activities conducted for Devonian pinnacle reefs to investigate CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery. Case studies of the Winnipegosis Formation and the Zama oil field are discussed. Presented at the 2014 Rocky Mountain Section AAPG Annual Meeting.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A rational approach to predicting the extent and shape of the fracture surface generated by hydraulic fracturing of a well is to make use of linear elastic fracture mechanics. In such an approach the different rock layers may be idealized as homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic. A crack in a given rock is assumed to advance when the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is equal to the value for which crack growth is observed in laboratory fracture experiments. Even with these idealizations the problem remains extremely difficult because (a) the problem is inherently 3-dimensional, (b) the problem is one of undetermined boundaries in that the location of the crack front is the subject of primary interest, and (c) the problem is complicated by the presence of layers with different elastic module. In order to make progress it is clear that further idealizations are necessary.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report documents the status of the US Department of Energy's Fuel Cells Program as of the end of FY 85. The report consists of (1) an overview of the Fuel Cells Program including a brief discussion of how fuel cells work; (2) a synopsis of the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Programs and their 1985 projects; (3) a discussion of the Fuel Cells Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Program and projects; and (4) a summary of the Fuel Cells Systems and Applications Program. A common direction of fuel cell development has been to combine individual cells into groups called ''stacks''or ''modules''in order to increase power output. In 1985, the scale-up of PAFC stacks to the 40-kW level continued, and a project involving the manufacturing of 46 power plants was completed. SOFC scale-up proceeded to the 24-cell submodule stage. An MCFC 1-ft/sup 2/ stack demonstrated effective management of electrolyte, control of end-cell shorting, and resistance of separator plates to corrosion during 4000 hours of operation. AR and TD provided information on reaction mechanisms and materials for MCFC's, SOFC's, and PAFC's. Systems and Applications development provided engineering and economic guidelines for MCFC's, SOFC's, and PAFC's, when used in a variety of utility and industrial settings. 3 refs., 32 figs., 4 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Although falling oil prices and the generally dismal economic outlook have resulted in many synfuel project cancellations and deferrals, the developers of the New England Energy Park have determined, on the basis of this feasibility study, that a coal based, synthetic fuel facility is environmentally, technically, and politically viable in the New England region. The major area of uncertainty involves the financial/economic issues which relate directly to the construction and operation of a multibillion dollar energy production facility. The NEEP developers are now reasonably confident the products produced by the project can be sold to displace foreign oil products. However, despite its ability to displace foreign oil, the project is subject to operating losses in the first years of operation before unit production costs reach stability. The financial issues that face the NEEP development group center around the risks present in a multibillion dollar pioneer energy production facility and the ability or willingness of the participants to absorb these risks. NEEP has structured a risk mitigation strategy that addresses all of these factors; but real risks remain which require support from the United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation (SFC) to encourage investors to participate in the project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- KRW Energy Systems Inc. is engaged in the continuing development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the KRW process for the environmentally acceptable production of low- and medium-BTU fuel gas from a variety of fossilized carbonaceous feedstocks for electric power generation, synthetic natural gas, chemical feedstocks and industrial fuels. This report presents analysis of the Cold Flow Scaleup Facility (CFSF) operations. Included is work performed on the 3-meter CFSF model using four different bed configurations to check correlations and scale-up criteria developed from studies conducted in small-scale cold flow units and those available in open literature. The 3-meter model permits full front-face viewing of the fluidized bed through a transparent plastic window and with its instrumentation allows detailed studies of jet behavior, bubble dynamics, solid circulation, gas mixing, and related phenomena important to the design of a large-scale gasifier. 87 refs., 95 figs., 56 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Standard Parallels: 33, 45 Central Meridian: 1061Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The lowest pressure at which CO/sub 2/ can develop miscibility with a particular reservoir oil is termed the ''minimum miscibility pressure''(MMP). There are two major factors which determine the CO/sub 2/ MMP, reservoir temperature and crude oil composition. The purpose of this investigation was to use compositional data to suggest how the compositional changes which accompany a CO/sub 2/ oil displacement affect the observed recovery efficiency. The experimental approach was to perform sandpack displacements of dead Brookhaven crude oil at a variety of temperatures and pressures (Part I), and to perform corefloods using CO/sub 2/ with synthetic or natural reservoir oil systems (Part II). The sandpack results provide compositional proof that for a given temperature, increasing pressure affects greater oil recovery. Compositional analyses of samples from displacements performed at lower pressures indicate that the major components extracted into the CO/sub 2/-rich phase are in the C/sub 9/ to C/sub 12/ range. As the run pressure is increased, the ability of CO/sub 2/ to extract heavier hydrocarbons improves to provide greater oil recoveries. To determine whether the improvement in hydrocarbon extraction observed in static PVT measurements would translate into higher oil recoveries in CO/sub 2/ displacement tests, tertiary corefloods were performed using synthetic oils. The coreflood results show that the oil displacement efficiency for CO/sub 2/ flooding is improved by increasing the aromatic content of the oil. Another series of corefloods was initiated to examine the gravity stable displacement process. Ongoing experiments are quantitating the incremental oil recovered with injection rate reduction for a reservoir amenable to gravity stable flooding. Progress to date is presented. 25 refs., 24 figs., 33 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Eight tests were conducted using Asphalt Ridge tar sand to determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on oil yield and product distribution and to produce samples for the evaluation of product oil characteristics. A 48-hour test was conducted to measure the operating time required to reach a steady state with respect to the composition of product gas and the elemental compositions of light product oil and heavy recycle oil. A 30-hour test was conducted using Sunnyside tar sand to obtain preliminary data. The product oil samples were analyzed to determine the distribution of hydrocarbon types and to relate this distribution to that typical of various fuel types. No major operational difficulties were experienced with the 2-inch screw pyrolysis reactor system. Experimental results obtained from the Asphalt Ridge and Sunnyside tar sands indicate that oil yields from the ROPE/copyright/ process could be greater than yields from conventional pyrolysis processes. 3 refs., 10 figs., 41 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Final Report-DE-NT0006558-The project will serve to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for methane cycling within the deep sediment column, thus providing constraints on the potential for hydrate response to climate change and the role of hydrates in the global carbon cycle.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In early February 1983, the Russel Coal Company partially uncovered a large burn area that appears to be the electro-linking site. This was the second site to be uncovered here and evaluated in this way. As in the first case, Mr. A.J. Liberatore of the METC and the author were contacted to access and photograph this latest exposure of an old underground-coal-gasification (UCG) burn. Conclusions from this site evaluation are: (1) confirmation of the Bu mines report which speculated that the electro-linkage at this site deviated from the planned design; (2) confirmation of the material balance calculations which indicated that minimum quantities of coke were left behind when oxygen was used for gasification. Although exposing a UCG site by surface mining is the most positive way to access the burn, there are some important impediments that must be considered. Foremost, the coal mining operations are conducted in the most economical way, to the possible detriment of any sensitive areas. Although the operator may be very cooperative, he is not likely to deviate much from his mining plan without compensation. The constant movement of equipment (trucks, dozers, etc.) in the pit is a threat to the integrity of the burned section. Valid conclusions may be impossible because of the age of this site. In spite of these difficulties, surface mined burn areas provide UCG engineers an opportunity to positively access and confirm previous speculations about events that took place below the surface while the site was in production.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY ISSUES REQUIRING CONSIDERATION • ILLUSTRATE UNDERGROUND SPACE USES WITH COMMON ISSUES SO THAT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IS POSSIBLE • IDENTIFYING DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES • ILLUSTRATE SELECTION PROCEDURE"1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Access multiple datasets and subsets of geospatial data collected by the State of Alaska, including oil spill data and other environmentally relevant datasets.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Archael small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene diversity was surveyed in sediment samples obtained at 50, 100, 150, 300, 400 and 600 cm depths below the seafloor in core MD02-2571_c2 located above a gas-chimney at a water depth of 647 meters in the West Mississippi Canyon area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- Poster presentation given at GHGT-9.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report covers an investigation into underground mining methods for oil shale in the Piceance Creek Basin of western Colorado. In situ retorting methods are not discussed as the purpose of the project was to focus on the problems associated with conventional underground mining. The major difference between past research on oil shale mining1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the project is to provide improved evaluation technology for identifying microbially‐influenced corrosion caused by bacteria producing iron sulfides that accumulate and block pipelines. Livermore Instruments will develop BioAerosol Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) technology to provide real time bioassays and conduct a laboratory demonstration of the enumeration and quantification of sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) in real time, and determine the threshold application of sodium hypochlorite required to neutralize SRB in vitro.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Environmental Inventories for the oil shale projects either managed by or performed by the Department of Energy's Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) for the period 1960 through 1978 have been prepared. These environmental inventories include the gaseous emissions, the aqueous effluents, and the solid wastes from the many research and field sites. These environmental inventories will serve as historical records of these projects.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Petrographic and Reservoir Quality Assessment Dolostone and Limestone Muskeg and Zama Formations 05-10-117-04W61Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Progress is reported for a comprehensive investigation of the scaling behavior of gas injection processes in heterogeneous reservoirs. The interplay of phase behavior, viscous fingering, gravity segregation, capillary imbibition and drainage, and reservoir heterogeneity is examined in a series of simulations and experiments.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The process of bioconcentration considers (1) the uptake of chemicals directly from an organism's environment and (2) the depuration or loss of that chemical or its metabolites from the organism. For example, in fish a bioconcentration factor represents the ratio of concentration of chemical in fish tissues to concentration of chemical in the water, and the desire to predict the BCP for any chemical has stimulated the development of model systems investigating the metabolism and environmental fate of a number of chemical species. Here, the bioconcentration of a representative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, anthracene, was considered in a series of experiments using rainbow trout in single compound and complex chemical mixture exposures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During the initial phase of the project a multifaceted feasibility study was carried out to examine whether the pilot project could be justified technically and economically at this site. This study included: (1) Recompletion of 9 shut-in wells and drilling of a additional producer and a new temperature observation well. A core was taken from the reservoir interval in the new producer, Pru-101. The wells were produced by conventional cyclic steaming over a period of 15 months to establish a production baseline for the site, (2) Characterization of the stratigraphy and petrophysical properties of the Monarch Sand reservoir using existing well logs and analyses on samples in the core taken from Pru-101. The resulting data were used to develop a geostatistical model of the reservoir at the Pru Fee property and a specific reservoir simulator for the pilot test site on the property, and (3) Use of the reservoir simulator to test various steamflood and cyclic steaming production options leading to design of a production strategy for the pilot steamflood based on a four pattern, 9-spot array covering 8 ac near the center of the 40 ac Pru Fee property. The array chosen required drilling additional producers and injectors to supplement the existing wells recompleted in the initial phase of the project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In the central portion of the Piceance Creek in Colorado, certain soluble salts occur in intimate association with the oil shale. The shale oil resource in this area of the Piceance Creek Basin is very large, some 50 to 100 billion barrels in place, on a Fischer Assay basis. This paper describes a class on in-situ shale oil recovery processes in which permeability and porsity are developed by dissolution of these soluble salts. These processes consist of two steps which may be conducted simultaneously or sequentially: leaching of soluble salts, and conversion of kerogen.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The seventh Annual Coal-Fueled Heat Engines and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractors Review Meeting was held March 26--28, 1990, at the Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia. This meeting was sponsored and hosted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy. The purpose of this annual meeting is to provide an opportunity for scientists and engineers working in heat engines and gas stream cleanup technologies to present their research results, exchange ideas, and discuss their future plans. About 300 attendees from industry, academia, and Government participated in this 3-day meeting. Almost 60 papers and poster presentations were given on the following topics: proof of concept, systems assessment; advanced coal-fueled gas turbine systems; gas stream cleanup, two sessions; panel discussion: turbine emissions; panel discussion: diesel emissions; panel discussion: low cost fuels; and poster presentations. Individual projects were processed separately for the data bases.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Why inject air in an oil reservoir? In Southwest Louisiana, air injection is proving to be a low cost way of generating 280 BOPD of incremental oil production. While air injection is historically associated with heavy oil or low permeability light oil reservoirs, the West Hackberry Air Injection Project is proving that air can do more. In three high permeability light oil reservoirs, air injection is repressuring the reservoir, repositioning the oil rim, and improving recovery through the Double Displacement Process. The Double Displacement Process is the gas displacement of a water invaded oil column for the purpose of recovering oil through gravity drainage. In high permeability light oil reservoirs, gravity drainage can recover 80% to 90% of the oil in place versus water drive recoveries of 50% to 60% of the oil in place.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The status of modeling reverse combustion along coal fissures is reviewed in some depth. There is evidence that such propagation is highly sensitive to irregularities in the structural state of the coal. Under some circumstances radiative heat transfer can control the process. Exploited region development is classified into processes at non-permeative and permeative fire faces. At permeative fire faces forward combustion along fissures can enhance burnout and rubbelization. The paper is directed mainly at shrinking coals but problems with swelling coals are briefly discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This Publications List includes the scientific and technical reports and papers authored by Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) staff as well as those written by METC contractors during Fiscal Year 1989. The reports and papers are arranged by METC areas of expertise: Arctic and Offshore; Components; Computers, Models, and Simulation; Enhanced Oil Recovery; Environmental and Waste Management; Fluidized-Bed Combustion; Fuel Cells; Gas Stream Cleanup; Gasification; Heat Engines; Instrumentation and Control; Low-Rank Coal; Oil Shale; Tar Sand; Unconventional Gas Recovery; Underground Coal Gasification; and Crosscutting Technologies. Reports are subarranged by report numbers from the Energy Data Base. Author/Corporate Author, Report Number, Order Number, and Title indexes follow the listing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The combustion behavior of Hot-Water-Dried slurries of selected low rank coals was investigated during a three year program, using the 550,000 Btu/hr ash fouling furnace at the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center. Combustion of the slurries presented no additional problems of handling, feeding, flame stability or carbon burnout compared to powdered coals or inburning commercial bituminous coal slurries. Heating values of the slurries ranged from 5600 to 7400 Btu/lb, with solids loadings of 55 to 60%. Essentially complete (99% ) carbon burnout was achieved in all tests. Furnace operating conditions included fuel residence time of three seconds, and an exit furnace temperature of 2000/sup 0/F. Compared with powdered coal, the flame produced in slurry combustion is distributed further through the furnace combustion zone, with lower peak temperatures than observed with powdered coal combustion. For three of the four coals studied, the weight of ash deposits on simulated boiler tubes per weight of total ash input was lower for slurry combustion than for powdered coal. In the case of one subbituminous coal, however, the amounts of the deposits were greater than the deposits produced in powdered coal combustion. There was no significant difference in the combustion behavior of slurries prepared at different temperatures by hot water drying. However, x-ray diffraction analyses of deposits produced in combustion of powdered coal, indicates that mineral species present were predominantly simple oxides and sulfates, while for deposits produced in combustion of slurry, tube fouling deposits were primarily of complex aluminosilicates. This evidence indicates that the combustion characteristics of slurries do have some differences and effects on character of the ash deposits. 38 refs., 19 figs., 4 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Technical uncertainties remaining in the UCG technology include specific criteria for site selection, large-scale burn interactions, details of process control, multiple well operation, overall system reliability, subsidence, and water quality effects. Considerable effort has been expended on understanding and controlling the process, on predicting and mitigating subsidence, and on maintaining water quality. Some data are available on site acceptability, but as yet information from large-scale field tests are not in the public domain. Commercialization of UCG will not be possible until such data become available. A program plan to commercialize UCG in an orderly, paced manner has been developed. The program would cost $200 million over seven years, some of which could be cost-shared with industry. The proposed program includes development of a more detailed program plan. The laboratory component of the program, although only a small fraction of the budget, is crucial. It contains environmental research, modeling, experimental studies, economic and system studies, instrumentation development, and materials studies. The field component includes UCG of both flat and steeply dipping coal beds as well as of less tractable bituminous coal. The field projects involve development of criteria for site selection and characterization, large block tests in bituminous coal, simple, small-scale field tests, subsequent more complex and longer-running tests, and finally large scale, or pilot tests. Steam-oxygen gasification would probably be used. 48 references, 11 figures, 6 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Chattanooga Shale was deposited over much of present Tennessee when Devonian seas transgressed, leaving a thick deposit of organic rich black mud. The Chattanooga Shale ranges in thickness from less than 35 feet in central Tennessee to more than 720 feet in the eastern portion of the state. Although much thinner, the central Tennessee section of the shale appears much richer in extractable organic material, averaging 13% carbon (approximately 9.3 gallons per ton by Fischer assay) with a maximum of 20% carbon (15 gallons per ton). In central Tennessee, the Chattanooga Shale has two members, the Dowelltown and the Gassaway and is underlain by the Leipers Limestone and overlain by the Ft. Payne Chert and Maury Formation, a phosphatic claystone. Detailed mineralogy from a corehole taken in DeKalb County is presented. The abundance of kaolinite (5 to 29% of total clay fraction) differs significantly from data of other investigators, possibly suggesting a proximity to an ancient shoreline. Additionally, the samples from this corehole were higher in quartz and feldspars, and lower in overall clay mineral percentages than samples of the Chattanooga Shale reported in other areas.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- 3-D synthetic surface seismic data for year 25 in Kimberlina 1.2 CCUS Geophysical Models and Synthetic Data Sets1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Lookup table of pressures and saturations from injection layer of FutureGen 2.0 reservoir model developed using the STOMP simulator. A 20-year injection period with CO2 injection at a rate of 1.1 MMT of CO2 per year is followed by a 50-year post-injection period. The permeability of each of the 31 model layers was varied independently using Latin Hypercube Sampling.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A variety of analytic methods were used to quantitatively determine polar organic solutes in process retort water and a gas-condensate retort water produced in a modified in situ oil-shale retort. Specific compounds accounting for 50% of the dissolved organic carbon were identified in both retort waters. In the process water, 42% of the dissolved organic carbon consisted of a homologous series of fatty acids from C/sub 2/ to C/sub 10/. Dissolved organic carbon percentages for other identified compound classes were as follows: aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, 1.4%; phenols, 2.2%; hydroxypyridines, 1.1%; aliphatic amides, 1.2%. In the gas-condensate retort water, aromatic amines were most abundant at 19.3% of the dissolved organic carbon, followed by phenols (17.8%), nitriles (4.3%), aliphatic alcohols (3.5%), aliphatic ketones (2.4%), and lactones (1.3%). Steam-volatile organic solutes were enriched in the gas-condensate retort water, whereas nonvolatile acids and polyfunctional neutral compounds were predominate organic constituents of the process retort water. 28 references.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The U.S. Department of Energy’s Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership has completed drilling the first continental flood basalt sequestration pilot borehole to a total depth of 4110 ft at the Boise White Paper Mill property at Wallula, Washington. Site suitability was assessed before drilling by the 2007 to 2008 acquisition, processing, and analysis of a 4-mi, five-line three component seismic swath, which was processed as a single data-dense line. Analysis of the seismic survey data indicated a composite basalt formation thickness of ~8000 ft and absence of major geologic structures (i.e., faults) along the line imaged by the seismic swath. Drilling of Wallula pilot borehole was initiated on January 13, 2009, and reached total depth on April 6, 2009. Based on characterization results obtained during drilling, three basalt breccia zones were identified between the depth interval of 2716 and 2,910 ft as being a suitable injection reservoir for a subsequent CO2 injection pilot study. The targeted injection reservoir lies stratigraphically below the massive Umtanum Member of the Grande Ronde Basalt, whose flow-interior section possesses regionally recognized low-permeability characteristics. The identified composite injection zone reservoir provides a unique and attractive opportunity to scientifically study the reservoir behavior of three interconnected reservoir intervals below primary and secondary caprock confining zones.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Tampa Electric Company continued efforts to complete construction and start-up of the Polk Power Station, Unit {number_sign}1 which will use Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology for power generation. From an overall standpoint, the Project continues to track well. The completion of construction system turnovers to Start-up is encouraging. Start-up will accept responsibility of the plant until turnover to operations. The major focus continues to be on the production of first Syngas, scheduled for July 17. All construction, engineering, and start-up activities are in support of Syngas production. Key activities toward this goal include final checkout and startup of remaining gasification systems, completion of punch list items required for first syngas, finalization of operating procedures, preparation of site and area access control plans, site- wide safety training, and other Process Safety management (PSM) requirements.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project was to increase the recoverable heavy oil reserves within sections of the Wilmington Oil Field, near Long Beach, California through the testing and application of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. The successful application of these technologies would result in expanding their implementation throughout the Wilmington Field and, through technology transfer, to other slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Process waters were obtained from trial coal gasification experiments at Hanna, Wyoming and Vernal, Utah. Samples were assayed for toxicity using the Ames test and the Paramecium bioassay. Results indicate that both the Paramecium and Ames bioassays show sporadic genotoxic response to the process waters. (DMC)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- MIP 6H well data from the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL). The resources were downloaded, packaged and uploaded from the MSEEL website https://www.mseel.com/data/. "The objective of the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) is to provide a long-term field site to develop and validate new knowledge and technology to improve recovery efficiency and minimize environmental implications of unconventional resource development." A read me file was created from the data describing the essential information and metadata for the resources included in this submission, and is available for download from this submission. The read me has a file list and directory information describing how the data files were organized and zipped within this submission.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The study was intended to estimate the stability of the retorted shale pile, describe the ground-water conditions within and beneath the pile and to develop a recommended stabilization program. Ten test holes were bored through the pile. The pile materials were sampled and tested. Each of the test holes was to be used as an observation well. Chemical testing was not within the scope of work. Novel techniques were required to sample and test the hot waste shale. The pile is marginally stable, and stability may be decreasing due to combustion. The retorted shale is decomposing by combustion at temperatures of 300 to 500/sup 0/C. The retorted shale will become a fine grained ash if combustion is complete. The combusting retorted shale is losing mass as a result of combustion. The retorted shale is highly erodable. The high temperatures within the pile have influenced ground-water temperatures. The ground-water regime is complex due in part to a channel realignment made in 1948 and in part to the presence of the hot pile. Three courses of action or alternatives are discussed: permit the pile to mass waste under controlled conditions; stabilize the pile in place; or move the pile to a new location.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The unconfined gravity flow of liquid with a free surface into a well is a classical well test problem which has not been well understood by either hydrologists or petroleum engineers. Paradigms have led many authors to treat an incompressible flow as compressible flow to justify the delayed yield behavior of a time-drawdown test. A finite-difference model has been developed to simulate the free surface gravity flow of an unconfined single phase, infinitely large reservoir into a well. The model was verified with experimental results in sandbox models in the literature and with classical methods applied to observation wells in the Groundwater literature. The simulator response was also compared with analytical Thesis (1935) and Ramey et aI. (1989) approaches for wellbore pressure at late producing times. The seepage face in the sandface and the delayed yield behavior were reproduced by the model considering a small liquid compressibility and incompressible porous medium. The potential buildup (recovery) simulated by the model evidenced a different phenomenon from the drawdown, contrary to statements found in the Groundwater literature. Graphs of buildup potential vs. time, buildup seepage face length vs. time, and free surface head and sand bottom head radial profiles evidenced that the liquid refills the desaturating cone as a flat moving surface. The late time pseudo radial behavior was only approached after exaggerated long times.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The development of a better understanding and a predictive model for water influx is pivotal in scaling up the linked vertical well UCG process, since water influx strongly affects gas quality. A water-influx model is developed here which incorporates radial permeation of water through the coal seam, and steam generation by spalling enhanced drying of the coal and overburden. This random spalling process which enhances drying by exposing fresh wet surface is described by a surface renewal model. A cavity-growth model1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Reverse combustion along a bored hole (76 mm diameter) will be used during Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's next field experiment in underground coal gasification: Hoe Creek III. The enlarged channel produced by the reverse combustion will allow high gas velocities for the forward combustion phase of gasification. In the present experiments , reverse combustion along smaller boreholes (6.35 and 12 .7 mm diameter) was investigated in coal blocks which were 0.5 m in diameter and 0.9 m long. In these experiments reverse combustion did not propagate with air as the feed as . Three air velocities (14, 27, and 32 m/s) were tried in the 6. 35 mm borehole and two velocities (7.5 and 21 m/s) were tried in the 12.7 mm borehole . All experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure. Reverse combustion did propagate when the feed gas oxygen content was increased to 32%. Rates up to 14 m/ day were found with an inlet gas velocity of 27 m/s. Product gas compositions are reported and discussed."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Coal Gasification Research Studies program consists of three tasks: (1) coal ash behavior studies; (2) high-pressure fluidization studies; and (3) high-temperature fluidization studies. Five fluidized-bed gasification runs were conducted in the 2-inch ID gasifier using char from Pittsburgh seam coal. The first two runs were made with char devolatilized at 1700/sup 0/F. The char used for the other three was devolatilized at 1400/sup 0/F to prevent the formation of metallic iron. Complete analysis of the first two runs has been completed and is presented in this report. In the high-pressure gasification studies the debugging of the data analysis computer program was completed and a series of experimental runs was conducted at ambient temperature and pressure this quarter. Ottawa sand was used as the bed material for these runs. Data were obtained at fluidizing gas velocities of between 1.5 and 2.7 times the minimum fluidization velocity at three radial positions in the bed. The results of these runs showed that the bubble frequency increased with increasing height above the gas distributor except at low velocities where incomplete fluidization occurs and that bubble frequency at the point closest to the wall was lower than at the center of the bed. The local bubble flow rate, defined as the product of the bubble frequency and average bubble pierced-length, at three radial positions in the bed was determined for two excess fluidization velocities. In general, increasing the excess fluidizing gas velocity increases the bubble flow rate. This suggests that the extra fluidizing gas added to the bed was preferentially distributed to the bubble phase. Also, the results indicate that the local bubble flow rate was lowest near the wall of the column. 6 references, 17 figures, 3 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- This report describes research carried out in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Stanford University from September 1996 - September 1997 under the first year of a three-year Department of Energy grant on the Prediction of Gas Injection Performance.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The purpose of this series of tests is to raise the temperature of coal gradually from normal temperature to 300 C in the presence of an air stream and to compare the composition of the generated gas with the reaction temperature."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains a map for the North Knobs underground coal gasification project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The most significant known deposits of tar sands occur on the North and South American Continents. These are the Athabasca deposit in Alberta, Canada, which contains over 700 billion barrels of oil in place(9,12431 ); The Orincoco Tar Belt in Venezuela, which contains over 600 billion barrels of hydrocarbons in place(1,12431 ); the Llanos area of Columbia, about which little is known, but which is believed to hold as much as a trillion barrels of oil (1,12431 ); and five Utah deposits which hold an estimated total of up to 29 billion barrels of oil (10).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Great Plains Coal Gasification Plant (GPGP) is the first commercial coal-to-synthetic natural gas plant constructed and operated in the United States. This process stream design data report provides non-proprietary information to the public on the major GPGP process streams. The report includes a simplified plant process block flow diagram, process input/output diagrams, and stream design data sheets for 161 major GPGP process and effluent streams. This stream design data provides an important base for evaluation of plant and process performance and for verification of the Department of Energy's ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering) computer simulation models of the GPGP processes. 8 refs., 22 figs., 2 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This project focuses on the synthesis of mesoporous aluminophosphates, silicates and aluminosilicates as catalysts for applications in the conversion of large petroleum feedstock compounds to useful middle distillates and naphtha transportation fuels. Summarized herein is our research progress from September 1, 2003, to August 31, 2004. In previous reports it was demonstrated that mesoporous aluminophosphates with neutral framework (containing Al, P and O) could be synthesized, but their thermal stabilities were limited. In general, the materials'pore structure collapsed when calcined at 500-550 C in air or extracted in ethanol/HCl mixture to remove the surfactants, which were used as synthesis templates. New methods to improve the thermal stability of the materials needed to be explored. It was conceived that by adding divalent metals cations, such as Mg and Co, not only that the acid sites would be created by balancing the negatively charged framework (balanced by H{sup }), but the thermal stability of the materials would be improved. In addition, methods to facilitate the interaction of hydrocarbon substrates with acid sites within the mesoporous are also needed. One concept towards improving this was to incorporate organic functional groups within or attached to the otherwise purely inorganic aluminophosphate (containing Co or Mg) or aluminosilicate pore walls of the mesopores. In the last report we detailed that mesoporous organosilicates were synthesized using block copolymer under acid conditions containing silica and phenylene (-C{sub 6}H{sub 4}-). Materials prepared with phenylene group among the silica pore walls was found to be thermally stable up to 550 C which is almost 100 C higher than the temperature used for the mild hydrocracking of petroleum. It was also highlighted that this area was the subject of recent intense research activities by other researchers. Building on precedence of the last report and on the results of other researchers, we investigated the synthesis of a wide range of mesoporous silicates containing different organic functionalities within the pore walls (using -CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}-), simultaneously combined with additional organic functional groups extended within the mesopores and grafted through silicate linkages to the pore walls (including (SiO){sub 3}-CH{sub n}SH, (SiO){sub 3}-CH{sub n}NH (SiO){sub 3}-CH{sub n}IM and (SiO){sub 3}-CH{sub n}C{sub 6}H{sub 4}, X is imidazole) for use as potential acid catalysts in petroleum upgrading. Based on modifications to published procedures, we synthesized organic functionalized mesoporous organosilicates described above with surface area greater that 700 m{sup 2}/g, pore volume > 0.73 cm{sup 3}. The materials were stable to ethanolic extraction, but showed various degrees of thermal stability depending on the nature of the organic groups attached. We also investigated the synthesis of a wide range of mesoporous alumiophosphate containing Mg and Co in the matrix. Synthesis was also conducted on organic functionalized aluminophosphates containing similar organic functionalities described above. Syntheses of the phosphates was conducted in basic conditions with cationic surfactant, namely C{sub 16}H{sub 33}N(CH{sub 3})Cl as templates. However, the structure of all the aluminophosphates appear to collapse when the template was removed by extraction or calcination. The catalytic testing phase of the project has commenced with the assembly of a microreactor interfaced with a gas chromatograph. Further research will be focused on use the microreactor to evaluate those potential mesoporous aluminosilicate and alumiophosphate catalyst materials which has maintained some stability, as detailed in this and previous reports, and will also be focused on investigating alternative synthesis approach to strengthen the thermal stability of the aluminophosphates.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- This report describes the work performed during the fourth year of the project, ''Investigating of Efficiency Improvements during CO{sub 2} Injection in Hydraulically and Naturally Fractured Reservoirs.''The objective of this project is to perform unique laboratory experiments with artificially fractured cores (AFCs) and X-ray CT scanner to examine the physical mechanisms of bypassing in hydraulically fractured reservoirs (HFR) and naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) that eventually result in more efficient CO{sub 2} flooding in heterogeneous or fracture-dominated reservoirs. In Chapter 1, we worked with DOE-RMOTC to investigate fracture properties in the Tensleep Formation at Teapot Dome Naval Reserve as part of their CO{sub 2} sequestration project. In Chapter 2, we continue our investigation to determine the primary oil recovery mechanism in a short vertically fractured core. Finally in Chapter 3, we report our numerical modeling efforts to develop compositional simulator with irregular grid blocks.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Evaluation of Deep Wellbore Integrity in the Zama Field1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report covers Phases I and II, the Preliminary Sampling Effort, and Bias Testing, together with a proposed procedure for the Phase III Extensive Sampling Effort. The Widows Creek sampling system was found to be free of systematic error of any practical importance. The procedures of ASTM D-2234 Appendix Al for determination of random and segregation variances was demonstrated to be applicable to constituents of coal other than ash as well as constituents of lumpy bulk materials other than coal. Stopped belt sampling techniques, however, were found to have only limited practical applicability within normal operating routines of a power plant. TVA operating experience indicates that heterogeneity of coal and limestone would rank only as minor factors in facilities performance, the effects of which would tend to be swamped out by several other operating factors. Considering this and the observed disadvantages of stopped belt sampling techniques, the use of random and segregation variances for an index of variability is not recommended. A time series index of variability generated from a series of increments collected by existing equipment at regular time intervals offers some promise, and is suggested as a possible alternative that would have several advantages. A proposed method for obtaining such an index of variability is outlined.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- UCR TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is the eight volume in a series of reports describing the atmospheric pressure, fixed-bed gasification of U.S. coals. This specific report describes the gasification of River King Illinois No.6 bituminous coal. The period of gasification test was July 28 to August 19, 1983.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The ""200"" Sand Steamflood Demonstration Project, a jointly funded venture between Santa Fe Energy Company - Chanslor Division (formerly Chanslor-Western Oil and Development Company) and the United States Department of Energy (DOE), is testing an enhanced steamflooding technique in the Midway-Sunset Field, Kern County , California (Figure I-1). The project was initiated in July, 1975, by Santa Fe Energy Company -Chanslor Division (SFE) and was followed by the DOE Cost-Sharing Contract which commenced on June 16, 1976, and will expire on June 30, 1983. A contract initiation the total cost of the work to be performed under the contract was estimated to be $8,247,266. Of this estimated amount, the Government will fund a maximum amount of $1 , 700,000 (21%). Actual cost will be approximately 2.5 times the original estimate , because of increased fuel cost , delay in expanding project area which caused capital expenditure to rise, and the unpredictably high inflation rates. Likewise, the revenue stream has and will increase dramatically."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An eddy covariance station and associated meteorological sensors was installed on June 28, 2014 at the Kevin Dome BSCSP site in Montana at (48.85931111 N, 111.72166667 W) in an agricultural field to monitor variations in CO2, H2O and sensible and latent heat fluxes, air temperature and pressure, and wind speed and direction on a half-hourly basis.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective f the Fossil Energy Technology Water Sampling and Characterization Program is to develop the data base needed to evaluate the potential hazards associated with disposal of fossil energy wastes. The data base is presently incomplete, articulacy with respect to potentially hazardous organic constituents. The purpose of this investigation is to provide analytical information whose validity and precision are established, and to develop and apply uniform analytical methods for analysis of organic compounds in aqueous lactates from fossil energy solid wastes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of this program is to develop and apply over three years an accurate and general computer model that will expedite the development and aid in the optimization and scale-up of fluidized beds and entrained flow reactors for coal gasification. Initial applications will be to high-BTU, fluidized bed gasification processes, Later the work will be extended to consider low-BTU fluidized bed gasification, entrained flow reactors and fluidized bed combustion.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- It is requested that DOE approve continuation into Budget Period 2 (BP2) of the Kansas CO2 flood project, DOE Project No. DE-AC26-00BC15124 entitled ?Field Demonstration of Carbon Dioxide Miscible Flooding in the Lansing-Kansas City Formation, Central Kansas? awarded to the University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Budget Period 1 ends on February 7, 2004, we request the continuation take place effective at the end of Budget Period 1 on February 8, 2004. We also request, as per the original proposal, that G. Paul Willhite replace Alan P. Byrnes as Project Manager. This application comprises three sections: A) Project Evaluation Report, B) Budget Period 2 Project Plan, and C) Budget Period 2 budget.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Onshore TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Excel files and PDFs containing brine sampling data with information on total dissolved solids, anion analysis, and pH for monitoring wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Design criteria for field implementation of Electro-Osmosis. Experiments on sea-bottom samples show technique for strengthening structural components of off-shore facilities with footings and elements below the sea floor is applicable.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "Boundaries of nature preserves in West Virginia. Most of these preserves are under easement or owned by the Nature Conservancy, but this is not always the case. Ownership information is included in the attributes. The download includes two shapefiles - preserves where hiking is allowed and encouraged and a shapefile of all preserves and easements."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The general purpose of this research program was to develop a basic understanding of the physical and chemical processes in entrained coal gasification and to use the results to improve and evaluate an entrained gasification computer model. The first task included the collection and analysis of in-situ gasifier data at elevated pressures with three coal types (North Dakota lignite, Wyoming subbituminous and Illinois bituminous), the design, construction, and testing of new coal/oxygen/steam injectors with a fourth coal type (Utah bituminous), the collection of supporting turbulent fluid dynamic (LDV) data from cold-flow studies, and the investigation of the feasibility of using laser-based (CARS) daignostic instruments to make measurements in coal flames. The second task included improvements to the two-dimensional gasifier submodels, tabulation and evaluation of new coal devolatilization and char oxidation data for predictions, fundamental studies of turbulent particle dispersion, the development of improved numerical methods, and validation of the comprehensive model through comparison of predictions with experimental results. The third task was to transfer technical advances to industry and to METC through technical seminars, production of a detailed data book, code placement, and publication of results. Research results for these three tasks are summarized briefly here and presented in detail in the body of the report and in supporting references. 202 refs., 73 figs., 23 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The research activities performed during the report period include: evaluation of filter samples as well as different type of filters; providing test data as a data base to verify gas stream flow numerical simulation of a filter test chamber; and characterization of the physical properties of ceramic candle filter gas flow properties in the newly completed test facility. The test facility sub-assemblies are described and test data are presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate that a development program-based on advanced reservoir management methods-can significantly improve oil recovery at the Nash Draw Pool (NDP). The plan includes developing a control area using standard reservoir management techniques and comparing its performance to an area developed using advanced reservoir management methods. Specific goals are (1) to demonstrate that an advanced development drilling and pressure maintenance program can significantly improve oil recovery compared to existing technology applications and (2) to transfer these advanced methodologies to oil and gas producers in the Permian Basin and elsewhere throughout the U.S. oil and gas industry.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Air emissions and water effluents from true in-situ oil shale retorting were physically, chemically and biologically characterized by sampling of Geokinetics Retort No. 17, a pilot-scale unit which produced 30 barrels of crude shale oil per day during testing from July 16 to July 26, 1979. The potential pollution sources tested were the retort off-gases before and after mist elimination, exhaust from thermal incineration of the demister outlet gases, fugitive gas seepage through the retort surface and around well casings, retort water after oil separation, and evaporation pond water. The three stack gas streams were analyzed for ammonia, arsine, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen cyanide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, particulate matter, and trace elements. Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were quantified in the fugitive emissions samples. Water quality parameters, organic priority pollutants, and trace elements were measured in the two water samples. Selected air and water pollution samples were tested for biological activity, using the Ames mutagenicity assay, the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clonal toxicity assay, and the rabbit alveolar macrophage (RAM) cytotoxicity assay.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- What would happen to Alaska's natural gas once it reaches the end of the proposed pipeline, 1,700 miles from Prudhoe Bay? The gas would flow into a vast network of Canadian and U.S. pipelines assembled over the past 60 years. Some key components of that network were built or expanded in the early 1980s in anticipation of Alaska gas starting to flow back then. Those components went into service without Alaska gas and helped Canada double its natural gas exports to the United States in the 1980s, then double them again in the 1990s. In all, the entire network today can move 15 billion to 20 billion cubic feet a day of natural gas, roughly three to four times the volume the Alaska pipeline would deliver to the British Columbia-Alberta border northwest of Edmonton. Of course, the network still moves billions of cubic feet of gas daily. But the volume it handles has been declining, leaving room for Alaska gas, and even if the flow is relatively flush when the Alaska pipeline is finished, the network's capacity could be expanded. No longer is there serious talk of needing a pipeline stretching all the way from Prudhoe Bay to Chicago. But why end the Alaska pipeline near the B.C.-Alberta border as opposed to somewhere else? The answer is simple: Three major North American gas pipeline systems converge there, in the heart of some of Canada's hottest natural gas plays.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The feasibility of simultaneously burning several paths through a coalbed to develop a multiple path underground gasification system was investigated by the Bureau of Mines during two experiments. Boreholes were drilled through the overburden and into the coal and arranged in a circle approximately 50 feet from a central borehole. In the first experiment, in an area which had previously been hydraulically fractured, air was injected at the center borehole. The coal was ignited at the other borehole and the fire fronts travelled toward the center, counter to the flow of air, to backward burn paths through the coalbed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of this documentation is to provide a detailed description of the models and methods used to assess future exploration and development of the domestic onshore undiscovered oil resource. The methodology was designed to be consistent with methods used in the Total Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS). This documentation provides details on data acquisition, analytical assumptions, data evaluation techniques, engineering analysis, economic evaluation, and timing algorithms used in these models to assess future oil exploration activities. The goal is to provide an overview of the full analytical system as developed and currently implemented by TORIS. The report outlines the general approach and data sources used in describing the resource remaining in undiscovered reservoirs nationwide. The analysis relies on the quantification of undiscovered resources developed by the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS). The current description of the remaining undiscovered resource is defined by their assessment published in 1995 (1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data). Reservoir properties are based on data gathered from existing oil reservoirs within individual plays. A database? of existing oil reservoirs was created by merging the existing TORIS database with databases created by NRG associates (NRG, 1993). Procedures have been established to allow easy updates to the system as new data become available. The incorporation of new or expanded assessments or new play characterization, can be readily handled in the existing structure. The modeling procedures include a comprehensive assessment method for determining the relative economics of various prospects based on future financial conditions, the nature of the undiscovered resource, prevailing risk factors, and the available technologies. The model evaluates the economics of exploration and development from the perspective of an operator making an investment decision. The individual accumulation is the unit of analysis for these models. The evaluation of each accumulation considers the full cost of developmental drilling and production. An accumulation, by definition, is the collection of all pools within a field within a given geologic play. The exploration evaluation considers both the size and frequency of undiscovered accumulations in order to determine the order of discovery within a play. Investment efficiency is used as the criteria in determining the order in which plays are explored. A timing model determines the development timing of each newly discovered accumulation on a sunk exploration cost basis constrained by capital and regional rig availability.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Provide accurate well location data and including much more information on the quality of salt for cavern usage rather than salt thickness data only.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- New GLCC field applications designed utilizing the TUSTP GLCC simulator, have been installed by Caltex Pacific Indonesia (CPI) in the Light Oil Steam Flooded (LOSF) project in Minas, Indonesia. The project was executed by Drs. Jack Marrelli from Texaco and Gene Kouba from Chevron. The largest GLCC (60 in.-ID) for bulk separation/metering and three 36-in. ID metering GLCCs for well test metering applications have been recently installed. The bulk separation/metering GLCC 5 ft ID and 20 ft tall is shown in Figure 2. The GLCC operates at 170 psia and 3600F, handling liquid and gas production rates of 180,000 bpd and 71 MMscfd, respectively. The GLCC is equipped with control valves on the gas and liquid legs and a sophisticated control system for liquid level control. TUSTP personnel were closely involved in designing these GLCCs and the respective control systems. The 36-inch diameter well testing GLCC operates at 170 psi and 3600F, handling liquid and gas production rates up to 7000 BBl/d and 4.5 MMscfd, respectively. The control philosophy for this GLCC was also developed by TUSTP.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A Field Experiment of Steam Drive with In-Situ Foaming, Status Report, October 1980-September 19821Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A major objective of the US Department of Energy is to increase coal utilization through the development of combustion stream cleanup technologies. Many of the existing cleanup devices as well as advanced concepts rely on heterogeneous processes (i.e. gas-solid interactions) to achieve efficient stream removal. Examples of such devices include particle injection and granular bed filters for alkali removal, limestone injection for SO/sub x/ removal in fluid bed combustors, dry injection for SO/sub x/ removal in entrained combustion, and trace metal adsorption and removal on fly ash. Recent studies indicate that the successful use of turbines in combined cycle processes may depend on understanding the interaction between the gas phase alkali and particles in the combustion stream to substantially reduce turbine corrosion. This report documents progress in efforts to model the heterogeneous chemistry of coal combustion streams as well as laboratory studies to obtain critical input data for the model. Task 1. Exercise PACKAGE Code was completed. Task 2. Model Development. During this quarter, the model which now treats semi-infinite solids has been extended to treat small particles with a finite number of layers. Task 3. Measure Alkali Vaporization Rates. in the last quarter, experiments were performed which demonstrate the feasibility of using LIF to measure alkali vaporization rates. As a result of these studies the LIF spectra were obtained for sodium vaporized from the surface of sodium silicate. During this quarter, these experiments have been continued, and the temperature dependence of the vaporization rate has been determined. 5 references, 9 figures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the project was to examine how seismic and geologic data could be used to improve characterization of small-scale heterogeneity and their parameterization in reservoir models. The study was performed at West Coalinga Field in California.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In this paper the authors introduce data characterizations for fitting chaotic data to linear combinations of one-dimensional maps (say, of the unit interval) for use in subgrid-scale turbulence models. They test the efficacy of these characterizations on data generated by a chaotically-forced Burgers` equation and demonstrate very satisfactory results in terms of modeled time series, power spectra and delay maps.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- 3-D synthetic surface seismic data for year 35 in Kimberlina 1.2 CCUS Geophysical Models and Synthetic Data Sets1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Electrochemical oxidation of coal slurries has recently been suggested as a means of gasifying coal at low tempeatures by Coughlin et al. Subsequent studies by other investigators indicated that electrolytic currents observed from the coal slurry in 1M sulfuric acid were attributed to the oxidation of iron(II) leached out from the coal. We and Lalvani et al. have more recently shown through various experiments that coal slurries are catalytically oxidized by iron(III,9717 ); the reduced ion, iron(II), produced in the electron-transfer process is then oxidized back to Fe(III) at the anode, completing a catalytic cycle. The oxidation products for this reaction were carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the product, CO/sub 2/, were shown to be derived from water. Thus, the overall reaction resembles that of the coal gasification reaction. This electrochemical reaction, however, has the advantages that hydrogen is produced as a pure gas product suitable for use in fuel cells or synthetic processes and that high temperature operations are not necessary to produce hydrogen from the coal. Peat has also been shown to oxidize to produce a good yield of regenerated humic acids in alkaline media and these authors have suggested the possibility that other organic matrices and wastes might be oxidized by this process to produce hydrogen as a useful product.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The properties of ceramic membranes prepared via the sol-gel process can be controlled by varying the suspension and interfacial chemistries of the precursor sols. The Year 1 Progress Report described the effects of changing several variables. This report presents results on the effect of sintering conditions on the properties of unsupported titania membranes. A description of the effect of phosphate addition on the preparation of alumina and titania membranes is also included, although this study is not yet complete. The preparation of silica membranes is also discussed. This second year of work has also included characterization of supported membranes, membranes which have been deposited on a support and then sintered to fix the membranes in place. These studies have involved measurements of the permeability of the supported membranes to various aqueous feed streams utilizing a laboratory scale test apparatus. PH and temperature effects on the flux of water through the membranes is described. Permselectivity measurements utilizing solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG), bovine serum albumin, and cheesy whey, are also discussed. Because dissolution of membranes at extreme pH values can be a major problem in potential industrial applications, the stability of both unsupported and supported membranes at different pH values was determined. 9 refs., 22 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Numerous active investigations are currently studying natural gas hydrate occurrences in marine sediments worldwide to better understand the potential of these deposits as a marine geohazard, an energy resource, and as a factor in global climate change.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Advanced core analysis includes measurements on the matrix properties of the rock. Matrix properties are important even in fractured wells since it is these properties which determine the rate of gas flow into the fractures .1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: “The Geologic Atlas of the United States is a set of 227 folios published by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1894 and 1945. Each folio includes both topographic and geologic maps for each quad represented in that folio, as well as description of the basic and economic geology of the area. The Geologic Atlas collection is maintained by the Map & GIS Library. The repository interface with integrated Yahoo! Maps was developed by the Digital Initiatives -- Research & Technology group within the TAMU Libraries using the Manakin interface framework on top of the DSpace digital repository software. Additional files of each map are available for download for use in GIS or Google Earth. A tutorial is provided which describes how to download theses files.”1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Coal gasification/gas cleanup fuels plants for synthetic fuel applications must be developed within two sets of constraints: one imposed by dynamic load response to variations in end-use demand, the other by the need to comply with environmental regulations. The overall objective of the program is to establish the technology base required to operate within those constraints. In order to establish that base, system and component performance of the fuels plant are being characterized in both steady state and dynamic operation; and the information required to establish system control logic is being developed. An integrated coal gasification system composed of proven process units (i.e., a Process Evaluation Facility - PEF) at the contractor's site is being used to perform tests for establishing an information base to: establish performance parameters for each process unit; define dynamic interactions of process units operating under variable loads; characterize effluent flow streams from the process; and develop an experimentally verified simulation model for integrated system operations. The combined experimental-analytical approach employed will yield empirically verified performance projections for full-scale systems. Accomplishments for this past quarter are presented for the following six tasks: (1) test program definition and analysis; (2) facility operation; (3) system modeling; (4) component support requirements; (5) fuel system modifications; and (6) program management.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The research in this annual report falls into three tasks each dealing with a different aspect of enhanced oil recovery. The first task strives to develop procedures for accurately modeling reservoirs for use as input to numerical simulation flow models. This section describes how we have used a detailed characterization of an outcrop to provide insights into what features are important to fluid flow modeling. The work leads to a discussion of pseudo functions and how they are used in reservoir modeling to capture geologic features, and also to the notion of a test case for measuring the utility of statistical models. The work describes diagnetic patterns which occur in a carbonate outcrop and attempts to explain these from a fluid flow-reaction model. The second task deals with scaling-up and modeling chemical and solvent EOR processes. In a sense this task is the natural extension of task 1 and, in fact, one of the subtasks uses many of the same statistical procedures for insight into the effects of viscous fingering and heterogeneity. Other subtasks use UTCHEM, a compositional chemical flooding numerical model, to estimate reservoir properties from single-well tests, and apply expery system approaches to design chemical and compositional model input. A largely experimental subtask investigates the effects of cation exchange capacity and chromium retention of the polymer gel process. The final task involves surfactants and their interactions with carbon dioxide and reservoir minerals. This research deals primarily with phenomena observed when aqueous surfactant solutions are injected into oil reservoirs. The reason for injecting surfactant solutions is to render the displacement of oil by carbon dioxide a more efficient process. Aqueous surfactant solutions may disrupt the stability of thin aqueous films, characteristic of water-wet rocks, surfactant solutions may adsorb onto the rock, or surfactant solutions may interact with oil to produce microemulsions. All of these effects are detrimental to the efficiency of carbon dioxide mobility control by foams and all are discussed in the final section of this report.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Research continued on hot gas desulfurization. Antek Instruments reported success in the use of a quartz capillary tube having a diameter of about 0.005 inches and a length of 6 inches to reduce the pressure of a 600{degrees}C gas stream from 15 atm to 1 atm. This capillary tube will be incorporated into the Antek R-6000 elemental sulfur analyzer; an order was placed for the modified instrument during the latter stages of the quarter. SO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S analysis will be accomplished by modifying an existing Shimadzu GC-14A gas chromatograph. Repairs to both the electrobalance and the furnace temperature controller were accomplished and a manifold system capable of feeding N{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}O was constructed. A number of calibration and scoping tests were completed, and atmospheric pressure testing of the regeneration of FeS with O{sub 2}/N{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O/N{sub 2} and O{sub 2}/H{sub 2}O/N{sub 2} atmosphere is scheduled to get underway early in the next quarter. Key components of the reactor system, including the data acquisition computer, furnace and temperature controller, gas feed manifold, high pressure syringe pump, and back pressure regulators, were last used in a fixed-bed reactor study. Primary effort during the quarter was devoted to correcting problems with the data acquisition system and reassembling the components for the high pressure electrobalance. Scoping and calibration testing of this unit is scheduled to get underway early in the following quarter.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The 1986 Tar Sand Symposium was sponsored by the Laramie Project Office of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, US Department of Energy, and hosted by the Western Research Institute, University of Wyoming Research Corporation, in Jackson, Wyoming, on July 7 to 10, 1986. The 10-session symposium included 36 presentations describing research, development, and commercial application of tar sand technologies of the US, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, and Venezuela. Over 80 participants represented the US, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. The papers printed in the proceedings have been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. The papers have not been referred, nor have they been edited extensively. All papers have been processed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- InnoSense LLC is developing a direct air capture (DAC) system for carbon dioxide (CO2) separation from ambient air using a hybrid polymer membrane to reduce CO2 separation costs and energy penalties. Highly CO2-selective, ultra-thin, functionalized hybrid polymer membranes (HypoMem), integrated with carbon materials such as graphene oxide (GO), are being designed to improve CO2 capture performance from ambient or near-ambient conditions, thermal and chemical stability, and ease of processability for scale-up.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Onshore TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Prediction of Fault Reactivation in Hydraulic Fracturing of Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas ReservoirsThe overall objective is to develop a fundamental basis for characterization of geomechanical performance of shale gas reservoirs in the process of hydraulic fracturing stimulation. This effort shall focus on predicting fault reactivation (shear slippage) and improving effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing stimulation to enhance production of horizontal gas shale wells, targeting the Marcellus shale in the Appalachian Basin.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Laramie Energy Technology Center is conducting field tests of in situ coal gasification, oil shale retorting, and recovery of bitumen from tar sands. In situ processes involve several potntial hydrologic impacts; the complex series of underground chemical reactions will affect ground water quality, and heat from the reaction zone and fracturing necessary to improve reaction conditions will alter existing aquifer characteristics and ground water flow patterns.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The particulate loading in the process streams of coal conversion and gasification plants must be accurately determined for reasons of environmental health and safety and the protection of operating equipment such as gas turbines. A common method of obtaining these measurements is with aspiration probes. Deposition of particulate on the probe walls is a source of significant error in these measurements. This report reviews previous literature on deposition in sampling tubes for laminar and turbulent flows, the effects of the entrance region and bends in the sampling lines. A research plan is proposed for additional work in the analysis of deposition. Experimental work is also proposed to verify the analytical studies. The objectives of the research program are to develop methods to correct for the effects of deposition in sampling lines.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The extraction of shale oil produces relatively large volumes of polluted process water. These waters contain large concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants as well as environmentally significant amounts of trace materials. These substances either individually or in combination can be highly toxic to environmental systems. This paper addresses a suggested cleanup sequence designed to remove specific pollutants and to detoxify these waters. Hot gas stripping, followed by activated carbon adsorption and reverse osmosis removed over 93 percent of the total organic carbon load while also reducing the toxicity of the resultant effluent as measured by a standard technique. Depending upon the ultimate use of these waters, the suggested treatment sequence or its individual components could be employed at a pilot or commercial scale retorting facility.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) is a common and costly contaminant of produced waters associated with natural gas production and exploration. One way of combating this problem is by identifying the problem beforehand. Our approach to this problem involves development of NORM prediction capabilities based on the geological environment. During quarter fifteen of this project, work has continued under the recently approved revisions. We have selected sampling sites and are awaiting samples for analysis. In addition, the QA/QC plans are in the final stages in anticipation of sample acquisition.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of this project are to perform a novel fundamental study of the mechanism of dispersion, to develop an improved multiscale statistical model of dispersion, and to use this advance in understanding to optimize field scale displacements. A numerical experiment using particle tracking in large scale domains demonstrates that the large echo dispersion coefficients estimated in Mahadevan et al.(2003) are not unreasonable. It could be that irreversible mixing is occurring even in large-scale miscible displacements. For this case, the traditional definition of dispersivity does not apply because the dispersion coefficient does not scale linearly with velocity because of the unidirectional nature of the velocity field. With the use of a heterogeneous velocity field, a linear scaling is expected as demonstrated in particle tracking done on pore-network models(Bruderer and Bernabe 2001). Our grain-scale simulation studies show that the echo test in parallel layers is scale-dependent when there is transverse flow between layers. We also show that transverse dispersion is significant when velocity fluctuation in the transverse direction is high and that the transverse dispersion value depends on the medium configuration. In this study we calculated transversal and longitudinal dispersion in a 2D homogeneous configuration by applying an inverse fit method to match the simulation concentration data to the 2D analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation. We show that, in the case of zero diffusion in pore-scale simulations, local mixing would be reversible when flow is at low Reynolds number. The progress to date is meeting the expectations laid out in the project description.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Objectives are to Develop a 2-3/8? Rib Steering Motor device (RSM), Develop a 2-3/8? Resistivity measurement device (MPR), Manufacture 2 prototypes of each, Laboratory & Field Test with a CoilTrak? bottom hole assembly1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- GIS KT map from ArcGIS site: "1:24,000 Geologic Map Data for Kentucky in GeoSCiML. Contains faults, geologic units, and geologic contacts. The data in this package is compatible with GeoSciML portrayal view for geoscience data. The source of the data is the Kentucky Geological Survey map database and consists of mapped geologic units throughout Kentucky."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Results of an initial investigation of low temperature setting chemically bonded magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) ceramics as waste form materials, for solidification and stabilization of radioactive and mixed waste, are reported. The suitability of MAP for solidifying and encapsulating waste materials was tested by encapsulating zeolites at loadings up to {approximately}50 wt%. The resulting composites exhibited very good compressive strength characteristics. Microstructure studies show that zeolite grains remain unreacted in the matrix. Potential uses for solidifying and stab wastes are discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Abstract: This map layer consists of National Wilderness Preservation System areas of 640 acres or more, in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The map layer was created by extracting these wilderness areas from the National Atlas map layer: Federal Lands of the United States. This is a replacement for the December 2004, map layer. Purpose: These data are intended for geographic display and analysis at the national level, and for large regional areas. The data should be displayed and analyzed at scales appropriate for 1:2,000,000-scale data. No responsibility is assumed by the National Atlas of the United States in the use of these data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In 1980, the Laramie Energy Technology Center completed a seven-corehole drilling program at the PR Spring tar sand deposit, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah. The data from this project were integrated with other resource information to complete lithologic correlations, to evaluate general reservoir property trends for each major tar sand zone, and to identify areas of potential in situ processing. Five distinct arkoses (sandstones) of lacustrine origin (from uppermost to lowermost, zones E, D, C, B, A), found in the upper Douglas Creek Member and lower Parachute Creek Member of the Eocene Green River Formation, have definable areal extents and are variably saturated with bitumen. Two newly recognized zones (zones 1 and 2), stratigraphically lower than the other five, have tentatively been identified in one core from the southeast portion of the deposit. Core descriptions and analytical data were used to generate computerized maps to identify general areal trends in resource parameters for the five major zones. Two pairs of zones (D and C; B and A) exhibit similar areal trends, indicating similar depositional conditions. Insufficient data for zone E inhibited the identification of any resemblance to other zones. Overall direction of increase for some reservoir properties were noted for all zones: thickness - southeast, southwest; extracted porosity - east, southeast; oil saturation - east, northeast, southeast; and extracted bulk density - northeast, northwest. Large areas of zones D and C and smaller sections of zone B and A fulfill the minimum reservoir properties recommended for in situ combustion processing. Portions of all five zones are suitable for surface mining. 46 refs., 19 figs., 6 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Drilling Rate Changes When Air Drilling is Switched to Mist Drilling, August 19771Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Carbon Storage TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The data used in this study were acquired by nine-component (9C) vertical seismic profile (VSP), using three orthogonal vector sources. The 9C vertical seismic profile is capable of generating P-wave mode and the fundamental S-wave mode (SH-SH and SV-SV) directly at the source station and permits the basic components of elastic wavefield (P, SH-SH and SV-SV) to be separated from one another for the purposes of imaging. Analysis and interpretations of data from the study area show that incident full-elastic seismic wavefield is capable of reflecting four different wave modes, P, SH , SV and C which can be utilized to fully understand the architecture and heterogeneities of geologic sequences. The conventional seismic stratigraphy utilizes only reflected P-wave modes. The notation SH mode is the same as SH-SH; SV mode means SV-SV and C mode which is a converted shear wave is a special SV mode and is the same as P-SV. These four wave modes image unique geologic stratigraphy and facies and at the same time reflect independent stratal surfaces because of the unique orientation of their particle-displacement vectors. As a result of the distinct orientation of individual mode.s particle-displacement vector, one mode may react to a critical subsurface sequence more than the other. It was also observed that P-wave and S-wave do not always reflect from the same stratal boundaries. At inline coordinate 2100 and crossline coordinates of 10,380, 10430, 10480 and 10,520 the P-wave stratigraphy shows coherency at time slice 796 m/s and C-wave stratigraphy shows coherency at time slice 1964 m/s at the same inline coordinate and crossline coordinates of 10,400 to 10470. At inline coordinate 2800 and crossline coordinate 10,650, P-wave stratigraphy shows coherency at time slice 792 m/s and C-wave stratigraphy shows coherency at time slice 1968 m/s. The utilization of full-elastic seismic wavefield needs to be maximized in oil and gas explorations in order to optimize the search for hydrocarbons.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The effect of steam on the offgas composition of combustion retorts was determined by interrupting the otherwise continous steam flow in -24 for one hour while other variable, including temperature, remained relatively constant. The offgas composition was determined by frequent gas analyses. zThe largest effect of interrupting the steam flow was to decrease the rate of H2 production by a factor of 2.6 primarily due to to elimination of the H2O char reaction. The rate of CO2 production decreased by a factor of 1.7. After subtracting the CO2 production due to carbon combustion, this result implies that steam accelerates the rate of carbonate decomposition by a factor 3.0. In the aosence of staem, the H2S production rate dropped by a factor of 1.5, indicating the importance of steam-iron sulfide reactions. Finally, the production rate of CO and COS increased by factors of 1.5 and 1.7. these results are compared to results from laboratory studies of oil shale chemistry and to gas production during other parts of this and other LLNL pilot retorts runs. Finally, the ability of steam to significantly decrease the pour pint of shale oil from combustionr etorts is noted.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The intent of the report is to present at least a semi-quantitative estimate of the volume, deliverability, and chemistry of the water potentially available for enhanced oil recovery in one or more Oklahoma oil fields. Subsequent to a review of several oil fields, the Cement Field was chosen for study because of its large size (25,000 acres), its extensive subsurface control (over 1,850 wells), and its long history of production (since 1952) from several producing formations, some of which are already undergoing extensive waterflood operations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "This data set is a digital soil survey and generally is the most detailed level of soil geographic data developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The information was prepared by digitizing maps, by compiling information onto a planimetric correct base and digitizing, or by revising digitized maps using remotely sensed and other information. This data set consists of georeferenced digital map data and computerized attribute data. The map data are in a soil survey area extent format and include a detailed, field verified inventory of soils and miscellaneous areas that normally occur in a repeatable pattern on the landscape and that can be cartographically shown at the scale mapped. A special soil features layer (point and line features) is optional. This layer displays the location of features too small to delineate at the mapping scale, but they are large enough and contrasting enough to significantly influence use and management. The soil map units are linked to attributes in the National Soil Information System relational database, which gives the proportionate extent of the component soils and their properties."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report summarizes progress in a research effort to quantify the effects of nonuniform flow on displacement performance in CO{sub 2} floods. Results are reported in three areas: (1) effect of phase behavior in one-dimensional flow; (2) interaction of viscous instability and flow in heterogeneous porous media; and (3) detection and representation of heterogeneity. In the first area, the development of a new experimental apparatus for simultaneous measurement of phase compositions, viscosities, and densities is described. In the second area, partly-scaled experiments to study the effects of viscous instability in the presence of permeability variation are described. In addition, results of detailed simulations of the growth of viscous fingers in both homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media are described. In the third area, use of a combination of pressure transient and well-to-well tracer tests to detect the presence of reservoir heterogeneities is discussed. Also presented is a technique for calculation of the transient pressure response to large scale heterogeneities and an analysis of the pressure response of one- and two-dimensional composite reservoirs. Finally, results of calculations of the effects heterogeneity and capillary and viscous crossflow are reported. 170 refs., 139 figs., 11 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Oil shale, a stratified rock composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic constituents in variable proportions, is one of the major potential sources of liquid fuels. Particle size and particle-size distribution of the inorganic constituents in Green River oil shale are presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) is a common and costly contaminant of produced waters associated with natural gas production and exploration. One way of combating this problem is by identifying the problem beforehand. Our approach to this problem involves development of NORM prediction capabilities based on the geological environment. During quarter seventeen of this project, work has continued under the project's approved revisions. We have received the first of our produced water samples and the samples have been analyzed for NORM activity. Additional tests are also being performed. We are also attempting to acquire samples from additional sites.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Gulf Research and Development Company, in conjunction with DOE and TRW as a major subcontractor, has successfully completed its initial gasification test of steeply dipping coal beds at the North Knobs site near Rawlins, Wyoming. The second test in this program is scheduled for fall 1981. The objective of the test as well as the test facility and its status will be described.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- As emphasis in the oil and gas industry shifts from basic exploration to improved recovery rates of existing fields, it will become increasingly important to constrain better the subsurface properties that control production, and that feed into secondary recovery programs. For example, in fracture controlled reservoirs such as tight gas sands, improved knowledge of local fracture direction and density will be essential for improved recovery.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A joint DOE-Gulf Oil Corporation, nonproducing carbon dioxide minitest was conducted in the Little Knife Field in western North Dakota. At the time of the project, the reservoir was undergoing primary depletion and had no secondary recovery operations underway. The five-acre inverted four-spot tested the applicability of a CO/sub 2/-alternating-with-water injection process to commercially displace oil in the nonflooded Mission Canyon Formation located in the Williston Basin. The nonproducing test was evaluated using time-lapse logging and fluid sampling to monitor fluid movement as injected CO/sub 2/ and water displaced 41/sup 0/ API oil in three observation wells which surrounded a central injector. Numerical simulation studies using the time-lapse logging data provided the basis for estimating pilot performance and evaluating a proposed expansion of the process to a 160-acre pattern. Gulf personnel are to be commended for designing and implementing a state-of-the-art, nonproducing pilot test of the CO/sub 2/ process. Results obtained in the pilot show an optimistic incremental recovery over waterflooding of 8.0 percent of the oil-in-place (OOIP) with an optimistic 1.0 STB of oil production estimated per 5.0 to 8.0 MSCF of injected CO/sub 2/ depending on exclusion or inclusion of Zone W. Assuming a more realistic 1.0 STB of oil recovered per 10.0 MSCF of injected CO/sub 2/, these results still encourage the commercial application of the process to the Little Knife Field upon location of a suitable CO/sub 2/ source. 34 refs., 17 figs., 13 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The ultimate objective of this project is the development of an integrated system for producing clean carbon-based products from coal that is based on low-cost existing gasification technologies; can utilize all coal types as feedstocks; does not require exotic materials of construction; produces a product with high market values; and has significant cost advantages over potential competing processes. This report presents the results of the first phase of this project, whose objective is to determine whether the concept is technically feasible and economically attractive. This assessment involves the following work activities: conducting a review of the publicly available literature related to the catalytic production of carbon from carbon monoxide; developing conceptual designs for potential process systems; performing heat and material balances for the most attractive process concepts; sizing equipment; and estimating capital and operating costs in order to determine the possible product cost.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this effort is to develop, build and test a high-speed drilling motor that can meet the performance guidelines of the announcement1, namely: ?The motors are expected to rotate at a minimum of 10,000 rpm, have an OD no larger than 7 inches and work downhole continuously for at least 100 hours. The motor must have common oilfield thread connections capable of making up to a drill bit and bottomhole assembly. The motor must be capable of transmitting drilling fluid through the motor.? To these goals, we would add that the motor must be economically viable, in terms of both its manufacturing and maintenance costs, and be applicable to as broad a range of markets as possible.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The following tasks are included in this project: Commercialization; Power plant development; Manufacturing facilities development; Test facility development; Stack research; and Advanced research and technology development. This report briefly describes the subtasks still to be completed: Power plant system test with reformed natural gas; Upgrading of existing, US government-owned, test facilities; and Advanced MCFC component research.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The gas combustion retort developed by the Federal Bureau of Mines at the Rifle Oil Shale Project near Rifle, Colorado, is a continuous, gravity feed retort. The heat required to convert the kerogen in the oil shale to liquid oil is generated by the combustion of product gas and carbonaceous residue remaining on the retorted shale after the kerogen has been converted to oil, gas, and residue. A study of the effects of the process variables on retort operation, product yields, and product properties is important to the successful solution of the problems encountered in the development of a satisfactory process.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Quarterly report Oct-Dec 1972, detailing: In Situ Oil Recovery from Tar Sand Deposits, Characterization of Heavy Petroleum Oils, Studies of Asphalt and Asphaltic Materials1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Final Report - 12122-52 - The objective of this project is to determine the degree to which fracture systems induced prior to production form a network of connected flow pathways that access the surrounding matrix porosity.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Since the last Quarterly Report the air resources program has concentrated on the review of data collected by the 100 foot tower since December 1980. As mentioned in the last Quarterly Report, there have been periods of excessive data loss, the causes for these losses have been periods of excessive data loss, the causes for these losses have been traced to one of two areas which have been outlined below in the Data Recovery section. The remainder of this report contains an analysis of the data collected between December 1980 and September 1981. Finally, the calibration report filed for the August field calibration is presented in Appendix A.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This massive hydraulic fracturing treatment was performed on the Ferguson 1A, a marginal Bend Conglomerate gas producer. It commenced on September 14, 1976, and concluded on September 16, 1976. The casing ruptured on September 14, after placing 87,000 gal foam, 67,000 lb 100 mesh sand, 52,000 gal emulsion, and 151,000 lb 10-20 sand. Repair and clean up operations were completed on the 16th and an additional 51,800 gal of foam, 38,000 lb 100 mesh sand, 146,000 gal emulsion, and 250,000 lb 10-20 mesh sand were pumped. The well has been recovering the frac load since September 17, 1976, and has recovered 3,426 bbl out of 7,144 bbl total load. Initial measured gas flow was 135 Mcf/D but has declined to 15 Mcf/D currently. It appears that this technique is probably not economically feasible.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This is part of a program whose objective is to establish a high efficiency prototype industrial power system that can burn coal directly. The power system consists of a slow-speed, two-stroke diesel engine and a fuel preparation system which provides clean micronized coal in a water slurry for use as the primary fuel. The project is divided into five tasks. This topical report deals with the subject of Task 2: Fuel Preparation, Beneficiation and Handling. The first part of the report consists of a comparative evaluation of the beneficiation technologies that can reduce the ash content in the coal to less than 1%, and a comparative analysis of the most important factors affecting the economics of these processes as a whole. The second part is a report of the slurry procurement effort and the preliminary screening tests that were performed on the slurries to determine which ones will be used for the diesel engine tests scheduled to commence in July 1984 in a single-cylinder test engine facility located at the Sulzer Bros. Ltd., plant in Winterthur, Switzerland.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- MFIX-Exa was used to simulate NETL’s 50kW chemical looping reactor (CLR) with the low-resolution particle-in-cell (PIC) model. The PIC model resolves the geometry on a 4mm fluid mesh and each parcel has a statistical weight of 512 (i.e., each parcel represents 512 particles). The flow boundary conditions were gradually increased to their steady-state values over the first second of simulation. Five additional seconds were simulated, reaching a quasi-steady operating condition with respect to the mass distribution. The end of this simulation at t = 6s will be used as the starting point of a high-fidelity discrete element method (DEM) simulation. MFIX-Exa’s pic2dem restarter application will be used to refine the fluid mesh by a factor of 8^3 and convert the parcels to individual 200 micron particles, over five billion in total. v2: This is the second completed PIC simulation of the CLR (with some probing tests in between), the previous run can be seen here https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/mfix-exa-pic-simulation-of-netl-50kw-clr. Relative to the previous simulation, the primary flow in the air reactor has been decreased to reduce the circulation rate. This change keeps material from plugging up the cyclone so quickly. The second change was the increase the flow rates in L-valve, which was intended the help keep CO2 from leaking into the air reactor. Although the higher L-valve flow rates delayed the CO2 leakage, it was still able to break through the L-valve and reach the air-reactor. Further study into the optimal L-valve setting is ongoing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving bed granular filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. Phase I, which has been completed, included the development of a mathematical model, a cold flow parametric test series in a 0.746 Nm/sup 3//s GBF, and investigations of potential dust plugging problems at the inlet screen. During the experimental program, collection efficiencies of 99% and filter outlet loadings less than 0.0074 g/m/sup 3/ were demonstrated. The objectives of Phase II are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance; to update the analytical model developed in Phase I to reflect the high temperature effects; to optimize filter internal configuration; to perform parametric and long duration tests to characterize the effects of filter design improvements on filtration efficiencies; and to conduct an economic analysis of full scale filters for 1600 F service and a scaleup of the filter and combustion additive suppressant effect identified in the analytical and hot flow tasks. Earlier hot flow testing confirmed that the original GBF design incorporating inlet and outlet screens exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. An alternative screenless design, with demonstrated high filtration efficiency, has been confirmed during both cold flow and hot flow tests as a more viable approach for continued development and tests. This report describes the continuation of work for development and design improvement of the GBF system during this reporting period.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To characterize bed structure and measure fluid dispersion under varied flow conditions, conventional tracer measurements in packed beds rely on detection of specific molecular species. The work reported here demonstrates the use of temperature sensors, such as thermocouples, to develop similar kinds of information from thermal data. In oil shale retorts (that is, packed beds in which the process is driven by heat transfer from a flowing medium to the rubble), much can be inferred about bed and void structure and flow patterns from the time-temperature relationships among thermocouple arrays placed in the bed. The use of temperature data as a bed diagnostic tool in oil shale retorting experiments is shown. For combustion retorting, the close relationships between the thermal effects produced by condensing steam and those produced by retorting are illustrated. This thermal logging technique has proved useful in understanding laboratory retorting experiments and predicting retort performance. 5 figures, 6 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An evaluation of eastern shale oil (ESO) residue as an asphalt additive to reduce oxidative age hardening and moisture susceptibility was conducted by Western Research Institute (WRI). The ESO residue, have a viscosity of 23.9 Pa{lg_bullet}s at 60{degree}C (140{degree}F), was blended with three different petroleum-derived asphalts, ASD-1, AAK-1, and AAM-1, which are known to be very susceptible to oxidative aging. Rheological and infrared analyses of the unaged and aged asphalts and the blends were then conducted to evaluate oxidative age hardening. In addition, the petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends were coated onto three different aggregates, Lithonia granite (RA), a low-absorption limestone (RD), and a siliceous Gulf Coast gravel (RL), and compacted into briquettes. Successive freeze-thaw cycling was then conducted to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of the prepared briquettes. The rheological analyses of the unaged petroleum-derived asphalts and their respective blends indicate that the samples satisfy the rutting requirement. However, the aging indexes for the rolling thin film oven (RTFO)-aged and RTFO/pressure aging vessel (PAV)-aged samples indicate that the blends are stiffer than the petroleum-derived asphalts. This means that when in service the blends will be more prone to pavement embrittlement and fatigue cracking than the petroleum-derived asphalts. Infrared analyses were also conducted on the three petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends before and after RTFO/PAV aging. In general, upon RTFO/PAV aging, the amounts of carbonyls and sulfoxides in the samples increase, indicating that the addition of the ESO residue does not mitigate the chemical aging (oxidation) of the petroleum-derived asphalts. This information correlates with the rheological data and the aging indexes that were calculated for the petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In this report we present an approach for accurate and consistent implementation of gravity effects in compositional streamline simulation. The approach is based on an operator-splitting technique, successfully applied in streamline simulation of black-oil models. The method is demonstrated to conserve mass. Its application adds only marginally to the overall CPU requirement. We provide a detailed description of the approach to incorporate gravity effects and demonstrate the efficiency of compositional streamline simulation, even for cases where gravity segregation plays an important role in the overall process performance. The new approach is demonstrated to be in excellent agreement with commercial FD simulators for prediction of flows in 2D vertical and multi-well 3D geometries. Finally, we outline the work required to extend the compositional streamline approach to handle three-phase flow modeling, also including gravity.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The dewatering properties of residuals generated by flotation/foam fractionation treatment of TS-1S wastewater were evaluated. The leachate potential was studied for both chemical coagulation and flotation/foam fractionation sludges. A preliminary economic analysis was made comparing selected sludge disposal options and summarizing previously reported economic analysis of the chemical treatment alternatives.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The combination of an interfacial tension agent and a mobility control agent has the potential to produce additional oil beyond a waterflood. The West Kiehl alkaline surfactant-polymer project is the most advanced application of this chemical enhanced oil recovery technique. The West Kiehl alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood was initiated in September 1987 as a secondary application after primary recovery. A preliminary analysis of the West Kiehl alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood indicates that incremental oil of 20% of the original stock tank oil in place will be produced above waterflooding. The cost of the incremental oil will be less than $2.50 per incremental barrel. A statistical analysis of approximately 120 Minnelusa oil fields in the Powder River Basin indicates that the original stock tank oil in place exceeds one billion barrels. If the enhanced oil recovery tec1mology implemented at West Kiehl field could be successfully applied to these fields, the potential incremental oil recovery would approach 200 million barrels.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Commercial oil shale development of the Green River Formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming will probably take place within the next decade. Equal volumes of oil and retort water are expected to be produced using in situ oil shale processing. Research has been done on the acute toxicity of retort water to fish and mammals. The acute effect on fish is gill hyperplasia, primarily from the irritating effect of ammonia. Retort water did not appear toxic to dogs, rats, or guinea pigs under the acute test conditions imposed. No research has been done on the long-term chronic effect of retort water on any of these animals. A variety of schemes has been proposed for the treatment of retort water, most of which involve the removal of ammonia. This study was an attempt to find the effects of chronic low-level exposure of fish and wildlife to partially treated oil shale retort water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The primary goal of this study was to determine the effect of presence of gas hydrates on the performance of thermal recovery methods such as steamflooding of heavy oils and tar sand bitumens. In order to achieve this goal, three models have been developed. The first model provides a fully implicit, r-z, finite difference simulation of hydrate dissociation for a reservoir containing only layered hydrates. The second model is a fully implicit, r-z, finite difference reservoir simulator which allows prediction of performance of a steamflood for a reservoir containing layered hydrates in conjunction with a zone of heavy oil/tar sands. For the third model, it is considered that the reservoir contains uniformly distributed packs of gas hydrates within a heavy oil or tar sand zone. The report provides detailed equations, numerical solution approach for all the three models. A user friendly, interactive, menu-driven computer software for the fundamental hydrate dissociation model was developed and the program listing is provided. This model has been fully validated with other finite element type models. The results of the fundamental hydrate dissociation model are provided, and discussed. The other two models have also been computer coded. 24 refs., 19 figs., 3 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The intent of this document is to provide a description of fuel cells, their performances and operating conditions, and the relationship between fuel processors and fuel cells. This information will enable fuel cell engineers to know which fuel processing schemes are most compatible with which fuel cells and to predict the performance of a fuel cell integrated with any fuel processor. The data and estimates presented are for the phosphoric acid and molten carbonate fuel cells because they are closer to commercialization than other types of fuel cells. Performance of the cells is shown as a function of operating temperature, pressure, fuel conversion (utilization), and oxidant utilization. The effect of oxidant composition (for example, air versus O/sub 2/) as well as fuel composition is examined because fuels provided by some of the more advanced fuel processing schemes such as coal conversion will contain varying amounts of H/sub 2/, CO, CO/sub 2/, CH/sub 4/, H/sub 2/O, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds. A brief description of fuel cells and their application to industrial, commercial, and residential power generation is given. The electrochemical aspects of fuel cells are reviewed. The phosphoric acid fuel cell is discussed, including how it is affected by operating conditions; and the molten carbonate fuel cell is discussed. The equations developed will help systems engineers to evaluate the application of the phosphoric acid and molten carbonate fuel cells to commercial, utility, and industrial power generation and waste heat utilization. A detailed discussion of fuel cell efficiency, and examples of fuel cell systems are given.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "MRDS is a collection of reports describing metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources throughout the world. Included are deposit name, location, commodity, deposit description, geologic characteristics, production, reserves, resources, and references. It subsumes the original MRDS and MAS/MILS. MRDS is large and complex. This service provides a subset of the database comprised of those data fields deemed most useful and which most frequently contain some information, but full reports of most records are available as well."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The actual technology transfer was accomplished by several integrated activities during fiscal year (FY) 1986: R and D contracts with industry and academia, including cost-shared contracts; technical information exchange for scientist-to-scientist communication through conferences, visitors to the Center, and federal personnel visits with US industry; technical documents for information dissemination; patents to advance technology adoption and use in US industry; on-site training activities as personnel exchange; and technical assistance through the use of fossil energy technology data bases.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Synthetic leachate solutions containing complexometric agents were used to simulate the long-term release of trace metals, carbonates, and sulfates from indirectly retorted (IH) and directly retorted (DH) oil shale. This approach was also taken to accelerate the leaching process in a lab scale/real time leach test which would approach the maximum potential release of chemical constituents. The complexometric agents examined were acetate, oxalate, and citrate ions, and EDTA and DTPA. Retorted oil shales were also extracted with distilled-deionized water. Leachate samples were analyzed for silver, arsenic, boron, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, vanadium, zinc, fluorine, carbonate, and sulfate. For the indirectly retorted oil shale, maximum metallic element leachability was observed with EDTA and DTPA. In general, as the length of extraction period increased so did metal extractability. The DH sample, composed mineralogically of a number of high-temperature alteration products, produced higher leachate pH and electrical conductivity values. This was attributed to the instability of high-temperature mineral phases at low temperatures and pressures. Oxalate, in addition to EDTA and DTPA, was found to affect a high trace metal solubility. The extractability of trace metallic elements from DH, however, was lower than that for IH, thus illustrating the insolubility of metallic element-bearing minerals at high pH and the ability of ionic species released from DH to form sparingly soluble solids with trace metallic elements. 29 refs., 12 figs., 16 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Research conducted at Giner, Inc. during 1981 to 1983 under the present contract has been a continuation of the investigation of a high temperature regenerable desulfurization process capable of reducing the sulfur content in coal gases from 200 ppM to 1 ppM. The overall objective has been the integration of a coal gasifier with a molten carbonate fuel cell, which requires that the sulfur content be below 1 ppM. Commercially available low temperature processes incur an excessive energy penalty. Results obtained with packed-bed and fluidized bed reactors have demonstrated that a CuO/ZnO mixed oxide sorbent is regenerable and capable of lowering the sulfur content (as H/sub 2/S and COS) from 200 ppM in simulated hot coal-derived gases to below 1 ppM level at 600 to 650/sup 0/C. Four potential sorbents (copper, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide and zinc oxide) were initially selected for experimental use in hot regenerable desulfurization in the temperature range 500 to 650/sup 0/C. Based on engineering considerations, such as desulfurization capacity in per weight or volume of sorbents, a coprecipitated CuO/ZnO was selected for further study. A structural reorganization mechanism, unique to mixed oxides, was identified: the creation of relatively fine crystallites of the sulfided components (Cu/sub 2/S and ZnS) to counteract the loss of surface area due to sintering during regeneration. Studies with 9 to 26% water vapor in simulated coal gases show that sulfur levels below 1 ppM can be achieved in the temperature range of 500/sup 0/ to 650/sup 0/C. The ability of CuO/ZnO to remove COS, CS/sub 2/ and CH/sub 3/SH at these conditions has been demonstrated in this study. Also a previously proposed pore-plugging model was further developed with good success for data treatment of both packed bed and fluidized-bed reactors. 96 references, 42 figures, 21 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- We measured total sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen in the off-gases from the Lawrence Livermore national Laboratory's 6-tonne/day Rubble In Situ Extraction Simulation facility with a series of on-line, gas-monitoring instruments and gas indicator tubes. In addition, using instrumental neutron activation analysis after collection in adsorbent traps r in filter and impactor samplers, we determine the concentrations of several trace elements in the off-gas vapors and in aerosol mists. The concentrations of hydrocarbons in the vapor and in the product oil were determined either by on-line gas chromatography and off-line gas chromatography, or off-line gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The assembled data are used to estimate production factors for potential pollutants for use in developing emission control options and assessment of air quality.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- By-product waters from two commercial steam flood tar sand bitumen recovery operations were screened for organic solutes by a variety of techniques. Analyses indicated that the total dissolved organic carbon content of these waters was around 100 ppm. These waters were screened using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and capillary-column gas chromatography, each used with specialized detectors. The liquid chromatographic detectors were ultraviolet absorbance at 205 nm and fluorescence after a post-column reaction system using cerate oxidation. For gas chromatography, detectors were the flame ionization detector, the thermionic ionization detector, and the electron capture detector (after p-bromophenacyl bromide derivatization). The absence of low-molecular-weight hydrophilic organic species in appreciable concentrations and the evidence of high-molecular-weight organophilic solutes indicate that the hydrophilic organic carbon content is primarily humic or bituminous materials. The deficit in the inorganic cation balance indicates that some of the hydrophilic organic solutes may be catonic at pH 7. In general, those methods that have been found readily applicable for gas combustion-process by-product waters need to be expanded for nonpyrolytically produced process waters. Separation and detection of materials with poor ultraviolet absorbance at very low levels is a fertile area for research. The fundamental material balance methods upon which much of the inference of this work rests are always suspect in highly salt-loaded waters such as these. The validity under the conditions imposed by these waters needs to be demonstrated. 6 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy (DOE) is now faced with the task of meeting decontamination and decommissioning obligations at numerous facilities by the year 2019. Due to the tremendous volume of material involved, innovative decontamination technologies are being sought that can reduce the volumes of contaminated waste materials and secondary wastes requiring disposal. With sufficient decontamination, some of the material from DOE facilities could be released as scrap into the commercial sector for recycle, thereby reducing the volume of radioactive waste requiring disposal. Although recycling may initially prove to be more costly than current disposal practices, rapidly increasing disposal costs are expected to make recycling more and more cost effective. Additionally, recycling is now perceived as the ethical choice in a world where the consequences of replacing resources and throwing away reusable materials are impacting the well-being of the environment. This report describes the solvent recyle test program for EDTA/ammonium carbonate solvent.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Extensive karst and solution-collapse brecciation (ancient cave systems) developed within these carbonates as a result of meteoric water infiltration during the widespread post-Sauk unconformity (Wilson, 1994). It is these karsted zones that contain significant amounts of porosity and permeability in what are otherwise low-porosity and low-permeability rocks. The high-porosity and -permeability karsted zones can be targets for CO2 sequestration when they subcrop beneath competent seals, such as the ubiquitous Devonian-age Woodford Formation. Main site www.beg.utexas.edu/environqlty/co2seq/co2data.htm1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Low permeability gas sands are a vast future source of natural gas. The main problem in developing this resource is efficiently extracting the gas from the reservoir. The main objectives of this study were to develop new and improved core analysis techniques for measuring petrophysical properties of tight sands and to relate the measured properties to the rock pore structure. The project was subdivided into four major tasks concerned with advanced analysis of core from the Multiwell field experiment. Task I: Advanced core analysis included measurements of porosity (thin section vs. volumetric measurements), Klinkenberg permeability, surface area, and effect of overburden pressure, and pore structure investigations that included x-ray analysis and mineral analysis. Special consideration has been given to origin and types of pore structure. A new concept, the quality of pore space is introduced which is based on the degree to which identifiable pore space is occluded. This work has been greatly aided by application of transmitted light and epifluorescent microscopy. Task II: Gas Flow in Mineralized Fractures. Task III: Chemical Alteration. The control on permeability of the various minerals in MWX cores was investigated by studying the effect of various reagents on permeability and its sensitivity to confining pressure. Treatment ranged from flow of strongly acidic to strongly alkaline solutions; seven reagents were used. Task IV: Effect of Water on Gas Production. Many aspects of the effect of water on the petrophysical properties of tight gas sands were investigated under this task. These included, relative permeability, capillary pressure, imbibition, adsorption, and electrical conductivity. Comparison of the effect of confining pressure on distinctly different transport properties provides a test of the types of pore model appropriate to tight sands. 79 refs., 137 figs., 23 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the development of a downhole steam generator system for use in enhanced oil recovery. The system is composed of four major components: A state-of-the-art review indicated that advances in technology would be necessary in two areas (high pressure combustion and high temperature packer seals) in order to fabricate a field-worthy system. As a result, two tasks were undertaken which resulted in the development of a novel ceramic-lined combustor and a unique all-metal packer. These elements were incorporated into an overall system design. Key system components were built and tested in the laboratory. The program culminated in a successful simulated downhole test of the entire system, less tube string, at Sandia National Laboratories. 5 references, 41 figures, 9 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This project increased recoverable waterflood reserves in slope and basin reservoirs through improved reservoir characterization and reservoir management. The particular application of this project is in portions of Fault Blocks IV and V of the Wilmington Oil Field, in Long Beach, California, but the approach is widely applicable in slope and basin reservoirs. Transferring technology so that it can be applied in other sections of the Wilmington Field and by operators in other slope and basin reservoirs is a primary component of the project. This project used advanced reservoir characterization tools, including the pulsed acoustic cased-hole logging tool, geologic three-dimensional (3-D) modeling software, and commercially available reservoir management software to identify sands with remaining high oil saturation following waterflood. Production from the identified high oil saturated sands was stimulated by recompleting existing production and injection wells in these sands using conventional means as well as a short radius redrill candidate. Although these reservoirs have been waterflooded over 40 years, researchers have found areas of remaining oil saturation. Areas such as the top sand in the Upper Terminal Zone Fault Block V, the western fault slivers of Upper Terminal Zone Fault Block V, the bottom sands of the Tar Zone Fault Block V, and the eastern edge of Fault Block IV in both the Upper Terminal and Lower Terminal Zones all show significant remaining oil saturation. Each area of interest was uncovered emphasizing a different type of reservoir characterization technique or practice. This was not the original strategy but was necessitated by the different levels of progress in each of the project activities.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Slurry Fracture Injection is a waste disposal technology developed by Terralog Technologies Inc. Oilfield produced wastes, such as produced sand, slop, and tank bottoms, are mixed with water into a slurry which is then injected into deep unconsolidated sandstone formations above fracturing pressure. The solids are permanently emplaced within hydraulic fractures generated during the pumping process, and the carrying fluid subsequently drains into the high permeability formation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Boggess 17 Pilot well data from the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL). The resources were downloaded, packaged and uploaded from the MSEEL website https://www.mseel.com/data/. "The objective of the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) is to provide a long-term field site to develop and validate new knowledge and technology to improve recovery efficiency and minimize environmental implications of unconventional resource development." A read me file and a file list file were created from the data describing the essential information and metadata for the resources included in this submission, and is available for download from this submission. The file list has the directory information describing how the data files are organized and zipped within this submission.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Part 3 (Petroleum System Modeling of the Jurassic Smackover Formation) objectives are to provide an analysis of the Smackover petroleum system in Years 4 and 5 of the project and to transfer effectively the research results to producers through workshops and topical reports.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A training program conducted in Bartlesville by BDM-Oklahoma technical staff, which included geologists, geophysicists, exploration and drilling specialists, and environmental policy experts. The proposed training schedule offered four courses per year and included those coursed identified by the tribes in the survey. The training program was outlined for members of Native American Tribes whose lands have oil and gas resources. The proposed program contributed to meeting the goals of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Domestic Oil and Gas Initiative to help Native American tribes become more self-sufficient in developing and managing their resources through training in cost-effective, improved technologies for hydrocarbon production that will meet environmental regulations. The training program outlined was for adult tribal representatives who are responsible for managing tribal mineral holdings or setting policy, or who work in the oil and gas industry. The course content is in response to a survey that was developed by BDM-Oklahoma and sent in the Spring of 1995 to 26 tribal agencies identified through previous contact with DOE. Tribes were asked to indicate course content needs, levels, preferred time of year, and location. Six tribes responded with specific recommendations and needs. These tribes, were the Creek, Pueblo, Cherokee, St. Regis Mohawk, Northern Arapho, and Ute Mountain Ute.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Tasks associated with research in candle filters are described. Candle filters will be tested for permeability measurements, pressure distribution evaluation, and microanalysis.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A computer model for characterizing reacting flows through packed beds is presented. These flows are related to the underground coal gasification conditions in terms of combustion and multi-component chemical reactions that take place inside beds of coal char. Time-dependent, two-dimensional (including axisymmetrical) partial differential equations (PDE's) describing conservation of mass, species, momentum, and the thermal energy are formulated. These PDE's are then recast into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE's) with time as independent variable. The resulting ODE's are solved by applying a method-of-lines (MOL) technique to multi-component flows through packed char beds. The present formulation considers: the transport phenomena at the wall; various transient flow cases; multiple reactions and species; a wide range of options on the boundary conditions: temperature-dependent physical parameters; and rezoning capabilities. A numerical code called GSF has been developed, and computer runs have been performed to verify various aspects of the physical models as well as the numerical approach taken in the present analysis. These include favorable agreements with available analytical solutions for simple, one-dimensional flows and two-dimensional non-isotropic heat transfer to a wall. For more complicated flow situations for which there are no analytical solutions, good agreements have also been obtained between the results of the present method and those of alternative numerical methods. The code has been applied to several physical situations bearing on the underground coal gasification processes, i.e., wall drying, wall regression during gasification, and water injection into a gasifying bed. Preliminary results demonstrate that the present numerical modeling approach shows promise as a first step in describing the transient thermophysical phenomena taking place inside packed beds. 35 refs., 19 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Modern petroleum processing operations require improved methods for the characterization of the heavy ends with regard to the types of hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons. The development of investigational tools for this characterization is one of the objectives of API Research Project 60. The project has developed a scheme for separating the highest boiling cuts of crude oil into acids, bases, neutral nitrogen compounds, saturates, and aromatic fractions. This scheme has been successfully tested on high boiling cuts of five widely varying crude oils, and the results of these tests are presented. Results of additional characterization of the acid, saturate, and aromatic fractions are reported. Tests are underway of a modified separation procedure that will subdivide the aromatic fraction and allow more discrete characterization. Progress has also been made in the separation, classification, and understanding of the metallo-organic compounds.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Road Transportable Analytical Laboratory (RTAL) provides a portabler laboratory for the analysis of soils, ground water, and surface water. This report presents data from a soils sample TCLP VOA and SVOA report, aqueous sample RCRA metals report, soils sample total and isotopic uranium report, SVOA sample analytical performance report, and and RCRA metal sample analytical performance report.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During the past quarter, research was directed toward the kinetic modeling of coal liquefaction reactions. Specifically, a new lumping system, abstract-discrete lumping, was developed and tested for a vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation. The abstract-discrete method combines the advantages of traditional pseudo-component lumping with the advantages of continuous lumping. The method is especially applicable to mixtures for which the analytical data consist of partially-resolved chromatograms, such as for the size-exclusion chromatographic analysis of coal liquids. This report records the development and testing of the theory behind the abstract-discrete approach. Although the derivation of the method utilizes mathematical concepts which may at times seem difficult, the final result consists of simple algebraic equations which may be solved with only a little more difficulty than the classical equations. The theory has first been developed for a vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation. The reason for this is two-fold. First, the vapor-liquid equilibrium equations are generally simpler than kinetic modeling equations, a fact which makes the description of the theory much easier. In addition, vapor-liquid equilibrium effects are of importance to liquefaction reactor modeling, and are to be incorporated into the tubing-bomb reactor model presently under development. We have shown that vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations based upon a thermodynamic equation-of-state can predict the hydrogen composition of the liquefaction-reactor liquid phase with considerable accuracy. 7 refs., 40 figs., 49 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of the experimentation described in this report was to examine the possibility of combining a methanol-water treatment step, which results in liquid yields of about 90%, with a fast (one hour) solvent extraction step. If successful, the experimentation would result in the development of a fast, high-yield, single-step recovery process. The terminology ''single-step''refers to the fact that the shale is handled only once in the recovery process rather than being treated and then extracted in two separate steps. The first two single-step extraction experiments, run under the same experimental conditions, demonstrate the possibility of quickly recovering high yields of liquid product with only one handling of the shale. The third experiment was performed by heating the shale in an inert atmosphere under the same conditions of time and temperature followed by extraction with methylene chloride solvent. The third experiment serves as a benchmark to compare the effectiveness of methanol-water with short reaction-time dry heating conditions in the recovery process. The experiments yielded two important results. First, most of the organic matter was recovered by methylene chloride in the first extraction step, which required less than three hours to perform. The second important result was that dry heating on the shale under these conditions was ineffective in allowing oil to be recovered. Overall, these experiments were successful for quickly extracting large percentages of organic material from Green River shale using a single-step extraction technique. This procedure reduces experimental complexities reported earlier and avoids possible alteration of product by atmospheric oxygen. The technique shows promise for the development of a fast, efficient shale oil recovery process. 9 refs., 1 tab.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Results of a comprehensive series of fracture toughness tests on oil shale from Anvil Points are presented. Since oil shale is layered and transversely isotropic, three-point-bend specimens representing 20 and 40 gal/ton were tested in the three principal crack orientations--divider, arrester, and short transverse. These specimens were fatigue cracked to produce a sharp natural crack in a stable manner by means of loading between fixed limits of the crack opening displacement. Crack front position was marked by immersing the specimen in a penetrating dye so that the crack length could be determined after final failure. Load-to-failure records of load vs. crack opening displacement showed evidence of crack surface interference or crack closure. Fracture toughness was found to decrease by approximately 40 percent for an increase in kerogen content from 20 to 40 gal/ton. Highest values of fracture toughness were found for the divider geometry, lowest for short transverse, and intermediate for arrester with the actual values varying from 0.3 to 1.1 MN m/sup -/sup 3///sub 2/.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Various emission control devices, for FBC installations using a variety of fuels, are reviewed. These devices include scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, granular beds, cleanable high efficiency air filters and baghouses. Dust filtration tests conducted at the Georgetown University FBC are described. Bagfilter cleaning techniques are compared. Special blinding problems peculiar to Georgetown but applicable to other FBC's with bagfilters are described. Several fabrics and finishes are compared and selection criteria are developed. Guidelines are presented for selection of baghouse design parameters. Baghouse operating procedures to prevent blinding and to maintain low baghouse pressure drop are stated. Testing procedures for optimizing baghouse performance are suggested. An extensive section for trouble-shooting prevalent baghouse problems is included. Finally, areas for further research and development are identified.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Eastern oil shales are an important U.S. energy resource, with an estimated potential exceeding 400 billion barrels of oil in place and perhaps extending to as much as 2,600 barrels, including both surface and deep deposits. With a location in the heart of the industrial east, which assures a market for the product, the infrastructure and transportation systems are already largely in place. With a generally favorable political climate, plentiful water supply, shale deposits located on privately-held land, and a substantial part of the resource easily accessible by conventional strip mining techniques, this resource appears ready for exploitation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The major benefit derived from FCC modified operation is its potential for producing a maximum economic return. This scheme is particularly attractive when: spare alkylation capacity exists or can be made available by a moderate revamp; and sufficient isobutene supplies exist within the refinery for alkylation of incremental C3/C4 olefins. Otherwise, economics of n-butane isomerization or purchase of isobutene must be evaluated.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document is a statement of the quality assurance (QA) policy of the Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL), US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. It describes the HERL QA organization and the QA responsibilities of both management and technical research personnel in relation to the mandatory Agency QA policy and project data quality requirements. It provides guidelines for managers in the implementation of Agency QA policy and evaluation of research documentation, and presents guidelines for project officers for 1) specification of QA requirements for extramural and intramural tasks, 2) preparation of QA project plans and research protocols for intramural research and support tasks, 3) review and evaluation of QA program and project plans for extramural projects, and 4) review and evaluation of data quality throughout the project term. Aspects of research projects that must be considered by project officers in the development or review of QA plans are treated in detail. These guidelines are reviewed and revised annually by the HERL QA office, the QA committee, and HERL division directors.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this contract is the syntheses and electrical characterization of new mixed-conducting yttria-stabilized zirconia-titania solutions. The results will provide the fundamental data necessary for the quantitative evaluation of the potential electrode applications of these new mixed conducting oxides in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). 4 refs., 6 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Preliminary engineering analyses of quench station designs in large-scale coal gasification plants were performed with a primary emphasis on environmental pollutant distribution (will be referred to as effluents for the purpose of this document). The need and rationale for process and environmental analysis of proposed quench stations in conceptual coal gasification plants is described. Two representative conceptual commercial-/demonstration-scale quench station designs are selected for detailed analysis (Hygas 500 psig, bituminous and CO/sub 2/-Acceptor, lignite). The methodology and computer tools used to aid in the analysis are described. These tools and methods are evaluated and/or validated. The main conclusions and observations resulting from this analysis are outlined: (1) quench stations play a significant role in the distribution of effluents present in coal gasification raw product gas; (2) absorption of species such as H/sub 2/S and (1O/sub 2/ into quench water is limited by resistances to mass transfer; whereas, NH/sub 3/ vapor/liquid separation essentially approaches equilibrium. These effects should be considered in future quench station analysis; and; (3) distribution of effluents can be controlled (within process constraints) by optimization of quench station operating variables such as temperature, recycle rate, pH, and quench residence time, as well as some gasifier variables, without jeopardizing primary process goals.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Crosswell electromagnetic imaging technology, based on earlier radar imaging technology, will help interpret the reservoir rock and fluid flow through the reservoir between wells. The necessary resolution to accurately map fluid properties has been missing from conventional seismic analysis.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the results of a preliminary evaluation performed to: (1) determine if microwave energy could be used to regenerate a zeolite adsorbent and (2) to evaluate the feasibility of using microwave energy to improve the desorption phase of a pressure swing adsorption process applied to upgrading natural gas (methane) contaminated with nitrogen. Microwave regeneration was evaluated by comparing the adsorption characteristics of a zeolite preconditioned by heating under vacuum to the characteristics of the same zeolite after various lengths of exposure to microwave energy. The applicability of microwave regeneration to natural gas cleanup was evaluated by measuring the rise in adsorbent temperature resulting from the microwave exposure. Microwave energy consumed by heating the adsorbent is not productive and must therefore be minimal for a process to be economically viable. Exposure of the methane-saturated chabazite for 2 minutes to microwave energy effectively regenerated the adsorbent, but resulted in a 75{degrees}F (42{degrees}C) rise in adsorbent temperature. This temperature rise indicates that the concept is unacceptable for natural gas processing due to excessive energy consumption.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Final Project Report-08121-2502-Recent successes in managed pressure drilling have been hardware‐driven, but complementary efforts in annular flow pressure modeling needed for wellbore control have been lacking. In the present work, geometric details related to high annular eccentricity (typical of highly deviated and horizontal wells in ultradeep offshore applications) are modeled exactly using automatically generated boundary‐conforming, curvilinear grid systems, and all governing equations are written to these computational meshes and solved transparently to the user.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- ARS TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report documents in detail the work performed by Westinghouse Electric Corporation and the Energy Research Corporation during the fourth phase of a planned multiphase program to develop a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) for electric utility or industrial power plant applications. Results of this effort include: (1) development of a baseline rolled electrode technology; (2) advancement of fuel cell technology through innovative improvements in the areas of acid management, catalyst selection, electrode and plate materials and processes, components designs, and quality assurance programs; (3) demonstration of improved fuel cell and stack performance and endurance; (4) successful scaleup of cell and stack design features into fun height 100 kill stacks; and (5) demonstration of combining stacks into a 400 kill module that will be the building block for power plants, including the development of testing facilities and operating procedures applicable to plant operations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The United States Carbon Utilization and Storage Atlas contains four main sections: (1) Introduction; (2) National Perspectives; (3) Regional Perspectives (RCSPs); and (4) ARRA Site Characterization Projects. The Introduction section contains an overview of CCUS technologies, a summary of DOE’s Carbon Storage Program, a brief description of the RCSP Program, and information on the National Carbon Sequestration Database and Geographic Information System (NATCARB). The National Perspectives section contains maps showing the number, location, and magnitude of CO2 stationary sources in the United States, as well as the areal extent and estimated CO2 storage resource available in geologic formations evaluated within the RCSP regions. The Regional Perspectives section includes a detailed presentation of CO2 stationary sources, CO2 storage resource assessments, updates on field projects, and additional information key to each RCSP. Finally, the ARRA Site Characterization Projects section includes a detailed background of each project, its objectives, and a status update.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Radium is known to be taken up by aquatic animals, and tends to accumulate in bone, shell and exoskeleton. The most common approach to estimating the uptake of a radionuclide by aquatic animals for use in health and environmental risk assessments is the concentration factor method. The concentration factor method relates the concentration of a contaminant in an organism to the concentration in the surrounding water. Site specific data are not usually available, and generic, default values are often used in risk assessment studies. This paper describes the concentration factor method, summarizes some of the variables which may influence the concentration factor for radium, reviews reported concentration factors measured in marine environments and presents concentration factors derived from data collected in a study in coastal Louisiana. The use of generic default values for the concentration factor is also discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Umiat oil field is in Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 between the Brooks Range and Arctic Ocean in far northern Alaska. The Umiat anticline has been tested by 11 wells, six of which produced oil: however, the productive capacity and recoverable reserves of the field are subjects to considerable speculation because of unusual reservoir conditions and because several wells appear to have seriously damaged during drilling and completion. Oil is produced at depths of 273 to 1,100 feet: the depth to the bottom of the permanently frozen zone varies form about 800 to 1,100 feet, so that most of the oil reserves are in the permafrost. Reservoir pressures are estimated to range from 50 to 350 psi, increasing with depth and the small amount of gas dissolved in the oil is the major source of energy for production. Laboratory tests were made on cores under simulated permafrost conditions to estimate oil recoverable by solution gas expansion from low saturation pressures. The cores were also tested for clay content and susceptibility to productivity impairment by swelling clays and increased water content if exposed to fresh water. The results indicate that oil can be produced from reservoir rocks in the permafrost and that substantial amounts of oil can be produced from depletion-drive reservoirs by a pressure drop of as little as 100psi below the saturation pressure. Freezing of formation water reduces oil productivity much more than that due to increased oil viscosity. Failure of wells drilled with water-base mud to produce is attributed to freezing of water in the area immediately surrounding the wellbore. Swelling clays apparently contributed very little to the plugging of the wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A binational effort between the United States and Canada is under way to characterize the lowermost saline system in the Williston and Alberta Basins of the northern Great Plains–Prairie region of North America in the United States and Canada. This 3-year project is being conducted with the goal of determining the potential for geologic storage of CO2 in rock formations of the 1.34-million-km2 Cambro-Ordovician Saline System (COSS). To our knowledge, no other studies have attempted to characterize the storage potential of large, deep saline systems that span the U.S.–Canada international border. This multiprovince/multistate, multiorganizational, and multidisciplinary project is led on the U.S. side by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) through the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership and on the Canadian side by Alberta Innovates Technology Futures (AITF). The project objectives are to characterize this basal system in the northern Great Plains–Prairie region of North America and to evaluate its potential for, and effects of, CO2 storage in this system. At the base of the sedimentary succession in the Williston and Alberta Basins of the northern Great Plains–Prairie region of North America is a saline system composed of variable lithology which includes a variety of clastic and carbonate facies deposited across a range of environments. This system lies directly on top of igneous and metamorphic basement rocks and is largely contained beneath sealing formations that include shales and tight carbonates. These Middle Cambrian- to Lower Silurian-aged rocks extend from west-central Alberta into Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, and then south into Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and form an extensive saline system generally devoid of hydrocarbon resources. In the area underlain by the COSS, there are 43 large CO2 sources that each emit more than 0.75 Mt CO2/year. Assuming that all of these emissions from each of these sources will be stored in the COSS, the main questions to be addressed by this study are 1) what is the storage resource of the system?, 2) how many years of CO2 emissions will it be capable of storing?, and 3) what will the fate and effects of the stored CO2 be? The project started on October 1, 2010, and is structured in three 1-year phases. Phase I focused on delineating and characterizing separately the Canadian and U.S. portions of the COSS. These were subsequently brought together into a single model during Phase II. The completed 2-D model incorporates the geologic data collected in the baseline characterization effort and distributes the various rock properties throughout the study region through geostatistical methods. Data on depth, thickness, and porosity were distilled v to produce components needed to compute the CO2 storage resource of this saline system following the Esaline formula detailed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) methodology. A significant part of the effort was to match the work done on the U.S. side of the study region with the data sets generated by AITF for the Canadian side. All necessary gridded interpolations on the U.S. side were combined with the Canadian grids by a diffusive aggregation method near the U.S.–Canadian border to form a seamless CO2 storage volume for the entire COSS international study region. This aggregation method involved feathering the Canadian data near the border and joining it to the data on the U.S. side, thus allowing the geostatistical processing functions to interpolate across the border and avoid the development of edge effect at the border. Once the calculation on the U.S. side was completed, it was clipped out and joined to the existing Canadian portion to form a seamless map. This novel approach worked well for joining the two data sets, and the resulting 2-D model indicated a storage resource of 113 Gt. This work also provides the groundwork for the development of a massive 3-D geologic model encompassing the entire study area. In addition to the leading organizations of the EERC and AITF, other partners in the project are DOE, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Princeton University in the United States and Saskatchewan Industry and Resources, Manitoba Water Stewardship, Manitoba Innovation – Energy and Mines, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, TOTAL E&P Ltd., and the University of Regina Petroleum Technology Research Centre in Canada.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report continues our survey of the Soviet effort in underground coal gasification and summarizes the research conducted at Lisichansk from 1948 to 1963. This facility was operated primarily as an experimental-industrial station, and techniques for in situ coal gasification were developed and improved during this period. The stream method of gasification, which required mined shafts, was investigated first. By the late 1950's, improvements in methods and equipment enabled the Soviets to recover coal reserves at Lisichansk efficiently without using underground labor to create the necessary channels. This report discusses the geological, hydrological, chemical, technological, and economic factors affecting the construction, process optimization, operation, and maintenance of in situ gas generators. The available data for individual generators operated at Lisichansk during this period are also presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In this reporting period, gas chromatography (GC) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) were used to analyze shale oils. Both of these techniques needed a large number of clean fractions. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to separate aromatics according to ring sizes. It was also demonstrated that about 9 mg of the sample can be effectively separated into class types using a semipreparative column.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Goals: 1. To determine if high-boiling liquids produced from coal liquefaction and oil shale retorting can be used in place of petroleum liquids as effective softening agents for recycling old or worn out asphalt paving materials. 2. To determine specific effects of these additives in a design analysis for recycled pavements. 3. To determine the combined effects of high boiling liquids produced from coal liquefaction and oil shale retorting when used in conjunction with water to reduce pollution emissions on the design of recycled asphaltic pavements."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "The Assessment Unit is the fundamental unit used in the National Assessment Project for the assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources. The Assessment Unit is defined within the context of the higher-level Total Petroleum System. The Assessment Unit is shown here as a geographic boundary interpreted, defined, and mapped by the geologist responsible for the province and incorporates a set of known or postulated oil and (or) gas accumulations sharing similar geologic, geographic, and temporal properties within the Total Petroleum System, such as source rock, timing, migration pathways, trapping mechanism, and hydrocarbon type. The Assessment Unit boundary is defined geologically as the limits of the geologic elements that define the Assessment Unit, such as limits of reservoir rock, geologic structures, source rock, and seal lithologies. The only exceptions to this are Assessment Units that border the Federal-State water boundary. In these cases, the Federal-State water boundary forms part of the Assessment Unit boundary."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The major activities at OOSI's Logan Wash site during the quarter were: mining the voids at all levels for retorts 7 and 8; blast hole drilling; tracer testing MR4; conducting the start-up and burner testes on MR3; continuing the surface facility construction, and conduction retorts 7 and 8 related Rock Fragmentation tests.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The industry cost shared program aims to benchmark drilling rates of penetration in selected simulated deep formations and to significantly improve ROP through a team development of aggressive diamond product drill bit--fluid system technologies. Overall the objectives are as follows: Phase 1--Benchmark ''best in class''diamond and other product drilling bits and fluids and develop concepts for a next level of deep drilling performance; Phase 2--Develop advanced smart bit-fluid prototypes and test at large scale; and Phase 3--Field trial smart bit-fluid concepts, modify as necessary and commercialize products. As of report date, TerraTek has concluded all major preparations for the high pressure drilling campaign. Baker Hughes encountered difficulties in providing additional pumping capacity before TerraTek's scheduled relocation to another facility, thus the program was delayed further to accommodate the full testing program.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Coal, fly ash, and flue gas samples were analyzed for mercury (Hg) by double gold amalgamation-flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the fate of the trace mercury in the coal when the coal is burned. Samples were collected from a bench-scale 100-g/hr combustor, a 500-lb/hr combustor, and three coal-burning power plants. In all cases mercury was found in the fly ash. The amounts ranged from about 9 to about 70 percent of the mercury in the coal that was burned.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This is the final report for the Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC21-76-ET10256, Developing/Modifying Coal Grinding Procedures and Equipment to Produce Predictable Size Distributions During Coal Preparation. Four unit operations for size reducing coal have been examined. These are: air swept ball mill, air swept hammer mill, air swept ball and race mill, and wet ball mill. The project work was broken up into four phases - Study Phase, Preparation Phase, Testing Phase and Reporting Phase. The Study Phase resulted in a state-of-the-art study of coal size reduction devices, the selection of representative coal samples and the laboratory development of grinding kinetics for the selected coals. The Preparation Phase work centered on the layout and preparation of a pilot scale testing facility for generating continuous industrial type size reduction data for the validation of laboratory generated findings. Work under the Testing Phase involved test equipment modification, conducting experiments and the collection and reduction of data. The Reporting Phase resulted in this final report and the ERDA/DOE Publication Coal Grinding Technology, A Manual for Process Engineers (Document No. FE-2475-25). Progress throughout the project was documented with monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports. Some 350 coal grinding tests were performed. The reduction of this test data has aided in the development and validation of mathematical models which can be used to analyze and predict the performance of size reduction devices of the types studied here. In addition, the information generated has led to a number of recommendations for expanding the current state of knowledge of coal size reduction.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Although the presence of sulfur causes many petroleum to be classified as “low-grade” because of the difficulties encountered in manufacturing products to meet rigid specifications, the petroleum industry is finding it necessary to use such crude oils to satisfy present needs. As the demand for petroleum products increases, and available reserves diminish, this utilization of high-sulfur crude oils will be accentuated. Programs designed to supplement the supplies of fuel available from petroleum by the manufacture of synthetic fuel from natural gas, shale oil, and coals are in progress. Such fuels, especially shale oil and, less so, oil from the hydrogenation of coal, also contain sulfur compounds which must be effectively removed. Thus, the need for fundamental research on the sulfur compounds that may be expected in petroleum and allied products is becoming greater as the industry is forced to call upon all available resources to meet the demand for petroleum products. In recognition of this need, the Bureau of Mines has inaugurated a long-range program designed to furnish fundamental data concerning the presence, characteristics, and effects of sulfur compounds in petroleum and its products.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Stiffness is a mathematical characteristic which is exhibited in combustion models when some components of their solutions respond quickly to system perturbations whereas others respond slowly. This paper presents a physical interpretation of stiffness in chemical kinetics modeling. Implicit finite difference methods are known to be effective in finding solutions to stiff problems, and we present here a general overview of the mathematical concepts important to the implementation of implicit methods.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the alkyl-substituted pyridines found in the tar bases from a hydrocracked crude shale oil are discussed mainly with respect to the chemical shifts, but where possible the coupling constants'are given for individual proton resonances. A determination of the chemical shift of various alkyl groups attached to the pyridine nucleus permits the identification of various alkyl-substituted pyridines where the gross fraction has been partitioned into simple mixtures by gas chromatography.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Eva South Morrow Sand Unit is located in western Texas County, Oklahoma. The field produces from an upper Morrow sandstone, termed the Eva sandstone, deposited in a transgressive valley-fill sequence. The field is defined as a combination structural stratigraphic trap; the reservoir lies in a convex up -dip bend in the valley and is truncated on the west side by the Teepee Creek fault. Although the field has been a successful waterflood since 1993, reservoir heterogeneity and compartmentalization has impeded overall sweep efficiency. A 4.25 square mile high-resolution, three component three-dimensional (3C3D) seismic survey was acquired in order to improve reservoir characterization and pinpoint the optimal location of a new horizontal producing well, the ESU 13-H.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of advanced, coal-fueled turbine power plants such as pressurized fluid bed combustion and coal gasification combined cycles. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of the coal-fueled turbine is high-temperature gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science & Technology Center, is evaluating Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concepts that have been configured to meet this technical challenge. These ILEC concepts simultaneously control sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in the high-pressure process gases. This document reports the status of a program in the twenty-seventh quarter to develop this ILEC technology.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the National Geologic Map Database site: "Geology of the Whitley City quadrangle, Kentucky and the Kentucky part of the Winfield quadrangle"1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Contamination in low permeability soils poses a significant technical challenge to in situ remediation efforts. Poor accessibility to the contaminants and difficulty in delivery of treatment reagents have rendered existing in situ treatments such as bioremediation, vapor extraction, and pump and treat rather ineffective when applied to low permeability soils present at many contaminated sites. The technology is an integrated in situ treatment in which established geotechnical methods are used to install degradation zones directly in the contaminated soil, and electro-osmosis is utilized to move the contaminants back and forth through those zones until the treatment is completed. The present Topical Report for Task No. 6 summarizes the results of a study of the potential for stimulating microbial reductive dehalogenation as part of the integrated in situ treatment process at the field experiment test site at DOE`s Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Paducah, Kentucky. A series of {open_quotes}microcosm bottle tests{close_quotes} were performed on samples of contaminated soil and groundwater taken from the Paducah site and spiked with trichloroethene (TCE). A number of bottles were set up, each spiked with a different carbon source in order to enhance the growth of different microbial subpopulations already present within the indigenous population in the soil. In addition, a series of bottle tests were completed with samples of the granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment zone material retrieved from the test site during the Paducah field experiment. In these tests, the GAC samples were used in place of the soil. Results of the soil-groundwater microcosms yielded a negative indication of the presence of dechlorinating bacteria at the site. However, charcoal (GAC) samples from one location in the test plot exhibited marked dechlorination with conversion of TCE to dichloroethene.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Bureau of Mines investigated the contribution of selected components and additives of high-temperature aircraft fuels to thermally induced deposits before and after 52 weeks of storage at 130/sup 0/F. Of particular concern was the influence of fuel constituents on thermal stability quality of jet fuels during storage. A microfuel coker test apparatus was used to measure the thermal stability of test fuels and blends. The contribution of selected fuel components, labeled with carbon-14, to deposit-forming mechanisms was determined by radioactive-counting techniques. Twenty-eight blends of the five test fuels with carbon-14-labeled fuel additives or components reached the final stage of storage at 130/sup 0/F and received final analyses for deposit forming tendency. These additives included an amine-type antioxidant, a metal deactivator, and a corrosion inhibitor. Also included in this study group were oleic acid and 1,5-hexadiene. All three additives showed a marked tendency to degrade and react during storage and thermal stress. Oleic acid was found to interact with cadmium present in aircraft fuel systems and produce deleterious effects upon the thermal stability quality of the fuel. Sixteen blends of the five test fuels with nonradioactive components were prepared as part of a special study. Six of these blends contained 1% of selected aromatic compounds, five blends contained an anti-icing additive, and five blends contained an organic sulfur compound. Results showed changes in thermal stability quality of many of the blends containing sulfur compounds. Four additional special studies were performed as preliminary investigations to continued research of jet fuel stability characteristics. Both were designed to improve producers or develop new, improved procedures for thermal stability tests.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- This paper briefly describes the wastewater treatment systems being used or proposed for use in synthetic fuel projects which are based on peat and oil shale and which were under consideration by the United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation (SFC) as of January 1984. The spectrum of projects under consideration by the SFC at today's date is, as expected, somewhat different. The wastewater technologies utilized are functions of three major factors: Nature of the fossil fuel raw material; Nature of the fuel conversion process; Site-specific considerations, i.e., zero discharge of wastewater. As a result of the above factors, plus the individual project choices for wastewater technology, one finds little commonality in approach. Source material for this paper, unless otherwise noted, was derived from internal files and from information submitted to the SFC in project proposals. All material was reviewed with sponsors prior to this presentation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- After twenty years of production operations in the tight gas reservoirs of the Rockies, producible (moveable) water is being encountered with increasing frequency. This represents a significant paradox with respect to historical assumptions of these deep geopressured basinal areas being relatively ?dry? i.e., without significant moveable water. A better understanding of the nature and occurrence of the water problem is necessary to avoid producing unacceptably large quantities of unwanted water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report summarizes the first year's progress of a field study on the reclamation, geotechnical, engineering and elemental release or leaching characteristics of retorted Kentucky oil shale and related materials. The retorted oil shale was derived from a pilot plant test conducted by Dravo Engineers, Inc., in their circular traveling grate retort. The shale was mined in Montgomery County, Kentucky, where the field research site is also located. Geochemical research at the site is centered around the field determination of the compaction characteristics of the spent oil shale and raw crushing fines mixtures using mining equipment. Reclamation research at the site includes experiments to evaluate the potential of oil shale overburden materials to serve as soil substitutes; the use of oil shales as soil amendments; and the fertilizer requirements for oil shale spoil reclamation. To date, ten reclamation plots have been constructed. First year seeding failed due to late planting and early drought. Second year activities included re-tilling and re-planting the plots. An excellent stand of grass has been developed on the plots. The purpose of the leaching study is to determine the chemical composition of waters which come in contact with the spent oil shale and determine their characteristics for acid or toxic elemental release. Two large four-chambered concrete lysimeters were constructed and fitted with tubing to collect leachate at various points within the lysimeters. The lysimeters have been filled with spent oil shale and various configurations of soils and overburden materials. Collection of samples began in 1984 after the materials were saturated by natural precipitation. Although it is too early for an extensive evaluation, leachates from the spent shale are very acidic and contain elevated trace element concentrations. 25 refs., 21 figs., 2 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Work proceeded this quarter mainly under three program tasks. Under Task 1.0, work was started on preparing a description of the reference Steam Injection System. It is planned to lay out the plant in power unit trains rated at a nominal 100 MW(e). Under Task 2.0, work continued on anode, cathode, current collector, and electrolyte tile development and stack design and analysis. Corrosion test results of various current collector materials after 3500 hours exposure are reported. Sintering data at 6000 hours were obtained on twelve different material samples tested to evaluate the effects of chromium and ceramic addition to state-of-the-art and in-house fabricated electrodes. The 6000 hour data showed no change in porosity or pore distribution from the 5000 hour data. The electrolysis-plated ceramic plaques demonstrated good stability and porosities. Two cells containing dual porosity anodes using all metal-plated-ceramic material, were tested. Although testing was terminated due to cracked tiles, the cell results are encouraging for the experimental anodes. Under Task 4.0, work continued on installation and debugging of the atmospheric bench scale single cell test facility, and operation of a cell started on April 20, 1982. Progress is detailed. (WHK)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The application of high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) to shale oil has been shown by the authors to be an effective method for the removal of solid particles from these hydrocarbon streams. Typical ash removal results indicated that the solids concentration was reduced by 90-100% in several different types of shale oils and that temperature effects can be significant. Similar studies of coal and other synthetic fuels have demonstrated the usefulness of this technique in removing inorganic particulates, such as iron sulfides and pyrite, from liquid hydrocarbon streams. The application of magnetic separation methods to coal-derived liquids has been prompted by the large concentrations of iron containing compounds present in coal ash. By comparison, the mineral matter composition of most oil shales is not as rich in iron. However, the iron composition appears to be fairly evenly distributed enabling even very small solid particles to be efficiently separated from shale oil streams.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- On March 25, 1983 Mr. Allan Sattler requested Core Laboratories to perform Special Core Analysis on core material recovered from the subject wells. This work is part of the Western Gas Sands Project sponsored by the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The effects of pyrolysis conditions and coal type on the nature of water-soluble organic effluents have been investigated using a small pyrolysis reactor system and a variety of atmospheres and pressures. The reactor is capable of a maximum heating rate of 45/sup 0/C/min and a maximum furnace temperature of 1100/sup 0/C. Variables examined include: (1) particle size, (2) maximum temperature, (3) time at temperature, (4) heating rate, (5) pressure, and (6) effect of atmosphere. Comparisons were made between the yields of water-soluble organic effluents produced from pyrolysis of coal samples under two different atmospheres and those obtained from Great Plains Gasification Plant gas liquor condensate. Results indicated that it may be possible to predict the gas liquor composition of a particular coal in a moving burden or ''fixed bed''gasifier, such as a Lurgi dry ash gasifier, system. Four different lithologic layers have been identified in the Freedom Mine which supplies the lignite for the Great Plains Gasification plant in Beulah, North Dakota. The layers were identified on the basis of readily observable megascopic characteristics including luster, fracture characteristics and the presence of clay and silt zones. Lignite sampled from each of the four layers has been pyrolyzed in a bench-scale reactor system designed to simulate the production of gas liquor condensate from the pyrolysis of an actual gasifier. The yields of water-soluble organic effluents from each of the layers were found to differ significantly, particularly the yields of phenol, cresol, and catechol. Thus, by selective mining and/or blending of coal from different layers, gasifier performance may be improved. 7 refs., 5 figs., 12 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The preparation of this volume has been prompted by the many sincere questions propounded by engineers skilled in their profession but unfamiliar with radio frequency phenomena, and by the consciousness that the technical literature concerning the basic principles of radio frequency heating is extremely meager.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In February 1983, the U.S. Department of Energy identified the Yucca Mountain site in Nevada as one of nine potentially acceptable sited for a mined geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. The site is in the Great basin, which is one of five distinct geohydrologic settings considered for the first repository. To determine their suitability, the Yucca mountain site and the eight other potentially acceptable sites have been evaluated in accordance with the DOE's General Guidelines for the Recommendation of Sites for the Nuclear Waste Repositories. These evaluations were reported in draft environmental assessments, which were issued for public review and comment. After considering the comments received on the draft EAs, the DOE prepared the final EAs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Isothermal and nonisothermal pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on Asphalt Ridge tar sand. Oil produced from the isothermal experiments has a molecular weight of approximately 250 and has a hydrogen to carbon ratio between 1.7 and 1.9. Product oil composition varies slightly with reaction time. Results of thin layer chromatographic separation of the residual bitumen show that the concentrations of saturates and aromatics in this bitumen decrease rapidly with increasing reaction time, while the concentrations of aromatics and polars in this bitumen increase. Polars and polynuclear aromatics are the dominant species in this bitumen. Nonisothermal data have been analyzed using a distributed activation energy technique. These tests show a distinct bimodal weight loss curve. The low temperature weight loss peak has a maximum about 275/sup 0/C (527/sup 0/F) and a first order apparent activation energy below 10 kcal/mol. The high temperature peak has a maximum above 400/sup 0/C (752/sup 0/F) and an apparent activation energy of about 60 kcal/mol. 12 refs., 11 figs., 8 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The 6-inch ANSI Class 600 Fabri-Valve Knife Gate Valve (METC SOA Test Valve No. A-11) accumulated 313 cycles in the Valve Static Test Unit (VSTU) and 684 cycles in the Valve Dynamic Test Unit (VDTU). Following modifications, METC SOA Test Valve No. A-11R accumulated 1699 cycles in the VSTU and 1392 cycles in the VDTU. The test valve satisfactorily completed all static test runs conducted at 70/sup 0/F (ambient), 300/sup 0/F, and 600/sup 0/F. During the initial dynamic tests using limestone as the test medium, internal leakage rates exceeded the maximum allowable rate. Excessive leakage occurred due to solids accumulation in the seat area, preventing proper closure. Following the addition of the seat purge system, this problem was eliminated. However, subsequent testing in the VDTU revealed excessive leakage rates once again. The problem appeared to have been caused by improper alignment of the gate and seat. With appropriate modifications, the Fabri-Valve Knife Gate Valve could have potential for use in solids-discharge lockhopper service.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Pilot Hole ""X"" was drilled to test the formations through which the ventilation shaft for the proposed U.S.B.M. demonstration oil shale mine will be drilled. Five permeability tests were performed at various stratigraphic levels within this hole. The test method used was that of pumping fluids out of the hole for three hours, using the air lift method, followed by a three-hour period where the recharge was observed. Transmissivity and permeability results were determined from these test data. The test procedure used is described and supporting data for the hydrologic tests are provided."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report summarizes the characterization work performed on approximately 60 feet of 3-1/2 inch diameter core retrieved from the EGSP-New York No. 3 well in Steuben County. Information provided in previous reports by Cliffs Minerals, Inc. includes a definitive lithologic description and tabulated fracture data resulting from detailed core examinations, and stratigraphic interpretations as indicated in the core and on geophysical logs. Plane of weakness orientations stemming from a program of physical properties testing are also summarized. Core retrieval was performed on July 26, 1980. The core was cut from the lower part of the Rhinestreet Shale Member of the West Falls Formation. Physical properties tests of point load induced fractures and pretest fracture orientations suggest preferred orientations of fracturing in the Rhinestreet Shale, as follows: the preferred direction of fracturing for the Rhinestreet Shale is N90/sup 0/E - 15/sup 0/ with a possible secondary preferred direction of N60/sup 0/W - 15/sup 0/ as indicated by the point load tests and N0/sup 0/E - 15/sup 0/ from the small number of pretest fractures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The work completed during this quarter of December 1, 1986 through February 28, 1987 is on ""The Development of a Reservoir Simulator for Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil/Tar Sands in the Presence of Gas Hydrates"" reviewed in the following pages. The concepts used in the fundamental gas hydrate dissociation model have been extended and generalized to develop a r-z mathematical model simulating the injection of steam in layered hydrate oil configurations. The model accounts for heat transfer to the hydrate zone by both conduction and convection and treats oil as a two component mixture to allow solution gas and steam distillation. The flow equations, mass balance equations, heat transfer equations and boundary conditions have been converted to fully implicit finite difference equations. A numerical procedure, using Newton-Raphson method was developed to solve the set of difference equations."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This project is intended to enhance the ability to use seismic data for the determination of rock and fluid properties through an improved understanding of the physics underlying the relationships between seismic attributes and formation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the National Geologic Map Database site: "Geology of the Ewing quadrangle, Kentucky and Virginia"1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An Assessment of the Oil Resource Base of the United States, Oil Resources Panel, October 19921Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report illustrates the power of the new stochastic optimization and stochastic programming capabilities developed around the ASPEN simulator in solving various types of design and analysis problems for advanced energy systems. A case study is presented for the Lurgi air-blown dry ash gasifier IGCC system. In addition the stochastic optimization capability can also be used for off-line quality control. The methodology is presented in the context of a simple gas turbine combustor flowsheet.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Energy International is a leader in catalyst and process development as it relates to Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) technology. Through this activity, a concept evolved for a new technique for capturing the fuel value in the associated natural gas contained in crude oil. In the new concept, the dissolved natural gas would be processed via F-T technology to produce light hydrocarbons that would then, in one manifestation of this concept, be redissolved in the crude oil to produce a lighter crude than the original, containing all of the natural gas, but with the vapor pressure of the crude lowered to an acceptable level via the conversion process. This technique would be of particular interest in those instances where the alternative methods of collecting and utilizing the associated natural gas were expensive. A study of the application of this technology was undertaken by EI with support from the DOE.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A primary objective of the Institute for Energy Research (IER)-Santa Fe Snyder Corporation DOE Riverton Dome project is to test the validity of a new conceptual model and resultant exploration paradigm for so-called ''basin center''gas accumulations. This paradigm and derivative exploration strategy suggest that the two most important elements crucial to the development of prospects in the deep, gas-saturated portions of Rocky Mountain Laramide Basins (RMLB) are (1) the determination and, if possible, three-dimensional evaluation of the pressure boundary between normal and anomalous pressure regimes (i.e., this boundary is typically expressed as a significant inversion in both sonic and seismic velocity-depth profiles) , and (2) the detection and delineation of porosity/permeability ''sweet spots''(i.e., areas of enhanced storage capacity and deliverability) in potential reservoir targets below this boundary. There are other critical aspects in searching for basin center gas accumulations, but completion of these two tasks is essential to the successful exploration for the unconventional gas resources present in anomalously pressured rock/fluid systems in the Rocky Mountain Laramide Basins. The southern Wind River Basin, in particular the Riverton Dome and Emigrant areas, is a neat location for testing this exploration paradigm. Preliminary work within the Wind River Basin has demonstrated that there is a regionally prominent pressure surface boundary that can be detected by inversions in sonic velocity depth gradients in individual well log profiles and that can be seen as a velocity inversion on seismic lines. Also, the Wind River Basin in general--and the Riverton Dome area specially--is characterized by a significant number of anomalously pressured gas accumulations. Most importantly, Santa Fe Snyder Corporation has provided the study with sonic logs, two 3-D seismic studies (40 mi{sup 2} and 30 mi {sup 2}) and a variety of other necessary geological and geophysical information.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This application was developed within the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) work plan. It calculates the oxygen surface exchange coefficient (k) and oxygen diffusion coefficient (D) for an oxide sample using electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) data. The tool also produces a heat map showing the associated uncertainty in fitting the ECR data for given pairs of k and D values, so the user can determine the most likely range of k and D values for the tested values. Multiple datasets for the same material can be plotted to decrease uncertainty. The tool can also simulate ECR curves for inputted k and D values and overlay the simulated curves with experimental data for comparison.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- 1. Determine experimentally the minimum flow rates for water and air that guarantee the hole cleaning while drilling horizontal and near horizontal sections. 2. Develop charts that help to establish minimum requirements of air and water injection rates to plan drilling of high angle and horizontal sections, using air-water system as drilling fluid (see Fig. 1)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Mississippian carbonate reservoirs have produced in excess of 1 billion barrels of oil in Kansas accounting for over 16% of the state's production. With declining production from other age reservoirs, the contribution of Mississippian reservoirs to Kansas's oil production has risen to 43% as of 2004. However, solution-enhanced features such as vertical shale intervals extending from the karst erosional surface at the top introduce complexities/compartmentalizations in Mississippian carbonate reservoirs. Coupled with this, strong water drives charge many of these reservoirs resulting in limited drainage from vertical wells due to high water cuts after an initial period of low water production. Moreover, most of these fields are operated by small independent operators without access to the knowledge bank of modern research in field characterization and exploitation/development practices. Thus, despite increasing importance of Mississippian fields to Kansas production, these fields are beset with low recovery factors and high abandonment rates leaving significant resources in the ground. Worldwide, horizontal infill wells have been successful in draining compartmentalized reservoirs with limited pressure depletion. The intent of this project was to demonstrate the application of horizontal wells to successfully exploit the remaining potential in mature Mississippian fields of the mid-continent. However, it is of critical importance that for horizontal wells to be economically successful, they must be selectively targeted. This project demonstrated the application of initial and secondary screening methods, based on publicly available data, to quickly shortlist fields in a target area for detailed studies to evaluate their potential to infill horizontal well applications. Advanced decline curve analyses were used to estimate missing well-level production data and to verify if the well produced under unchanging bottom-hole conditions--two commonly occurring data constraints afflicting mature Mississippian fields. A publicly accessible databank of representative petrophysical properties and relationships was developed to overcome the paucity of such data that is critical to modeling the storage and flow in these reservoirs. Studies in 3 Mississippian fields demonstrated that traditional reservoir models built by integrating log, core, DST, and production data from existing wells on 40-acre spacings are unable to delineate karst-induced compartments, thus making 3D-seismic data critical to characterize these fields. Special attribute analyses on 3D data were shown to delineate reservoir compartments and predict those with pay porosities. Further testing of these techniques is required to validate their applicability in other Mississippian reservoirs. This study shows that detailed reservoir characterization and simulation on geomodels developed by integrating wireline log, core, petrophysical, production and pressure, and 3D-seismic data enables better evaluation of a candidate field for horizontal infill applications. In addition to reservoir compartmentalization, two factors were found to control the economic viability of a horizontal infill well in a mature Mississippian field: (a) adequate reservoir pressure support, and (b) an average well spacing greater than 40-acres.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Research was conduced on pretreatment and biological treatment of METC gas producer wastewaters. During this first year of effort, approximately 1500 gallons of gas producer wastewater was provided to the University of Pittsburgh. Wastewater was pretreated by a linkage of operations which included one stage cold or two stage hot ammonia stripping, judicious pH adjustment followed by chemical coagulation and flocculation, and aerobic biological processing at 1 day detention time. The overall objective of research was to document and demonstrate the capabilities of a properly designed aerobic biological system for the stable treatment of fixed bed gas producer wastewaters. A comprehensive flow sheet design based upon laboratory derived parameters is included for the treatment of METC gas producer wastewaters. The observations of difficulties which may accrue in the commercial scale operation of a wastewater treatment train are the result of approximately one year of continuous steady state operation of physical, chemical and biological systems for the treatment of such gasifier wastewater. Suggestions are made as to the capabilities and limits of such processing schemes for wastewater treatment. For tertiary treatment, preliminary data are presented on the ozonation of pretreated and biologically treated gasifier wastewaters both with and without the use of activated carbon. Preliminary chemical data are also presented from GC/Mass Spec determinations of acid and base extractable portions of wastewaters at various sampling locations within the pretreatment and biological treatment scheme.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project is to demonstrate the value of elastic-wavefield seismic stratigraphy, a new seismic interpretation science based on the principles that: All modes of an elastic wavefield have equal value for studying subsurface geology. One wave mode of a multicomponent (i.e., elastic) seismic wavefield often reveals depositional sequences and depositional facies across a stratigraphic interval that cannot be detected with the other modes of that wavefield.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Advanced Cuttings Transport Study (ACTS) was a 5-year JIP project undertaken at the University of Tulsa (TU). The project was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and JIP member companies. The objectives of the project were: (1) to develop and construct a new research facility that would allow three-phase (gas, liquid and cuttings) flow experiments under ambient and EPET (elevated pressure and temperature) conditions, and at different angle of inclinations and drill pipe rotation speeds; (2) to conduct experiments and develop a data base for the industry and academia; and (3) to develop mechanistic models for optimization of drilling hydraulics and cuttings transport. This project consisted of research studies, flow loop construction and instrumentation development. Following a one-year period for basic flow loop construction, a proposal was submitted by TU to the DOE for a five-year project that was organized in such a manner as to provide a logical progression of research experiments as well as additions to the basic flow loop. The flow loop additions and improvements included: (1) elevated temperature capability; (2) two-phase (gas and liquid, foam etc.) capability; (3) cuttings injection and removal system; (4) drill pipe rotation system; and (5) drilling section elevation system. In parallel with the flow loop construction, hydraulics and cuttings transport studies were preformed using drilling foams and aerated muds. In addition, hydraulics and rheology of synthetic drilling fluids were investigated. The studies were performed under ambient and EPET conditions. The effects of temperature and pressure on the hydraulics and cuttings transport were investigated. Mechanistic models were developed to predict frictional pressure loss and cuttings transport in horizontal and near-horizontal configurations. Model predictions were compared with the measured data. Predominantly, model predictions show satisfactory agreements with the measured data. As a part of this project, instrumentation was developed to monitor cuttings beds and characterize foams in the flow loop. An ultrasonic-based monitoring system was developed to measure cuttings bed thickness in the flow loop. Data acquisition software controls the system and processes the data. Two foam generating devices were designed and developed to produce foams with specified quality and texture. The devices are equipped with a bubble recognition system and an in-line viscometer to measure bubble size distribution and foam rheology, respectively. The 5-year project is completed. Future research activities will be under the umbrella of Tulsa University Drilling Research Projects. Currently the flow loop is being used for testing cuttings transport capacity of aqueous and polymer-based foams under elevated pressure and temperature conditions. Subsequently, the effect of viscous sweeps on cuttings transport under elevated pressure and temperature conditions will be investigated using the flow loop. Other projects will follow now that the ''steady state''phase of the project has been achieved.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Molecular modeling of water and cation transport in clay mineral nanopores, and a method of obtaining electrical conductivity values from the simulated diffusion coefficients. This method predicts electrical conductivity values for brines and clay phases to aid in the interpretation of well log data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Underground coal gasification (UCG) is about to undergo some tests. The tests will be conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in a coal seam owned by Washington Irrigation and Development Co. A much-improved UCG system has been developed by Stephens and his associates at LLNL - the controlled retracting injection point (CRIP) method. Pritchard Corp., Kansas City, has done some conceptual process design and has further studied the feasibility of using the raw gas from a UCG burn as a feedstock for methanol synthesis and/or MTG gasoline. Each method was described. (DP)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A kinetic study of two mixed-metal oxide sorbents (zinc ferrite and zinc titanate) was conducted to obtain kinetic data at the temperatures and pressures typically encountered in coal gasifiers. These sorbents are used to remove H/sub 2/S from the hot coal- derived gases and can be subsequently regenerated for use in a cyclical operation. The qualitative behavior of zinc titanate was found to be quite similar. Sulfidation kinetic rate increased with H/sub 2/S concentration, slightly increased with temperature, increased with pressure at a constant H/sub 2/S mol fraction with pressure at a constant H/sub 2/S partial pressure, and increased with decreasing pellet diameter. The regeneration rates of both zinc ferrite and zinc titanate increased with temperature, O/sub 2/ concentration, and pressure at a constant O/sub 2/ mole fraction. The formation of zinc sulfate was found to be significant during regeneration of zinc ferrite at sufficiently low temperatures, high pressures, and high O/sub 2/ concentrations. Reducing gas concentrations of 65-75% (H/sub 2/ CO) simulating the output from the Texaco gasifier operated in the oxygen-blown mode were used to assess the impact on sorbent performance. The shrinking core kinetic model was found to fit the experimental data very well. Correlations were made using a priori estimates of all parameters including diffusivity and mass transfer coefficients. Quantitative agreement was best obtained by treating the diffusivity term and/or the mass transfer term as best fit parameters. 22 refs., 69 figs., 18 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Anadarko basin hydraulic test models. (a) Discontinuum model. (b) Variable-aperture model. Note inferred (fracture) connection between Wells 2 and 5.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A multimillion-dollar effort is moving ahead to understand how the proposed Alaska gas pipeline project would change the physical, economic, social and cultural environments along the line's path through the state. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionis leading the environmental review of the $32 billion to $41 billion project that would pipe 4.5 billion cubic feet a day of North Slope natural gas through Canada to the Lower 48.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This annual report has been prepared to present the status of the Pinon Pine Project, a nominal 107 MWe (gross) coal-fired integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant addition to Sierra Pacific Power Company`s (SPPCo) system. This project will also serve as a demonstration project cost-shared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and SPPCo under DOE`s Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Program. The goal of the CCT Program is to demonstrate advanced coal utilization technologies that are energy efficient, reliable and able to achieve substantial reductions in emissions as compared with existing coal technologies. The Pinon Pine Project will demonstrate an IGCC system utilizing the Kellogg-Rust-Westinghouse (KRW) fluidized-bed gasification process operating in an air-blown mode with in-bed desulfurization and hot gas clean-up with a western bituminous coal as the design fuel. Testing will also be performed on a high-sulfur eastern coal. The Pinon Pine Project will be constructed and operated at SPPCo`s Tracy Power Station, an existing power generation facility located on a rural 724-acre plot approximately 17 miles east of Reno, NV. This new unit will be designated as Tracy Unit No. 4. SPPCo, the project participant, has contracted with the Foster Wheeler USA Corporation (FW USA) for the overall project management, engineering, procurement and construction of the project. FW USA in turn has subcontracted with The M.W. Kellogg Company (MWK) for the engineering and procurement of key components for the Gasifier Island.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The major objective of this effort is to develop modeling tools for effectively engaging stakeholders and formulating allocation and implementation plans that can be used nationwide and that are accepted by regulators and stakeholders.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The northern Gulf of Mexico hosts numerous seafloor (<7m subbottom) occurrences of gas hydrate. The seafloor is dominated by salt-tectonic basin structures, high sedimentation rates (about 40 cm/yr), and complex late Neogene stratigraphy with common seafloor failures. Natural oil and gas seeps are abundant, usually associated with fault conduits resulting in numerous hydrocarbon vents, often capped by gas hydrate when the seeps are within the hydrate stability zone.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The rate of reaction between a solid and a gas can be substantially slowed when accompanied by an outward bulk flow of a nonreacting gas. Such gas may be generated by an independent decomposition reaction involving a second solid. The effect of the latter is analyzed theoretically. We have developed a useful approximate method of solution that makes the numerical solution of a second-order differential equation unnecessary. The approximate solution is especially useful in the analysis of multiparticle systems with a wide size distribution.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this proposal is to develop water management methods and technologies that reduce demands for freshwater, reduce environmental impact, and ensure supplies of water for well drilling and completion for natural gas development in the Barnett Shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Key Findings: Monte Carlo approach looking a uncertainty in system parameters (e.g., geology and well leakage parameters) and impact to groundwater. For all but the highest leakage scenarios, leakage was well below the threshold set by the IPCC and proxy indicators of pH and TDS were low. NRAP Tools: NRAP-IAM-CS Location: Ordos Basin, China  1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents a detailed analysis of the development of miscibility during gas cycling in condensates and the formation of condensate banks at the leading edge of the displacement front. Dispersion-free, semi-analytical one-dimensional (1D) calculations are presented for enhanced condensate recovery by gas injection. The semi-analytical approach allows investigation of the possible formation of condensate banks (often at saturations that exceed the residual liquid saturation) and also allows fast screening of optimal injection gas compositions. We describe construction of the semi-analytical solutions, a process which differs in some ways from related displacements for oil systems. We use an analysis of key equilibrium tie lines that are part of the displacement composition path to demonstrate that the mechanism controlling the development of miscibility in gas condensates may vary from first-contact miscible drives to pure vaporizing and combined vaporizing/condensing drives. Depending on the compositions of the condensate and the injected gas, multicontact miscibility can develop at the dew point pressure, or below the dew point pressure of the reservoir fluid mixture. Finally, we discuss the possible impact on performance prediction of the formation of a mobile condensate bank at the displacement front in near-miscible gas cycling/injection schemes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A blog from Penn State that focuses on legal developments related to natural gas and Marcellus shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This final technical report summarizes the results of the work done in this project. The main objective was to quantify rock microstructures and their effects in terms of elastic impedances in order to quantify the seismic signatures of microstructures. Acoustic microscopy and ultrasonic measurements were used to quantify microstructures and their effects on elastic impedances in sands and shales. The project led to the development of technologies for quantitatively interpreting rock microstructure images, understanding the effects of sorting, compaction and stratification in sediments, and linking elastic data with geologic models to estimate reservoir properties. For the public, ultimately, better technologies for reservoir characterization translates to better reservoir development, reduced risks, and hence reduced energy costs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A major component of the Eastern Gas Shales Project being conducted by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is the development and evaluation of new and refined stimulation techniques which might be suitable for stimulating Devonian shale wells. As part of the EGSP stimulation development program, several dynamic stimulation techniques employing combinations of explosives and/or propellants are being evaluated through a series of mineback experiments at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). As the experiments being conducted at the NTS are being carried out in one of the volcanic tuff formations found at the site, a complete evaluation of the field-test results will require an adequate knowledge of the mechanical properties of the tuff rock. Several of the research firms and agencies participating in the EGSP have or will conduct calculations to simulate certain aspects of the stimulation treatments being evaluated at the NTS. Science Applications, as one of the firms conducting these evaluations, is employing explicit finite difference programs to simulate in both 1-D and 2-D calculations the various stimulation treatments being evaluated. The proper execution of these calculations requires that suitable material properties be available on the NTS tuff. As the existing data base on the mechanical properties of NTS tuff is limited, it has been necessary to carefully review existing data on the tuff and to generate additional data as required. The review, experiments and evaluation which have been conducted have resulted in the following principle conclusions: ? The yield surface defined by triaxial experiments for the G-Tunnel tuff is significantly lower from that defined for other tuff beds at the NTS. ? Direct-pull tensile strength data obtained within this testing program compares favorably with that obtained by Sandia on the same tuff bed. ? The tensile strength of this rock, although quite variable, is moderately low with values on the order of 1.6 MPa being typical.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The Bureau of Mines investigated the influence of a free gas saturation on oil recovery by water drive. A digital computer was used to calculate the combined oil recovery from solution-gas drive to various states of depletion. Results of these calculations are compared and optimum conditions for the maximum oil recovery are found for various fluid-rock systems. For most of the fluid-rock systems, the calculations show an optimum gas saturation other than zero."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Stacking chart display of the RMS amplitudes of the event at 2.2 seconds on line 2. CDP number for any trace is the sum of the source and receiver numbers.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A computerized bibliographic data base has been developed by Western Research Institute for storage and retrieval of literature references pertinent to trace elements in oil shale and its products. It provides a means to assist researchers obtain oil shale trace element literature references in their specific area of interest. Over 500 references have been obtained and evaluated. Three hundred and seventy five of these references have been entered in the data base. They may be retrieved on several combinations of topics. 3 figures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- For the past decade, the Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored projects to develop diesel and gas turbine engines capable of operating on low-cost, coal-based fuels. Much of the current work addresses the use of coal-water fuel (CWF) in diesel and turbines, although there is some work with dry coal feed and other coal fuels. Both the diesel and gas turbine portions of the program include proof-of-concept and support projects. Specific highlights of the program include: engine tests and economic analyses have shown that CWF can replace 70% of the diesel oil used in the duty cycle of a typical main-line locomotive; A. D. Little and Cooper-Bessemer completed a system and economic study of coal-fueled diesel engines for modular power and industrial cogeneration markets. The coal-fueled diesel was found to be competitive at fuel oil prices of $5.50 per million British thermal units (MBtu,7557 ); Over 200 hours of testing have been completed using CWF in full-scale, single-cylinder diesel engines. Combustion efficiencies have exceeded 99%; Both CWF and dry coal fuel forms can be burned in short residence time in-line''combustors and in off-base''combustors with a combustion efficiency of over 99%; Rich/lean combustion systems employed by the three major DOE contractors have demonstrated low NO{sub x} emmissions levels; Contractors have also achieved promising results for controlling sulfur oxide (SO{sub x}) emissions using calcium-based sorbents; Slagging combustors have achieved between 65 and 95% slag capture, which will limit particulate loading on pre-turbine cleanup devices. For many of the gas turbine and diesel applications emission standards do not exist. Our goal is to develop coal-fueled diesels and gas turbines that not only meet all applicable emission standards that do exist, but also are capable of meeting possible future standards. 34 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- High temperature coal gas chloride cleanup for molten carbonate fuel cell applications: Final reportThe use was investigated of natural minerals and commercial sorbents to remove HCl vapor contaminant from high temperature coal gas mixtures used for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. Sodium carbonate-based sorbents can reduce the level of HCl to about 1 ppM in coal gas streams at 535 to 650/sup 0/C. In the laboratory-scale phase of this study of three minerals and two commercial sorbents, the total capacity of the sorbent for retaining HCl was found to depend on its sodium content and porosity. The mineral nahcolite after calcinatin was found to have a capacity of 54 wt % chloride because of its high sodium content and moderate porosity. Although commercial sorbents have high surface areas, they had much lower chloride capacities because of their low sodium content. The reaction between HCl vapor and the sorbents was rapid and the initial rate was controlled by gas phase mass transfer. The bench scale phase of this study conducted with simulated ''simple''coal gas containing only HCl as an impurity and a ''complex''coal gas containing H/sub 2/S, organic, and trace metal impurities in addition to HCl confirmed the results of the laboratory study. H/sub 2/S was captured by the sorbents only in minor quantities and it did not interfere with the chloride removal. Arsenic and antimony were the trace metal impurities significantly retained by the sorbents. Preliminary techno-economic analysis of the HCl removal process identified nahcolite as the most economic sorbent. Capital and operating costs for a 100-MWe commercial size unit were estimated to range from $0.0017 to $0.0031 per kWh depending on the type of gasifier.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership has put into place a Web-based decision support system (DSS) to assist its research team in developing and assessing a wide range of sequestration opportunities for the PCOR Partnership region. The DSS is a central repository for the characterization information that is being collected through the project tasks. It allows the PCOR Partnership to browse, query, analyze, and download data regarding CO2 sequestration in the PCOR Partnership region. Outputs from the DSS will be used in the PCOR Partnership model during the identification of CO2 sequestration opportunities.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The primary objective of this project was to improve the LAMP code by adding transient and nonlinear analysis capability for investigation the thermo-mechanical responses associated with underground coal conversion (UCC). In particular, this study entailed (i) the determination of transient-nonlinear and steady-state temperature profiles from the energy balance equation for a selected cavity configuration and (ii) the evaluation of the associated displacements and stresses induced by thermal and in situ loading. A nonlinear constitutive law is used and interface elements are introduced for a more realistic modeling. This program supplements an ongoing contract with the Department of Energy which has the specific objectives of studying 2-D and 3-D subsidence histories, stable cavity configurations, thermal crack propagation, and design guidelines for UCC applications. Subsidiary objectives of this program included the transfer of technology to staff from Gulf R. and D. by means of frequent interaction and graduate student input. The computer program HEAT is written primarily for UCC applications. However, the program can be applied to various other problems such as steady-state or transient convective diffusion (or mass transport), potential flow, geothermal and any other thermal stress problems. This report outlines model formulations and numerical methods employed in the program HEAT. Input data preparations and formats are shown in detail. Various sample input data and results are provided also."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Environmental Program's key accomplishments during FY 84 included improvement of industrial wastewater treatment effluents and the design and initiation of construction of a wastewater pretreatment facility. In addition, 28,000 gallons of hazardous and potentially hazardous waste were removed from METC and the waste materials from the Laramie North Site were removed. The Safety Program progressed in several areas including safety procedure revisions, safety inspections, and personnel training. Reviews of site safety practices were made with regard to use of safety glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes. Several process safety reviews of Research and Development projects were made by the Safety Office. Industrial Hygiene Program activities included work place health hazard reviews, exposure risk analyses, employee exposure monitoring, employee training, operational procedure development, and emergency protective equipment inspection and maintenance. The Occupational Medicine Program continued its efforts in physical exams, first aid administration, injury and illness investigations, and other routine programs. Significant accomplishments included METC's epidemiology study and the progress made on the medical module of the ES and H data base project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Work on the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project consisted of finalization of design for instrumentation, well spacing, and equipment layout; the beginning of the drilling of injection and production wells; and the finalization of a contract with Stearns Roger Corporation to provide operating personnel for the project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Coal gasification/gas cleanup fuel plants for synthetic fuel applications must be developed within the constraints imposed by dynamic load response to variations in end-use demand arid compliance with environmental regulations. The overall objective of the program is to develop the technology base that is required to permit coal conversion systems to operate within the constraints imposed by end-use applications. The fuel plant performance and component as well as end-use interactions will be characterized in both steady state and dynamic operations. The information required to establish system control logic will be developed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Highlights include reports on: Oil Cracking Kinetics and Diagnostics, Pyrite Oxidation, Stickiness of Retorting Shale, and Visitors to LLNL Oil Shale Project1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A research program to investigate fuel cell performance effects and other implications due to soot formation, particulate deposition, and the effect of ammonia, arsenic, trace metal contaminants, and hydrocarbons is under way. Soot formation caused by simulated fuel under atmospheric operating conditions at 650/sup 0/C was studied both in-cell and out-of-cell. These experiments have shown that molten carbonate wetted surface (e.g., the nickel anode) tend to suppress the Boudouard soot forming reaction as contrasted with non-wetted surfaces. A 0.6% concentration of acetylene contaminant in borderline stable fuel gas was also observed to increase the tendency to soot formation. This indicates that even small amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbon contaminants may be detrimental and steps must be taken to adjust overall fuel gas composition to remain stable for long-term operation. The effect of particulates (using zinc oxide dust) in coal gas was also studied in a bench-scale cell. Even though only 1% of the total zinc passing through the cell was chemically absorbed, this zinc dissolved as Zn-ions in the electrolyte and migrated to the wet seal regions. This may have contributed to some decrease in cell performance. A 1 ppm arsenic concentration in fuel was also fed to another bench-scale cell and this was experimentally identified as the ''safe''limit of exposure for the MCFC without causing any immediate detrimental effects. Other contaminants such as volatile trace metals (which include zinc vapor present in coal-gas from a ZnFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ desulfurizer), have also been surveyed and are being screened by out-of-cell testing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This semi-annual report briefly summarizes the progress since the 1st Annual Report issued September, 2000 and the next annual report. More detailed results will be in the annual reports. The main emphasis on fluid properties was on measurements of the relaxation time and self-diffusion coefficient of ethane and propane. Ethane is similar to methane while propane is more similar to the higher alkanes. The ratio of T1 and T2 is demonstrated to be a function of both viscosity and the NMR frequency. The diffusion-induced T2 in a uniform magnetic gradient was simulated in one dimension to seek improved understanding NMR diffusion in restricted geometry. Analytical solutions can be found for this system if the correct region of validity is used. Estimation of permeability of vuggy carbonates has been problematic because the pore body size does not correlate well with pore throat size. CT scans and CPMG NMR measurements were made on a set of vuggy carbonate rocks.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The National Energy Technology Laboratory’s Research and Innovation Center (NETL-RIC) is developing new methods to provide foundational analytical support that ties accomplishments in the laboratory to results in real-world systems. One objective is to identify the most promising carbon capture technology pathways and attributes in terms of cost, performance, and environmental impact. For example, post-combustion carbon capture research and development (R&D) has been generally focused on three technology pathways (membranes, solvents, and sorbents), which provide options to reduce the energy and cost penalties associated with carbon capture. This research focuses on accelerating the development of efficient cost-effective technologies that meet the programmatic goals for carbon capture: to develop transformational technologies that are ready for demonstration by 2030 and that can achieve 95% carbon dioxide (CO2) purity with a cost of less than $30/tonne of CO2 captured. Development efforts are consistent with the overall goal of reducing the time required to develop new carbon capture technologies.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A comparative study of the oil shales in the US will have very little value unless, from the analyses or assays, definite conclusions can be reached as to the quantity and quality of the petroleum substitutes and by-products that may be produced from each shale. The operator of a prospective oil shale plant desires information that will enable him to predict the quantity and quality of oil and other substances that a commercial plant will produce. These data can only be secured through very comprehensive laboratory tests. This chapter brings out those principles of testing which must be recognized and applied in order that reliable data may be obtained and logical conclusions reached.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This study is limited to an investigation of the behavior of the flows in and near a fracture. The numerical model simulates multicomponent, multiphase, compressible flow through a horizontal two-dimensional porous medium which is bounded on one side by a one-dimensional fracture. The absolute permeability of the fracture is assumed to be much greater than that of the reservoir matrix, resulting in the simplification that flow in the matrix is predominately perpendicular to the fracture face. Flow in the matrix parallel to the fracture is ignored in this model. The fluid system consists of three components in three phases. Component 1 is the injected fluid, e.g., CO/sub 2/, and can exist in any of the three phases - gas, oil, and water. Component 2 is the hydrocarbon component and is assumed to be heavy enough so that it exists only in the oil phase. Component 3 is the aqueous component and is restricted to the water phase. All fluid properties, except viscosity and relative permeability, are assumed to be linear functions of pressure and composition. The temperature of the system is taken as constant and effects due to capillary pressure and gravity are not included. The mathematical formulation is based on a set of molar continuity equations (one per component), the phase equilibrium condition, and a volume conservation equation. Reduction of this system of equations to a single equation in pressure leads to a sequential (implicit pressure-explicit moles) method of solution. In-step iterations are performed to increase the implicitness of the method. The algorithm includes time step control and a volume balance check. A flow chart of the computer code as well as the source code and input and output formats are included in the Appendix. Three sample problems are examined. 20 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains a contour map showing percent sulfur of total G seam.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Progress made on the Long Term Materials Test Program during its first year is summarized and the test planning required to perform the Qualification Test is documented. The objective of the Qualification Test is to check out the proper functioning of the Test Rig and to demonstrate its capability to produce a representative PFB off-gas environment for long term candidate-material testing. During the first year of the program, the project has progressed from the concept stage to the start of construction. Ninety-five percent of the equipment has been ordered and renovations to accommodate the test rig have been initiated at the Malta Site. The initial effort focused on the test rig configuration and selection of the candidate turbine materials. The preliminary design phase was officially culminated by the presentation and acceptance of the Preliminary Operations Plan to DOE during April 1980. By mid-June, 1981, the design of the major components was substantially complete allowing a detailed external design review to be performed. The design was accepted, and purchase orders for the major components were placed. In parallel with the design effort, two materials-screening tests have been initiated. One thousand hours of testing on the oil-fired small burner rig and the first 250-h segment on the erosion/corrosion simulator has been completed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure data from Sleepy Hollow Reagan Unit (SHRU) 86A core collected under IMSCS-HUB Phase II1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Third Biennial Synfuels Wastewater Workshop, sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, has contributed valuable information to the technical data base on pollution control options for the treatment of wastewaters from synfuel facilities. The results of the research presented at this third biennial workshop have added significantly to the data base previously established from the prior workshops under the sponsorship of the Office of Environmental Control Technology, US Department of Energy. The significant finding of this recent workshop is encouraging in that the consensus of opinion was that sufficient information is now available to design and construct a commercial-scale facility, albeit conservatively, which can adequately treat synfuel wastewaters. It was agreed however that some uncertainties still exist with respect to wastewater characterization and the performance of various wastewater treatment processes which could be resolved by further tests at the pilot-scale level. It is hoped that the findings of this workshop will provide guidance for future synfuels wastewater research activities. Areas which were highlighted for continued research include the investigation of innovative wastewater treatment methods (both physicochemical and biological) which can significantly reduce processing costs over conventional treatment schemes; investigation of the effects of stream and sample reliability and representativeness on conceptual design studies and pilot plant operations; more detailed characterization of organic compounds in synfuel condensates; and the determination of potential health and ecological effects of refractory constituents in synfuel wastewaters. Abstracts were prepared for 19 status reports for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This EIS assesses the environmental consequences of five alternatives designed to supply water for energy development, including oil shale, in Uintah County, Utah. The alternatives involve the Utah Division of water resources proposal 1) to construct the White River Damn, reservoir, and hydroelectric power plant; also, 2) no action; 3) pumping from the White River and augmenting from Hell's Hole Canyon Dam; 4) pumping from Green river; 5) pumping from White River and supplementing with water pumped from the Green River. This final EIS may result in amendments to the Bonanza and Rainbow Management Framework Plans.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of this report is to set forth certain data and analyses developed for specific coal formations located in southwestern Wyoming. The report consists of three parts: I) A summary of the regional and local geology, stratigraphy, and coal depositional environments for the Almond and Lower For t Union formations, Salt Wells area, Rock Springs coal field; II) A similar study for a portion of the Adaville formation, Spring Valley District, Kemmerer field, Hams Fork coal region; and III) A geostatistical analysis which, among other things yields an estimate of coal thickness and area, together with the computer software used to determine these values. Appendices containing laboratory analyses of coal samples, geophysical logs, lithologic descriptions, and geostatistical computer plots are included in each part. Plates, Figures, and Tables are numbered consecutively in each part.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- U.S. Department of Energy oil research programs have underpinned America's petroleum technology leadership for decades. Some of the most important exploration and production technology advances of the past century had their roots in research programs conducted under DOE/NETL or predecessor organizations. A sampling of those advances includes the first: ? Waterflood research (1920s). ? Mud-pulse telemetry paving the way for downhole data gathering (1970s). ? Chemical enhanced oil recovery (1970s). ? Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drillbits now one third of the market (1980s). ? Through-casing resistivity tool, for downhole logging (1990s). ? Cross-well seismic, for subsurface imaging (1990s). ? Three-phase relative permeability measurement (1990s). ? 4-D seismic imaging (2000s). ? Borehole seismic instruments (2000s).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Resource and reserves estimation methodology for conventional oil and gas reservoirs is based in large part on the historic precedent of geologic and engineering evaluation over the last 150 years. Conversely, the methods used for shale gas reservoirs are recently developed and still evolving. Gas shale formations display complex reservoir characteristics, including free and adsorbed gas, natural fractures, and very low matrix permeability. These characteristics vary significantly vertically and laterally within shale reservoirs, controlled by both depositional setting and subsequent burial and tectonic history. During early stages of a shale gas development program, critical data are required to fully assess the gas in place (resources) and the potential for economic recovery of that gas (reserves). These data, including formation geometry, porosity, organic content and composition, gas sorption, and reservoir pressure, are used by the geologist to begin to understand the static reservoir structure. Stochastic techniques are often employed to populate the static geologic model of the exploration area. Subsequent data obtained from completion and production operations begin to define the dynamic reservoir structure, including completed reservoir volume and flow dynamics. Combining traditional deterministic forecasting techniques (analog, volumetric, decline curve) with more specialized methods (shale gas specific analytic and simulation models) provides an initial understanding of reservoir performance and ultimate recovery. Awareness of the reservoir and reservoir property continuity is critical for assessing with reasonable certainty the extent and viability of this continuous play within and outside of the initial exploration area. Assessing developed plays again relies on a combined stochastic/deterministic approach; however, in this more data-rich setting the geologist will rely on a more deterministic approach for evaluating the changing static and dynamic conditions within the reservoir. From this evaluation, production regions/compartments within the continuous deposit are defined. Production analysis and forecasting at this stage often use a stochastic approach, in part because of the abundant production data and the known variability inherent in shale gas production. Understanding production variability in light of the static and dynamic reservoir conditions can further satisfy the reasonable certainty criteria required for reserves estimation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Information is given on the design of distributor plates and opening geometry to provide uniform flow over the reactor area. The design of granular bed filters is also considered. Pressure drops and particle size in the bed are discussed. (LTN)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Implementation of the work program of Budget Period 2 of the East Binger Unit (?EBU?) DOE Project continues. Major development work planned for the project includes the drilling of three horizontal production and one vertical injection wells, the conversion of five wells from production to injection service, and the expansion of injection capacity at the nitrogen management facility. Other work items include initiation of project monitoring and continued reservoir simulation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- PDF and shapefile maps and data depicting the coal fields of the conterminous United States. Includes coal production data, coal type rankings, coal ages, and other information.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In 1978, field and laboratory studies were initiated to assess the technical feasibility of underground coal gasification in the fruitland coal field located in northwest New Mexico. Participants in the project include University of New Mexico, Public Service Company of New Mexico, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Science Applications, Inc. A site has been selected and preliminary characterization has begun. Field activities include coring, logging, hydrologic testing and water sampling. Laboratory studies have been initiated to measure the distribution overburden, under burden and coal ion exchange constants for selected ions. The results from these activities are reported along with the laboratory analysis of water samples from both the underground coal conversion site and throughout the region. Extensive hydrologic studies of the entire region are being performed by the Bureau of Land management and the U.S. Geological Survey to assess the nature and availability of water in this region to aid energy development. These regional findings will also be discussed and their impact on underground coal conversion assessed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In October 1979, US Department of Energy successfully completed an underground coal gasification (UCG) field test in eastern bituminous coal near Pricetown, WV. The field test consisted of three major phases: (1) reverse combustion linkage, (2) link enhancement, and (3) gasification. During the gasification phase, gas with an average heating value of 121 BTU/scf was produced, which resulted in an average energy production of 346 BTU/day. Environmental surveys were performed to study the effect of the test on air and water quality. Water was monitored periodically at and near the site in streams, shallow wells, and deep wells before, during, and after the test. Ambient air was monitored continuously over the same period. Between September 12 and October 9, 1979, chemical changes occurred in the groundwater during high-pressure air injection as a result of a casing rupture in a production/injection well 205 feet below ground level. The water monitoring program effectively detected the contamination excursion and followed the deep migration of pollutants. A mass balance model was developed and used for analyzing the test data. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional thermodynamic models were developed to determine the cavity growth during UCG. The cavity growth at the end of gasification was predicted using the 3-D models and was confirmed by the field test data. Two major problems were encountered in the Pricetown I test. The first was related to restricted flow through the linked paths due to the production and buildup of tars and oils in situ. This problem was eliminated by reversing the flow of air alternately until the substances were burned away and the normal passage was restored. The other was related to aquifer pressurization due to rupture casing in one well. This type of problem could be avoided by using proper well completion design.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- August progress of government-sponsored projects, directed towards increasing gas production from the low permeability gas sands of the western United States, is summarized in this report. Superior Oil has not yet made a decision concerning the use of their lease as a possible MWX site. Bartlesville Energy Technology Center has completed embedment tests of 20/40 mesh bauxite into grey berea and typical tight gas sand cores. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, numerical routines have been developed for computing unsteady growth of hydraulically-driven cracks in plain and circular geometries. Three studies have been initated at Sandia National Laboratories: laboratory determination of the fracture crack-tip process zone; detailed petrographic characterization of a Mesaverde tight gas sand lens and surrounding shale; and determination of oil-base drilling fluid invasion in support of the MWX.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The present study was undertaken to determine the rate at which oil shale kerogen decomposes and to determine the composition of the pyrolyric products formed at 300 to 350 degrees C in a helium atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. A study of the thermal reaction at these low temperatures is important because of the current interest in the in situ retorting processes of converting oil shale to shale oil. During in situ retorting it may take long periods of heating to raise the temperature of the oil shale from ambient temperature to the final retorting temperature, thus thermal reactions or intermediate temperatures may become important. The present study was made to investigate some of the possible variables in the thermal behavior of the oil shale organic material as a function of time and temperature.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The repository being designed to contain high-level nuclear waste will resemble a large mining complex. It will combine two types of industrial facilities - a waste handling facility at the surface and a large mine constructed 1,000 to 4,000 feet below the earth's surface.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Four laboratory leaching methods (the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) extraction procedure, ASTM method D3987, and two column tests) were used to extract leachates from four low-void retorted oil shales to (1) compare the leaching procedures based on the chemical characterization of leachates derived from each leaching method and (2) establish the toxicity of each leachate relative to published EPA water quality criteria. The EPA extraction procedure extracted the greatest concentration of trace elements of the methods tested. None of the concentrations of the seven metals (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium, and silver) selected from those listed in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) exceeded the RCRA limits defining a hazardous waste. On that basis, the low-void retorted oil shales would not be classified as hazardous. 32 refs., 15 figs., 11 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Objective is to establish by 1998 the commercial readiness of MW- class IMHEX{reg_sign} MCFC power plants for distributed generation, cogeneration, and compressor station applications. This will require an advanced IMHEX{reg_sign} technology base, lower-cost manufacturing processes, verified balance-of-plant components, proven packaging and assembly approaches, demonstrated prototype power plants, finalized manufacturing and market distribution plans, and a committed commercialization team. Various tasks are reported on.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This research indicates that knowledge of in situ stress fields offers the key to better design of fracture treatments and control of fracture growth. Techniques for measurement of in situ stress variation within a gas reservoir must be developed into a routine test that is both economic and acceptable to well operators before significant advances in fracturing treatment design technology can be made. Pertinent in situ material properties normally can be obtained with some degree of precision through the use of geophysical logs supplemented by a lab testing program.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- As part of an ongoing research program for enhanced oil recovery, the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, US Department of Energy, is in the process of developing petroleum-recovery techcniques for shallow, low-productivity, heavy-oil deposits in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma. Personnel at BETC designed and conducted an in-situ combustion experiment on the Link Lease in Labette County, near Bartlett, Kansas. The Nelson-McNeil calculation method was used to calculate oil recovery and predict production time for a 1.25 acre inverted five-spot. Two attempts to ignite the formation are described. The well completion methods, hydraulic fracturing, injection of air, workovers, production techniques, and well-monitoring methods of the process are described. Production results are shown for both combustion attempts. The progression of the burn and the final extent of the burn front were evaluated by the following methods: (1) controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric technique (CSAMT), (2) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (3) burn-front model, (4)geophysical log analysis, and (5) computer model study. 26 figures, 8 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A horizontal and slanted well model was developed and incorporated into BOAST, a black oil simulator, to predict the potential production rates for such wells. The slanted/horizontal well model can be used to calculate the productivity index, based on the length and location of the wellbore within the block, for each reservoir grid block penetrated by the slanted/horizontal wellbore. The well model can be run under either pressures or rate constraints in which wellbore pressures can be calculated as an option of infinite-conductivity. The model is easy to use and can simulate the performance of multiple horizontal/slanted wells in any geometric combination within reservoirs. The model was checked against the analytical formulas of transient wellbore pressure in an infinite slab reservoir. Production rates from vertical wells, horizontal wells, and slanted wells of variable well lengths in a field of 40-acre well spacing were also compared. A field simulation of a horizontal well and its three offset conventional vertical wells demonstrated the application of the developed well model. 31 refs., 18 figs., 15 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this work was to assess the feasibility of enhancing shale oil commercialization through SO/NPX technology. Specific objectives were: (1) To determine the properties and characteristics of fractions isolable from shale oil utilizing separation sequences which are based on thermodynamic considerations; (2) To identify product streams of market value for promising technology development; (3)To conduct technology development studies leading to a shale oil extraction and processing sequence which promises economic enhancement of shale oil commercialization; (4) To develop an analytical methodology and model for obtaining engineering design data required for process development; (5) To estimate the economics of SO/NPX including the potential for enhancing the profitability of a commercial-scale shale oil MIS retort.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This study was conducted for the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) to analyze and correlate its data on flash carbonization of coal. Mathematical models were formulated to simulate the downflow co-current flash carbonizer. Various rate expressions on the pyrolysis of coal were tested and compared with the experimental data. Although the rate expression on coal carbonization, based on Wen et al., seemed to fit the data better than that based on Badzioch and Hawksley, neither of them could predict the effect of pressure. In addition, two rate expressions were formulated to account for the pressure effect and were tested against the data from METC as well as against two other sets of published data. The result indicated that these expressions could predict the trends of the data, but there were still considerable discrepancies from the experimental data. One of the reasons was due to the inconsistency and inaccuracy of the experimental data. Additional work to obtain more reliable data is indicated for improvement of rate expressions in flash coal carbonization.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Case studies of selected streams from the EPA Leachate Dataset. Includes OLI Studio and Geochemist's Workbench example files. Original data from: Nguyen, Dan-Tam, Eastern Research Group. Sep 29, 2015. Analytical Database for the Steam Electric Rulemaking - DCN SE05359. https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OW-2009-0819-56401Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Hydraulic Fracturing and Associated Stress Modeling for the Eastern Gas Shale Project - Final Report; November 19801Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Pursuing the key national goal of clean and efficient utilization of the abundant domestic coal resources for power generation, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential of optimizing the integrated catalytic gasification/carbonate fuel cell power generation system. ERC in close collaboration with Fluor Daniel (providing engineering design and costing), conducted a detailed system configuration study to evaluate various catalytic gasification/carbonate fuel cell power plant configurations and compare them to present day, as well as emerging, alternate coal-based power plant technologies to assess their competitive position. A Topical Report (1992) was submitted documenting this effort, and the three catalytic gasification case studies are summarized in Appendix A. Results of this study indicate that system efficiencies approaching 55% (HHV) can be achieved by integrating low temperature catalytic gasification with high efficiency carbonate fuel cells. Thermal balance in the gasifier is achieved without oxygen by recycling hydrogen from the fuel cell anode exhaust. A small amount of air is added to the gasifier to minimize hydrogen recycle. In order to validate the assumptions made in the case configurations, experimental studies were performed to determine the reactivity of Illinois No. 6 coal with the gasification catalysts. The reactivity of the catalyzed coal has significant bearing on gasifier sizing and hence system cost and efficiency.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate that a development program-based on advanced reservoir management methods-can significantly improve oil recovery at the Nash Draw Pool (NDP). The plan includes developing a control area using standard reservoir management techniques and comparing its performance to an area developed using advanced reservoir management methods. Specific goals are (1) to demonstrate that an advanced development drilling and pressure maintenance program can significantly improve oil recovery compared to existing technology applications and (2) to transfer these advanced methodologies to oil and gas producers in the Permian Basin and elsewhere throughout the U.S. oil and gas industry.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is a summary of work accomplished during the period September 1, 1975 through November 30, 1975. The baseline data gathered for the project are on file in the Area Oil Shale Supervisors Office in Grand Junction, Colorado.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The cavity definition study of the first test of the DOE UCG-SDB program, provided results to plan, install, instrument and monitor the second test at Rawlins, Wyoming. The successfully completed test met all its objectives and set the stage for future multi-module tests. The cavity definition program for the second test has been conducted by the LETC with input from GR&DC. The complete results of this program are not yet available. The present report has tried to project the shape and volume of the UCG created cavity, and the bulking factor of the rubble in the UCG affected are, utilizing the LETC information available to date.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of the Advanced Turbine System (ATS) Phase 3 Cooperative Agreement between GE and the US Department of Energy (DOE) is the development of the GE 7H and 9H combined cycle power systems. The major effort will be expended on detailed design. Validation of critical components and technologies will be performed including: hot gas path component testing, sub-scale compressor testing, steam purity test trials, and rotational heat transfer confirmation testing. Processes will be developed to support the manufacture of the first system, which will be sited and operated in Phase 4. Technology enhancements that are not required for the first machine design but will be critical for future ATS advances in performance, reliability, and costs will be initiated. Long-term tests of materials to confirm design life predictions will continue. This initial report summarizes work accomplished during the third quarter of 1995. The most significant accomplishments reported include the following. Overall design continued, progressing from preliminary and conceptual design activities to detailed design activities. The aerodynamic design of six out of eight 9H turbine airfoils was completed. The 9H compressor design concept was finalized including rotor configuration, aerodynamic design of compressor, and compressor structure. Conceptual on-base and external piping layout was begun. The ATS Phase 3 Cooperative Agreement was negotiated and signed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Groundwater data and other chemical data discussing the movement of shales and shale gas in the Marcellus Formation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The Laramie Energy Technology Center has conducted several in situ recovery projects in the Northwest Asphalt Ridge (Utah) tar sand deposit. Briefly, the design, conduct, and engineering results are presented for two of these projects (3 reverse/forward combustion project and a steamflood project). In more detail, the chemical and physical properties of the produced oils are discussed, and the properties of the produced oils are compared with each other and with the original bitumen. It is concluded that the oil produced by the reverse/forward combustion project is significantly improved in fuel quality with respect to the original bitumen. However, the oil produced by the steamflood project is very similar to the original bitumen."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Linear thermoelastic analyses of structural models associated with underground coal gasification (UCG) are conducted in this dissertation. Idealized crack and cavity configurations simulating the Longwall Generator concept and linked vertical wells concept of UCG are studied by deriving closed form solutions. The relevance of the proposed models and their general applications are provided. Four different isotropic, homogeneous thermoelastic models with steady-state heat conduction and prescribed constant temperature boundary conditions at the crack or cavity surface are investigated. Despite the numerous limitations inherent in the development of the analytical structural models studied here, the results provide fundamental data for the possible interpretation of cavity configurations, roof stability and related information. This research also demonstrates that the thermomechanical responses are important in the consideration of UCG processes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Computed tomography scans and core log data obtained at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Complimentary to 'CT Scanning and Geophysical Measurements of the Marcellus Formation from the Tippens 6HS Well" Technical Report Series, 20181Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The present paper is a preliminary progress report of a DOE program at Terra Tek, Inc. to develop a wireline tool for in situ stress measurements by hydraulic fracturing. In addition, a laboratory and analytical study are underway to determine the feasibility of in situ stress measurement through the casing (via perforation). This program could fill the gap that currently exists in the commercial application of in situ stress determination as a design tool for MHF stimulation of tight formations. The paper will be split in two parts. The first part discusses the aspects of the wireline tool, while the second part deals with the measurements of in situ stress through casing perforations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
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- Oil and gas production data is reported to the WVDEP once per calender year, due on March 31st. The oil and gas related data originate from the information reported to the Office of Oil and Gas at WVDEP by West Virginia oil and gas operators. The WVDEP does not guarantee their accuracy, precision, or completeness.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of this program are to (1) apply and refine a basinal and local analysis methodology for natural fracture exploration and exploitation, and (2) determine the important characteristics of natural fracture systems for their use in completion, stimulation, and production operations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Commercialization of the in-situ or underground coal gasification process has been impeded because of uncertainties with respect to its reliability and predictability. Modeling studies when combined with a well-designed field test program are the only avenue to a proper understanding of this technology. This paper reviews the latest developments in four important facets of the UCG process: reverse-combustion linking; gasification and resource recovery; water influx; and subsidence.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The major interest in oil shale development within the United States, thus far, has focused on the oil shales In the Green River Formation In Colorado, Utah and Wyoming . However, a substantial portion (nearly 25 ,000 square miles) of the Eastern United States is underlain by the Devonian Black Shales, and in principle, represents a sizeable potential resource. These shales, however, yield only less than one-half as much liquids upon heating as do the Green River Formation oil shales, because of the lesser hydrogen contents of the Devonian shales. Therefore, processes to extract liquids or improve recovery ratios from the Devonian shales must necessarily deal with special retorting techniques for hydrogen deficient materials. One such candidate process is the Institute of Gas Technology 's Hytort process, which retorts oil shale under hydrogen pressure with the result that oil yields of Devonian shales are increased 2.5 times over those obtained by the standard Fischer assay . Characterization of the Eastern and Western oils that are produced by the IGT and Fischer assay processes would be beneficial toward: a) assessing the quality of the product oils , c) understanding the retort process and c) providing information or optimizing the process."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Blake Ridge is one of the largest and best-characterization of the marine gas hydrate provinces within the US Exclusive Economic Zone. However, the lack of commercial exploration on the Blake Ridge, coupled with the largely disseminated nature of the hydrate deposits, means that this region is often overlooked in assessments of geohazard or resource potential on US continental margins. In fact, hydrates in the sediments of the Blake Ridge and nearby regions are associated with both natural hazards (e.g. submarine slope failures) and large quantities of methane. For these and other reasons, studies of the Blake Ridge remain as relevant as ever for advancing our understanding of methane hydrates. Research on the Blake Ridge continues to yield fundamental insights into the dynamics of gas hydrate reservoirs, the interaction of hydrates and the ocean-atmosphere system, and the physical, chemical, and biological processes that control concentration and accumulation of hydrates.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is the first of a series dealing with the oil-shale reserves of the Green River formation in the Rocky Mountain Region. The known oil shale reserves of northwestern Colorado at present considered to have economic value apparently are confined to the Piceance Creek basin between the Colorado and White Rivers. The number of sampled sections is small, but there can belittle doubt that the Piceance Creek basin is a potential source of enormous quantities of liquid fuels and the related byproducts obtained from oil shale processing.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the program that addresses the more crucial gaps existing in coal gasification component technology. Research and development programs have been conducted for many years to develop an advanced coal technology that can produce abundant, inexpensive fuel and energy for the future. Although many problems still remain to be solved, these efforts indicate that the new, advanced generation of coal conversion systems will likely operate under conditions of high pressure and temperature, and that these systems will be incorporated in large scale facilities. These harsh conditions go beyond established components technology for existing coal conversion systems. Thus, it is imperative that component systems be developed at the same rate as the new coal conversion processes to speed the commercialization of the advanced coal conversion technology. All the processes supporting a new coal conversion process must operate reliably and efficiently. These support processes include coal preparation, coal-feed systems, and instrumentation. All the potential components that may be used in a support process have been examined and the gaps in available component technology have been identified. These gaps may appear either as the lack of a reliable component, or as the lack of an economical or efficient component. 178 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Decontamination systems information and research program. Quarterly report, January 1996--March 1996West Virginia University (WVU) and the US Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) entered into a Cooperative Agreement in August 1992 titled {open_quotes}Decontamination Systems Information and Research Programs{close_quotes} (DOE Instrument No.: DE-FC21-92MC29467). Requirements stipulated by the Agreement require WVU to submit quarterly Technical Progress reports. This report contains the efforts of the research projects comprising the Agreement for the 1st calendar quarter of 1996. For the period January 1 through December 31, 1996 twelve projects have been selected for funding, and the Kanawha Valley will continue under a no-cost extension. Three new projects have also been added to the program. This document describes these projects involving decontamination, decommissioning and remedial action issues and technologies.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains a map of the long section 50'west of baseline.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The object of the program was to investigate the rates at which a variety of coals change their properties when subjected to drying and mild gas-phase oxidation, and to correlate the effective uses of such treatment on the agglomerative properties of the coals. Seven coals from different sources were oxidized at various temperatures and pressures, in fixed-bed reactors under a range of flow rates and for various particle sizes. The coals pretreated in this manner were evaluated by a thermo-mechanical expansion test for correlation to the oxidative changes. Interpretative models were developed that can be used to explain, predict, and interpret kinetic results for a wide range of coals. The rates at which a variety of coals undergo mild gas phase oxidation were measured in a fixed-bed reactor for various reaction temperatures (150 to 300/sup 0/C), coal particle sizes (-6 5 US mesh), and oxygen concentrations (16 to 35 mol percent). Total oxygen consumption, CO/sub 2/, CO, and H/sub 2/O production, and oxygen deposition rates were determined from gas chromatographic analysis of reactor effluent gases. The experiments identify conditions under which oxidation rate is determined by the rate of gaseous diffusion within the coal particle, or the intrinsic rate of chemical reaction. Model equations were developed for both regimes. The rate at which gasses are evolved during coal drying under an inert atmosphere were also measured in a fixed bed reactor. The effects of drying severity on subsequent oxidation rates were also measured.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Oil shale retort waters contain a large variety of substances which singly or in combination serve to make them very difficult to treat. The subject research evaluates the treatability of four oil shale retort waters using various physical chemical unit processes. The main emphasis in this effort is placed upon evaluating the efficacy of coagulation-flocculation. Low dosage levels for removal of true suspended solids are determined for each of the retort waters. Treatment efficiencies and optimum process variables are developed and compared.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "A rapid and practical test for oil-shale richness is of considerable technical importance. Although the Fischer-- Schrader method has gained universal acceptance for determination of shale richness, there is need to relate results from this determination to fundamental parameters of the shale. One much- used relation is with elemental analysis, and numerous equations have been derived to correlate shale richness with organic carbon content. These relations have been reviewed, and from a number of intensively analysed samples selected from a coring in the Parachute Creek member of the Green River Formation equations relating oil yield by Fischer-Schrader determination to organic carbon content have been developed: oil (wt%) = 0.8317 (%Csub org/) -- 0.2509 and oil (gal/ton) = 2.216 (%C/sub org/) -0.7714. Additionally, more detailed knowledge of the uniformity of organic material throughout the Green River Fomnation was obtained. It was found that the fraction of kerogen which on pyrolysis yields liquid products is constant stratigraphically throughout the formation, even though the oil composition is not. 26 references. (auth)"1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- -Provide storage that is competitive with alternative available high deliverable storage methods - Available alternatives are salt cavern storage and LNG - Provide natural gas storage with multiple cycles per year -Provide high deliverability -DOE id1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The data presented here was obtained from a study of the constitution of the kerogen present in Green River oil shale from Rifle, Colorado by the Bureau of Mines unless indicated otherwise. It is believed that the samples studied are representative of the entire Green River formation; however, minor difference may be evident by closer examination of the kerogen obtained from various locations in the formation. Major difference, similar to those exhibited by kerogens from different formations, probably do not exist.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the program is to advance materials and fabrication methodologies to develop a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell (MSOFC) system capable of meeting performance, life, and cost goals for coal-based power generation. The program focuses on materials research and development, fabrication process development, cell/stack performance testing and characterization, cost and system analysis, and quality development. An introductory section describes the design features of the MSOFC. The remainder of the report discusses the progress made in four of the six main tasks of this project: Materials research and development; Fabrication; Testing on coal gas; and Quality development.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Two different asphalts were coated on a Fluoropak support and were oxidized at 130 or - 2/sup 0/C for 24 hours using a number of metal chelates as additives. After oxidation the recovered asphalts were analyzed by infrared spectrometry to determine enhancements of keto, acid, and anhydride functions. Vanadyl etioporphyrin 1 was found to be an effective promoter in the oxidation of both asphalts. Vanadyl porphyrins having bulky ring substituents are not as effective as vanadyl etioporphyrin 1 in promoting asphalt oxidations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw feedstock and waste solids at the Minnkota Power Cooperative's and the Square Butte Electric Cooperative's Milton R. Young Plant in Center, North Dakota. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the Test Plan, sampling techniques and plant design are reviewed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- "Surface mining consists of removing the topsoil, rock and other strata that lie above mineral or solid fuel deposits to recover them. In practice, however, the process is considerably more complex. When compared with underground methods, surface mining offers distinct advantages. It makes possible the recovery of deposits which, for physical reasons, cannot be mined underground; provides safer working conditions; and, most significantly it is generally cheaper in terms of cost-per-unit of production. It is hoped that the following discussion on mining methods, reclamation practices, and environmental regulations of foreign countries will benefit the improvement of technology in a most important area, namely surface mining of coal, and bring about a better understanding of the problem."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The workforce risks of a hypothetical one million barrels-per-day oil shale industry were estimated. The risks for the different workforce segments were compared and high risk groups were identified. Accidents and injuries were statistically described by rates for fatalities, for accidents with days lost from work, and for accidents with no days lost from work. Workforce diseases analyzed were cancers, silicosis, puemnoconiosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, and high frequency hearing loss. A comparison of the workforce group under different risk measures was performed. The miners represented the group with the largest fatality and the most serious accident rate, although the estimated rates were below the average industry-wide underground mining experiments. Lung disease from inhalation exposure of about the nuisance dust threshold limit value presents a significant risk for future concerns. If future environmental dust exposure is at the 100 pg/m3 alpha-quartz level, safety improvements is the mining sector are of prime importance to reduce the oil shale worker's life-los expectancy.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report summarizes the results of a year-long program evaluating the application of solid nickel foils as hydrogen-permeable barriers to contaminants (H/sub 2/S, HCl, NH/sub 3/) in molten carbonate fuel cells. A parametric study was conducted using 2.5 to 7.5 ..mu..m thick nickel foils in both laboratory-scale and bench-scale fuel cell tests. Two design configurations were evaluated, one in which the foil was placed adjacent to the electrolyte matrix and one in which the foil was placed between two porous metal plaques. In both cases the foil served as a barrier for contaminants. Post-test analysis of electrolyte matrices indicated that both configurations retarded or prevented contaminants from reaching the electrolyte. However, problems were encountered with the first configuration in that gaseous products built up on the electrolyte side of the anode, substantially increasing cell polarization. The second configuration performed significantly better than the first, delivering a performance nearly equal to that of a standard porous metal anode structure. However, the flux of hydrogen crossing the foil in this configuration proved to be sensitive to sulfur contaminants in the fuel. As a consequence, a reduction in current density at constant cell voltage was observed when H/sub 2/S was present in the fuel, despite the fact that no H/sub 2/S reached the three-phase region where electrode, fuel, and electrolyte meet. This behavior, however, may be overcome by using a foil other than pure nickel. 36 refs., 30 figs., 22 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Preliminary laboratory and modeling studies on the environmental impact of in-situ coal gasificationA preliminary laboratory and modeling study on the environmental impact of ''in-situ''coal gasification field testing is reported. Experiments were conducted on the aspects of ground water pollution; water leaching, transport, and dispersion of pollutants. The major inorganic contaminants leached from the coal ash were determined to be Al/sup 3/, Ca/sup 2/, and OH/sup -/, while the principal organic pollutants were found to be phenols. A simple calculational model is used to predict the movement of the polluted ground-water. This model inputs information from laboratory experiments for the rate at which the above pollutants are removed from the gasification zone and the degree with which they are sorbed by the surrounding coal. It was discovered that ungasified coal has a strong beneficial effect on retarding the dispersion of the pollutants. The problem of air pollution resulting from the flaring of the production gas was also examined. The extent of the air pollution plume that develops from this flaring is predicted using a simple computer model. These predictions have been carried out for a set of atmospheric and flare operating conditions that may be encountered during field tests. It was determined that the LLL field experiments will adequately meet air quality standards, even under adverse conditions.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Coring of Well R-109 (Washington County, Ohio) was accomplished in August 1976. A total of 25 samples were collected. Hydrocarbon gas analyses indicate that higher chain hydrocarbon gases (C/sub 2/-C/sub 5/) make up a significant portion of total hydrocarbons in the shales, but methane is still the dominant single gas. Distinct relationships exist between the carbon and hydrocarbon gas contents, showing increase in hydrocarbon gas contents with increasing carbon. Similar relationships between hydrogen and hydrocarbon gas contents exist, though they are not as pronounced. Gas contents appear not to be related to the bulk densities in any quantitative manner, though organic contents (carbon and hydrogen) seem to be related to bulk density values much more clearly. R-109 shales are virtually impermeable to gases and other fluids, as attempted helium gas permeability measurements indicated extremely small (< 10/sup -12/ Darcy) permeability values.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- A series of tests was made on Colorado oil shale to determine the effect on oil yield by preheating the shale with hot gases prior to retorting. The following factors affecting the oil yield of the shale were studied: (1) particle sizes of samples ranging from -48 460 mesh to -2 44 mesh, (2) heating temperatures from 147 degrees to 300 degrees C, (3) heating periods from 15 minutes to 36 hours, and (4) heating gases containing from 0 to 21 percent oxygen.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Gums and gum forming compounds, if they occur in motor fuel, give rise to many refining and utilization problems. Deposits in storage tanks, piping, carburetors, etc., may occur; motor valve stems, especially if the valves leak slightly, may become coated with a sticky gum which impedes their action, and gasoline pump bowls may become discolored.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Objective of the Solar/METC program is to prove the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of a coal-fired gas turbine for cogeneration applications through tests of a Centaur Type H engine system operated on coal fuel throughout the engine design operating range. The five-year program consists of three phases: Phase I - System Description, Phase II - Component Development, and Phase III - Prototype System Verification. This report covers Phases I and II.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Present GT(Gas Turbine) Systems are available to achieve 52% (LHV) thermal efficiencies, plants in construction will be capable of 54%, and the goal of this study is to identify incentives, technical issues, and resource requirements to develop natural gas-and coal-compatible ATS which would have a goal of 60% or greater based on LHV. The prime objective of this project task is to select a natural gas-fired ATS (Advanced Turbine System) that could be manufactured and marketed should development costs not be at issue with the goals of: (1) Coal of electricity 10% below 1991 vintage power plants in same market class and size. (2) Expected performance 60% efficiency and higher, (3) Emission levels, NO{sub x} < 10 ppM (0.15 lb/MW-h), CO < 20 ppM (0.30 lb/MW-h), and UHC < 20 ppM (0.30 lb/MW-h). ABB screening studies have identified the gas-fueled combined cycle as the most promising full scale solution to achieve the set goals for 1988--2002. This conclusion is based on ABB`s experience level, as well as the multi-step potential of the combined cycle process to improve in many component without introducing radical changes that might increase costs and lower RAM. The technical approach to achieve 60% or better thermal efficiency will include increased turbine inlet temperatures, compressor intercooling, as well a improvements in material, turbine cooling technology and the steam turbine. Use of improved component efficiencies will achieve gas-fired cycle performance of 61.78%. Conversion to coal-firing will result in system performance of 52.17%.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To furnish the supplies or services set forth in this contract according to the specifications and the terms and conditions hereof by subcontracting with an eligible concern pursuant to the provisions of section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, as amended.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NULL1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the project was to apply techniques of "rock-typing" and quantitative formation evaluation to borehole measurements in order to identify reservoir and non-reservoir rock-types and their properties within the "C" zone of the Ordovician Red River carbonates in the northeast Montana and northwest North Dakota areas of the Williston Basin. Rock-typing discriminates rock units according to their pore-size distribution, Formation evaluation estimates porosities and pore fluid saturation. Rock-types were discriminated using cr6ssplots involving three rock-typing criteria: (1) linear relationship between bulk density and porosity, (2) linear relationship between acoustic interval transit-time and porosity, and (3) linear relationship between acoustic interval transit-time and bulk density. Each rock-type was quantitatively characterized by the slopes and intercepts established for different crossplots involving the above variables, as well as porosities and fluid saturations associated with the rock-types. Another family of linear relationships involving shear wave velocity, compressional wave velocity, and porosity were used to characterize the entire "e" zone carbonate section. Slopes and intercepts derived in the combined use of shear and compressional wave velocities are characteristic of carbonates, and corroborate results predicted from other studies. The "e" zone of the Red River carbonates is extremely heterogeneous. The heterogeneities were observed in hand specimen, and corroborated by wide variability's in porosity, permeability, grain density, the porosity-permeability crossplot, and the results from rock-typing and quantitative formation evaluation. Sixty-four different rock-types were identified in the fifty-two wells studied. Vertical distribution of rock-types shows a non-porous anhydrite rock-type, underlain, in most wells, by combinations of anhydritic dolomite and dolomite rock-types. These in turn are underlain by dolomitic limestone and limestone rock-types. In a few cases, dolomitic limestone rock-types directly underlie the anhydrite rock-type. The anhydritic dolomite and dolomite rock-types are either porous or non-porous, and in some wells interlayered with dolomitic limestone and limestone rock-types. Dolomitic limestone and limestone rock types are generally non-porous or have low porosities. The thickness of the non-porous dolomite rock-types varies from a few feet in some wells to over hundred feet in others. Except for the anhydrite rock-type that is present in all the wells, lateral distribution of rock-types is difficult to correlate, in part because of the wide separation between wells used in the study, and in part because rock-types change rapidly even in wells that are closely spaced. The occurrence of both porous and non-porous dolomite rock types, the random variation of their thickness, and the interlayering of these rock-types with limestone and dolomitic limestone rock-types are indicative of complex depositional environments for the "C" zone. Development of depositional models that would satisfy all of these conditions is beyond the scope of this study. All the existing production was confirmed through quantitative formation evaluation. Several potential productive zones were bypassed in both producing wells and those designated plugged-and-abandoned. Highly porous dolomites and anhydritic dolomites contribute most of the production, and constitute the best reservoir rock types. Dolomitic limestones and limestones make up the bulk of the untested and/or by-passed reserves. If all the bypassed zones proved correct, they represent approximately 150 million barrels of oil-in-place. Forty-six of the sixty-four rock-types identified developed oil reservoir characteristics in one or more of the fifty-two wells studied. Commonly, rock-types that were calculated to have pessimistic water saturations or lacked good porosity in one well, developed good porosities or produced oil in other wells. This observation indicates that the presence of oil was not an important factor in the discrimination of rock-types. Only twenty-six of the forty-six reservoir rock-types occur in perforated intervals. The rest were bypassed. In a few cases, all the oil produced came from a single rock-type, thus confirming the reservoir quality of the particular rock-type. In most other cases, more than one rock-type was contained in the perforated and producing interval, leading one to guess as to which rock-types were productive. The process of quantitative formation evaluation developed in this study proved consistent in identifying proven reserves. It could become the much needed approach for evaluating the Red River carbonates to determine fluid saturations and identify bypassed reserves. The results of this study can be applied in field development and in-fill drilling. Potential targets would be areas of porosity pinch outs and those areas where highly porous zones are down dip from non-porous and tight dolomites. Such areas are abundant. In order to model reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations, a more localized (e.g. field scale) study, expanded to involve other rock-typing criteria, is necessary.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The unconventional natural gas resource program of the Department of Energy has targeted ancient subduction zones as a possible source of organic-origin natural gas. The suggestion is that organic sediments which have been accreted in the prism and/or subducted beneath the prism will produce gas at greater depths than in more conventional, generally hotter, basins. A critical element in determining the likelihood of gas generation in ancient or modern accretionary prisms is the thermal regime of the accreting prism. We have developed a computer model to determine the overall thermal regime in the modern forearcs of Oregon/Washington and southern Alaska. This allows us to predict the likelihood that gas has been generated at depth in the forearc prism, or within sediments as they are subducted beneath the prism. In fact, the model results indicate that subduction and accretion of these sediments at low temperatures increases the probability that ancient subduction zones, once accreted to the craton and allowed to heat in response to migration of the volcanic front, could be the source of natural gas. 75 refs., 24 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The available information on soil classification and characteristics for the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility was assembled and interpreted to evaluate the conditions of the existing soils. A detailed soil phase map was prepared for the study area from the advance soil survey sheets provided by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The soils data were also interpreted in terms of the suitability of topsoil as a source of cover material for establishing and maintaining revegetation cover on disturbed areas."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report documents the development and implementation of a flexible Individual Water Sample Quality Assurance (IWSQA) Program. The management of the data obtained from the chemical characterization of a water sample is described. These data are used to calculate the IWSQA ratios used to evaluate the data for possible errors and indications of which chemical constituents should be reanalyzed before reporting. The theory, definitions, tables for calculation, and guidelines for interpretation of the ratios are given. 13 refs., 3 figs., 10 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report satisfies the requirements of Cooperative Agreement DE-FC21-91MC27363, novated as of March 5, 1992, to provide an annual update report on the year`s activities associated with Tampa Electric Company`s 250 MW IGCC demonstration project for the year 1993. Tampa Electric Company`s Polk Power Station Unit 1 (PPS-1) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration project will use a Texaco pressurized, oxygen-blown, entrained-flow coal gasifier to convert approximately 2,000 tons per day of coal (dry basis) coupled with a combined cycle power block to produce a net 250 MW electrical power output. Approximately 50% of the raw, hot syngas is cooled to 900 F and passed through a moving bed of zinc-based sorbent which removes sulfur containing compounds from the syngas. The remaining portion of the raw, hot syngas is cooled to 400 F for conventional acid gas removal. Sulfur-bearing compounds from both cleanup systems are sent to a conventional sulfuric acid plant to produce a marketable, high-purity sulfuric acid by-product. The cleaned medium-BTU syngas from these processes is routed to the combined cycle power generation system where it is mixed with air and burned in the combustion section of the combustion turbine. Heat is extracted from the expanded exhaust gases in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to produce steam at three pressure levels for use throughout the integrated process. A highly modular, microprocessor-based distributed control system (DCS) is being developed to provide continuous and sequential control for most of the equipment on PPS-1.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam at l,OOO·F and 15OO psfg as a heat-carrying medium to retort the oil shale in situ and to provide a mechanism for the recovery of this oil with minimum impact on the environment. More specifically, the oil shale will be retorted by injecting superheated steam into the leached zone through an array of injection wells and recovering the steam/water/oil and gas produced from the leached zone through an array of production wells. The environmental research plan is designed to determine the surface and subsurface effects of project operations in order to allow estimates of the environmental impacts of commercial oil shale development."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Run No. 29, recycle delayed coking of crude shale oil, was made primarily to produce a light gas oil fraction for treating to Diesel fuel. During the first part of the run, it was intended to produce a high melting point pitch instead of coke, and during the last part of the run to alter operating conditions sufficiently to produce coke. Two different charge stocks were employed; the first being a mixed crude of N-T-U, G3.s-Flow, and Gas-Combustion oil, the second a typical N-T-U shale oil. The desired high melting point pitch was not obtained; instead it was found that coke had formed during both test periods. It was concluded that the high water content of the mixed crude and the relatively long residence time of the material in the coke chamber contributed to the formation of the coke. The N-T-U crude was used for the coking step of the run, and the results obtained were consistent with those of previous coking rune on the same type crude."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In the aftermath of the Hoe Creek II experiment the groundwater near the burn is polluted. It has been proposed to pump the polluted water out of the ground and either treat it to remove pollutants or put it in a lined evaporation pond and remove the residue to an appropriate dump site after all of the water is evaporated. NUS Corporation has done conceptual design and cost estimates for a variety of treatment or evaporation schemes. Their analysis assumes that the polluted water can be pumped out. This report investigates the validity of that assumption and evaluates some alternative schemes. This report does not repeat or review he work done by NUS Corp.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: “The Geologic Atlas of the United States is a set of 227 folios published by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1894 and 1945. Each folio includes both topographic and geologic maps for each quad represented in that folio, as well as description of the basic and economic geology of the area. The Geologic Atlas collection is maintained by the Map & GIS Library. The repository interface with integrated Yahoo! Maps was developed by the Digital Initiatives -- Research & Technology group within the TAMU Libraries using the Manakin interface framework on top of the DSpace digital repository software. Additional files of each map are available for download for use in GIS or Google Earth. A tutorial is provided which describes how to download theses files.”1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Net pay (usable sand thickness/seal thickness) (long/lat/Z) in the Tertiary section in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. Generated by the Geological Survey of Alabama, with IHS Petra (v. 3.11.1.14) geologic interpretation software, using highly connected features (least squares) and smoothing contours with grid flexing. XYZ is long/lat/Z where long/lat is WGS 84 and Z is feet. Resource includes: - TERT_NET_PAY_SAND.XYZ - Net pay sand (feet) for entire Tertiary section - UP_TERT_NET_PAY_SAND.XYZ - Net pay sand (feet) for "upper Tertiary" Miocene through middle Eocene marker (Miocene undiff, Oligocene undiff, and Upper Eocene/Jackson Group (note Tmu is either the top of Miocene undiff and/or min depth 2500' BSL) - LOW_TERT_NET_PAY_SAND.XYZ - Net pay sand (feet) for "lower Tertiary" middle Eocene marker through Selma Group (Lower Eocene/Claibrone Group, Wilcox Group, Midway Group, and Clayton Formation) - UP_TERT_NET_SEAL.XYZ - Net seal thickness for "upper Tertiary" Miocene through middle Eocene marker (Miocene undiff, Oligocene undiff, and Upper Eocene/Jackson Group (note Tmu is either the top of Miocene undiff and/or min depth 2500' BSL) This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DE-FE0026086). Cost share and research support are provided by the Project Partners and an Advisory Committee.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains information from the runs conducted on 4/17/72 to 3/2/79.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goal of this project was to develop a method to exploit viscoelastic rock and fluid properties to greatly enhance the sensitivity of surface seismic measurements to the presence of hydrocarbon saturation. To reach the objective, Southwest Research Institute scientists used well log, lithology, production, and 3D seismic data from an oil reservoir located on the Waggoner Ranch in north central Texas. The project was organized in three phases. In the first phase, we applied modeling techniques to investigate seismic- and acoustic-frequency wave attenuation and its effect on observable wave attributes. We also gathered existing data and acquired new data from the Waggoner Ranch field, so that all needed information was in place for the second phase. During the second phase, we developed methods to extract attenuation from borehole acoustic and surface seismic data. These methods were tested on synthetic data constructed from realistic models and real data. In the third and final phase of the project, we applied this technology to a full data set from the Waggoner site. The results presented in this Final Report show that geological conditions at the site did not allow us to obtain interpretable results from the Q processing algorithm for 3D seismic data. However, the Q-log processing algorithm was successfully applied to full waveform sonic data from the Waggoner site. A significant part of this project was technology transfer. We have published several papers and conducted presentations at professional conferences. In particular, we presented the Q-log algorithm and applications at the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) Development and Production Forum in Austin, Texas, in May 2005. The presentation attracted significant interest from the attendees and, at the request of the SEG delegates, it was placed on the Southwest Research Institute Internet site. The presentation can be obtained from the following link: http://www.swri.org/4org/d15/elecsys/resgeo/ppt/Algorithm.pps In addition, we presented a second application of the Q algorithm at the SEG International Conference in Houston, Texas, in May 2005. The presentation attracted significant interest there as well, and it can be obtained from the following link: http://www.swri.org/4org/d15/elecsys/resgeo/ppt/attenuation.pps.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Data on sulphur retention, combustion efficiency, NO/sub x/ emissions, heat transfer and elutriation in PFB combustors are collected in one report for future reference. The sulphur retention section comprises relevant experimental data from most of the published sources, whilst other sections are limited mainly to results obtained under contract to the United States DOE in a 3 ft x 2 ft combustor operating at 6 atm pressure and a 1 ft x 1 ft combustor operating at 6 to 20 atm pressure. The data are discussed, and correlations applied where appropriate. 29 refs., 26 figs., 19 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report covers treating plant run No. 15, June 25 to June 27, 1951, in which a cold sulfuric acid treatment was applied to the composite total naphtha produced during cracking plant run No. 33. This naphtha was a mixture of material from the thermal cracking of a total coker gas oil and cracking of a heavy gas oil and was treated to provide more data on cracked stocks and to determine the minimum 66 degree Be sulfuric acid treatment necessary to produce a finished gasoline of satisfactory sulfur content, color, gum content, and storage stability.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents the results of a project sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The purpose of the study was to perform an economic and market assessment of advanced flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes for application to coal-fired electric utility plants. The time period considered in the study is 1981 through 1990, and costs are reported in 1980 dollars. The task was divided into the following four subtasks: (1) determine the factors affecting FGD cost evaluations; (2) select FGD processes to be cost-analyzed; (3) define the future electric utility FGD system market; and (4) perform cost analyses for the selected FGD processes. The study was initiated in September 1979, and separate reports were prepared for the first two subtasks. The results of the latter two subtasks appear only in this final report, since the end-date of those subtasks coincided with the end-date of the overall task. The Subtask 1 report, Criteria and Methods for Performing FGD Cost Evaluations, was completed in October 1980. A slightly modified and condensed version of that report appears as appendix B to this report. The Subtask 2 report, FGD Candidate Process Selection, was completed in January 1981, and the principal outputs of that subtask appear in Appendices C and D to this report.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The results of a study to determine the kinetics of combustion of oil shale and its char by using differential thermal analysis are reported. The study indicates that Colorado oil shale and its char combustion rate is the fastest while Fushun oil shale and its char combustion rate is the slowest among the six oil shales used in this work. Oil shale samples used were Fushun oil shale, Maoming oil shale, Huang county oil shale, and Colorado oil shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Report on the reassesment of storage capacity and EOR potential of Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin discussing the method of capacity estimation (area, thickness, concentration and density of CO2, storage efficiency factor) and towards demonstration of CO2 sequestration and EOR in shale in the Burk Branch Project wells (Pike County, Kentucky).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Western Research Institute is developing concepts to use radio frequency (RF) energy to remove NO and SO{sub 2} from combustion flue gas. Char produced from the mild gasification of coal can be heated with RF energy to react with sulfur oxides and nitric oxide at low temperatures and pressures using RF energy to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, elemental sulfur, and nitrogen.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An idealized model for locating the front of a reverse-combustion link has yielded a tool that appears useful in interpreting thermocouple-response data obtained during field operation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the Field Fracturing Multi-Sites Project (M-Site) is to conduct experiments to definitively determine hydraulic fracture dimensions using remote well and treatment well diagnostic techniques. In addition, experiments will be conducted to provide data that will resolve significant unknowns with regard to hydraulic fracture modeling, fracture fluid rheology and fracture treatment design. These experiments will be supported by a well-characterized subsurface environment, as well as surface facilities and equipment conducive to acquiring high-quality data. A primary project goal is to develop a fully characterized, tight reservoir-typical, field-scale hydraulic fracturing test site to diagnose, characterize, and test hydraulic fracturing technology and performance, It is anticipated that the research work being conducted by the interdisciplinary team of GRI and DOE contractors will lead to the development of a commercial fracture mapping tool/service.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A laboratory study was conducted at the Western Research Institute to evaluate the ability of combusted oil shale to stabilize organic and inorganic constituents of hazardous wastes. The oil shale used in the research was a western oil shale retorted in an inclined fluidized-bed reactor. Two combustion temperatures were used, 1550{degrees}F and 1620{degrees}F (843{degrees}C and 882{degrees}C). The five wastes selected for experimentation were an API separator sludge, creosote-contaminated soil, mixed metal oxide/hydroxide waste, metal-plating sludge, and smelter dust. The API separator sludge and creosote-contaminated soil are US EPA-listed hazardous wastes and contain organic contaminants. The mixed metal oxide/hydroxide waste, metal-plating sludge (also an EPA-listed waste), and smelter dust contain high concentrations of heavy metals. The smelter dust and mixed metal oxide/hydroxide waste fail the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for cadmium, and the metalplating sludge fails the TCLP for chromium. To evaluate the ability of the combusted oil shales to stabilize the hazardous wastes, mixtures involving varying amounts of each of the shales with each of the hazardous wastes were prepared, allowed to equilibrate, and then leached with deionized, distilled water. The leachates were analyzed for the hazardous constituent(s) of interest.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents the results of investigations to improve oil recovery using cosolvents in CO{sub 2} gas floods. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the application and selection of cosolvents as additives to gas displacement processes. A cosolvent used as a miscible additive changed the properties of the supercritical gas phase. Addition of a cosolvent resulted in increased viscosity and density of the gas mixture, and enhanced extraction of oil compounds into the CO{sub 2} rich phase. Gas phase properties were measured in an equilibrium cell with a capillary viscometer and a high pressure densitometer. A number of requirements must be considered in the application of a cosolvent. Cosolvent miscibility with CO{sub 2}, brine solubility, cosolvent volatility and relative quantity of the cosolvent partitioning into the oil phase were factors that must be considered for the successful application of cosolvents. Coreflood experiments were conducted with selected cosolvents to measure oil recovery efficiency. The results indicate lower molecular weight additives, such as propane, are the most effective cosolvents to increase oil recovery.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes an instrument to measure the interfacial tension (IFT) of aqueous surfactant solutions and crude oil. The method involves injection of a drop of fluid (such as crude oil) into a second immiscible phase to determine the IFT between the two phases. The instrument is composed of an AT-class computer, optical cell, illumination, video camera and lens, video frame digitizer board, monitor, and software. The camera displays an image of the pendant drop on the monitor, which is then processed by the frame digitizer board and non-proprietary software to determine the IFT. Several binary and ternary phase systems were taken from the literature and used to measure the precision and accuracy of the instrument in determining IFTs. A copy of the software program is included in the report. A copy of the program on diskette can be obtained from the Energy Science and Technology Software Center, P.O. Box 1020, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-1020. The accuracy and precision of the technique and apparatus presented is very good for measurement of IFTs in the range from 72 to 10{sup {minus}2} mN/m, which is adequate for many EOR applications. With modifications to the equipment and the numerical techniques, measurements of ultralow IFTs (<10{sup {minus}3} mN/m) should be possible as well as measurements at reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. The instrument has been used at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to support the research program on microbial enhanced oil recovery. Measurements of IFTs for several bacterial supernatants and unfractionated acid precipitates of microbial cultures containing biosurfactants against medium to heavy crude oils are reported. These experiments demonstrate that the use of automated video imaging of pendant drops is a simple and fast method to reliably determine interfacial tension between two immiscible liquid phases, or between a gas and a liquid phase.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, has supported and managed a fuel cell research and development (R and D) program since 1976. Responsibility for implementing DOE's fuel cell program, which includes activities related to both fuel cells and fuel cell systems, has been assigned to the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) in Morgantown, West Virginia. The total United States effort of the private and public sectors in developing fuel cell technology is referred to as the National Fuel Cell Program (NFCP). The goal of the NFCP is to develop fuel cell power plants for base-load and dispersed electric utility systems, industrial cogeneration, and on-site applications. To achieve this goal, the fuel cell developers, electric and gas utilities, research institutes, and Government agencies are working together. Four organized groups are coordinating the diversified activities of the NFCP. The status of the overall program is reviewed in detail.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The development of the electric downhole steam generator (EDSG) at Western Research Institute (WRI) is nearing the end of its third year. We are significantly closer to our goal of commercial deployment of a practical device. Our objective continues to be a generator that can convert about 1 megawatt of three-phase power into reasonable quality steam at the bottom of a deep well. The system must be able to operate at variable load over a period of months without maintenance. Members of the Meshekow Oil Recovery Consortium are interested in other specialized applications for the EDSG. For example, downhole generation may be practical in many offshore situations where surface steam generation is not economical. There are immense potential reserves of heavy oil under thick permafrost on the Alaska North Slope. Where natural gas is available for power generation, these reserves may become accessible by downhole steam generation. The technical report that follows is grouped into three sections: the status of the project as of July 1, 1994; the progress made during the current project period (July 1, 1994 through March 31, 1995,7944 ); and finally, the plans for the next project period. The discussion covers the following areas, which correspond to subtasks in the Jointly Sponsored Research proposals to the DOE: (1) EDSG design and materials; (2) the parallel research efforts taking place at the University of Wyoming (UW,7944 ); and (3) the development of test facilities at the WRI Advanced Technology Center (ATC) and the UW Electrical Engineering (EE) Power Laboratory, and field demonstrations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A zinc ferrite material was obtained from the Morgantown Energy Technology Center for testing as a potential vapor phase cracking (VPC) catalyst. The material was tested in the existing catalyst test facility under 150 psig, at temperatures of 550/sup 0/, 650/sup 0/, and 750/sup 0/C. The apparatus has been described in earlier reports. A simulated coal -derived gas was prepared and its concentration was measured after passing through a tube packed with zinc ferrite which was enclosed in a vertical tube furnace. Results of the study indicate that: (1) phenol was almost completely removed from synthetic coal-derived gas in the presence of zinc ferrite catalyst at temperatures of 650/sup 0/C and above; (2) phenol concentrations in synthetic coal-derived were substantially decreased at 550/sup 0/C; (3) total organic carbon in the condensible fraction of the coal-derived gas was decreased by up to 98 percent at temperatures of 650/sup 0/C and above in the presence of zinc ferrite catalysts; (4) no decrease in catalyst activity was observed in the four to five hour test duration; (5) the catalyst promoted the water gas shift reaction producing effluent gas compositions which reflect equilibrium concentrations at temperatures approximately 325/sup 0/ to 350/sup 0/C higher than the catalyst bed; and (6) all, or a substantial portion, of the sulfur in the coal-derived gas was retained by the catalyst. 7 figures, 7 tables. (DMC)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Ten papers were presented at the Deep-Source Gas Workshop. Laser papers are included in this proceedings under the following headings: (1) abiogenic origin of deep source gas; (2) geochemical and thermodynamic studies of deep source gas; (3) detection and differentiation of deep source gases; (4) deep sedimentary basin gas; (5) deep source gas associated with tectonic processes at convergent margins. All papers have been abstracted and indexed for the Energy Data Base. (ATT)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Devonian Shale formations of the Appalachian, Illinois, and Michigan Basins are being studied by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (US Department of Energy) and industry (Eastern Gas Shales Project) in order to accelerate the development of the natural gas potential of the shales. Total gas resource estimates for the Appalachian Basin along range from 3 to 2400 TCFG. Although relatively complete well log suites have been recorded in wells drilled for characterization and stimulation research experiments, the Devonian Shale is an unconventional gas resource and the reservoir is not readily evaluated by conventional well log analysis. The economics of shale wells and the sensitivity of the shales to drilling muds require that an operator be able to evaluate a well using a minimum of well logs, preferably recorded in an empty borehole. Log suites recorded in empty and liquid-filled boreholes have been analyzed from a total of seven wells in three states in the Appalachian Basin. Several techniques were attempted to identify gas- and kerogen-rich and naturally fractured intervals, including construction of resistivity and porosity overlays, calculation of Production Indices, analysis of temperature, bulk density compensation and Sibilation curves. The information extracted from the logs was compared to conventional core desorption (offgas), fracture and geochemical data as well as to computer-generated synergetic logs. A suite of empty-borehole logs has been defined which will yield maximum formation evaluation data at a minimum cost. 10 figures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report evaluates the natural gas potential of the Devonian Age shales of Kentucky. For this, the study: (1) compiles the latest geologic and reservoir data to establish the gas in-place; (2) analyzes and models the dominant gas production mechanisms; and (3) examines alternative well stimulation and production strategies for most efficiently recovering the in-place gas. The major findings of the study include the following: (1) The technically recoverable gas from Devonian shale (Lower and Upper Huron, Rhinestreet, and Cleveland intervals) in Kentucky is estimated to range from 9 to 23 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). (2) The gas in-place for the Devonian shales in eastern Kentucky is 82 Tcf. About one half of this amount is found in the Big Sandy gas field and its immediate extensions. The remainder is located in the less naturally fractured, but organically rich area to the west of the Big Sandy. (3) The highly fractured shales in the Big Sandy area in southeast Kentucky and the more shallow shales of eastern Kentucky respond well to small-scale stimulation. New, larger-scale stimulation technology will be required for the less fractured, anisotropic Devonian shales in the rest of the state. 44 refs., 49 figs., 24 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A factsheet describing the DOE/NETL Methane Hydrates R&D Program1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "A modified transpiration apparatus was devised by the Bureau of Mines to permit rapid and accurate measure of the vapor transport and vapor diffusion coefficients of antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) and other compounds at temperatures to 1,045 K. The apparatus was equipped with dual condensers and valves to switch the flow of vapor in a fraction of a second from one condenser to the other, thus allowing short-interval sampling under equilibrium conditions. Reliability of the technique was established by measuring the vapor pressure of ZnCl2 as a function of temperature and comparing the results with published data. As a part of an investigation of the vapor concentrations and species of accessory element sulfides associated with copper and zinc smelting, the apparatus was used to measure the rate of vapor transport and diffusion coefficients of vapor over liquid Sb2S3 as a function of temperature between 870 and 1,045 K. The calculated vapor density was combined with published direct measurements of vapor pressure to calculate the average molecular weight of the gaseous species. Average molecular weight of the vapor in equilibrium with Sb2S3 ranged from 286 to 112 g/mol over the temperature range studied."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the Southwest Research Institute project is to provide a more efficient program to monitor performance and leak detection in the ultra-deepwater community related to temperature and pressure differences, and to demonstrate more efficient and effective means of evaluating safety barriers critical to production operations. The modeling program is designed is to determine if complex well parameters can be reduced down to several easier-to-track features, such as time required to differentiate pressure changes due to leaks.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "During treating run No. 13, which was made in May, 1951, light gas oil (395 to 658 F. boiling range) produced by coking crude N-T-U shale oil was acid treated and inhibited to produce Diesel fuel for an extended test by the Denver Rio Grande Western Railroad in a switching locomotive. Additional fuel for use in Diesel equipment at the Rifle station also was produced in the run. The light gas oil was treated in three steps ,consisting of (1) tar-acid and tar-base removal, (2) acid treatment with 16.3 pounds of 66 Be'sulfuric acid per barrel of raw oil charged, and (3) an additional acid treatment using 3.2 pounds of sulfuric acid per barrel of raw oil. The oil thus treated ,was inhibited with 0.05 volume percent of National Aluminate Corporation X-159 inhibitor. An over-all product yield of 72.7 volume percent was obtained. The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad used 4,643 gallons of the shale-oil Diesel fuel in a switch engine for a test operation of 751 hours duration. The fuel was found to be satisfactory in all respects. Further, no difficulty of any kind was encountered when this fuel was used in equipment at the Rifle Station."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- No abstract prepared.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To apply surface and borehole EM methods far oil-field characterization and process monitoring. We wish to improve the knowledge of oil field structure and recovery processes by providing the electrical resistivity distribution in the region between wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Effects of Porosity Type, Pore Geometry, and Diagenetic History on Tertiary Recovery of Petroleum from Carbonate Reservoirs, Final Report; September 19811Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "This report contains maps and associated spatial data showing historical oil and gas exploration and production in the United States. Because of the proprietary nature of many oil and gas well databases, the United States was divided into cells one-quarter square mile and the production status of all wells in a given cell was aggregated. Base-map reference data are included, using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Map, the USGS and American Geological Institute (AGI) Global GIS, and a World Shaded Relief map service from the ESRI Geography Network. A hardcopy map was created to synthesize recorded exploration data from 1859, when the first oil well was drilled in the U.S., to 2005. In addition to the hardcopy map product, the data have been refined and made more accessible through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The cell data are included in a GIS database constructed for spatial analysis via the USGS Internet Map Service or by importing the data into GIS software such as ArcGIS. The USGS internet map service provides a number of useful and sophisticated geoprocessing and cartographic functions via an internet browser. Also included is a video clip of U.S. oil and gas exploration and production through time."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "A two-staged fluidized-bed reactor for the energy-efficient, thermal recovery of bitumen from Utah tar sands has been constructed. This reactor is a scaled-up version of an earlier system investigated at the University of Utah, and involves the use of three liquid-potassium heat pipes which thermally couple an upper pyrolysis is bed with a lower combustion bed. The reactor has been studied to determine the effect of multiple heat pipes, increased feed rate, and longer duration run times. The process consists essentially of three steps. In the first step, mined and suitably sized tar sand, being fed into the reactor at a constant rate, is pyrolyzed at temperatures of 440'C to above 500'C in an inert atmosphere to volatilize and partially crack most of the contained bitumen. The vaporized products of the pyrolysis section are condensed and coalesced to give a synthetic crude oil. In the second step, coked sand, formed as a by-product in the pyrolysis reactor, is combusted with air at temperatures between 550 and 600·C. In the third step, heat is recovered from the hot spent sand leaving the combustion bed by a fluidized-bed heat exchanger using vertical copper cooling tubes. Three heat pipes are used to transfer 100% of the energy required to maintain the required temperature of pyrolysis in the upper bed. This energy is provided by the lower, combustion bed. Air is used to fluidize the combustion bed and the heat recovery bed. The pyrolysis bed is fluidized with nitrogen. In a commercial unit, recycled gas from pyrolysis could be used in place of nitrogen to fluidize the pyrolysis bed. The process is equipped with a digital control and data acquisition system to permit a more efficient method of process study. The current reactor is capable of processing over 30 lbs of tar sand per hour, and has successfully operated on a continual basis for over 6 hours. Over 30 runs, with tar sand from the Sunnyside, PR Springs, and Whiterocks deposits, have been made to study controllability of the process , heat requirements , and liquid product yield with respect to process variables such as pyrolysis-bed temperature and average solids residence times. The highest liquid yield obtained was 71 weight percent of the original tar sand bitumen. Typically, coke yield is from 15 to 20 weight percent, with gas yield making up the difference."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To develop cost profiles for wetland creation and restoration projects.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Detailed, day by day report of fluid sampling and reservoir testing for MPC 10-4.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Nocturnal tracer experiments at four valley sites demonstrate a cross section of the complicating phenomena attending the transport and diffusion of airborne materials in complex terrain. This paper is a reanalysis of previously published data and it provides an inter comparison of dispersion at the four sites in terms of their topographic structure. Plume models are adopted as a focus of discussion and a point of departure to examine non plume like behavior in the tracer data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Activities remain on schedule to meet the Great Plains Coal Gasification project's full gas production date. Detailed engineering is complete for the gasification plant. The remaining engineering tasks, which include field support activities and special projects, will be performed by the Contractors'Field Engineering Group. A substantial amount of construction progress was achieved during the first quarter. It is currently projected that construction will be complete at the end of September, 1984. Start-Up operations are continuing at a rapid pace. Commissioning activities are proceeding very well. The only remaining plant permit is the Permit to Operate, which will be issued in late 1985. Quality Assurance/Quality Control activities included the development of welding procedures for Operations personnel, safety relief valve testing, and equipment turnover inspections. Mine development activities remain on schedule. Initial coal deliveries to GPGA commenced this quarter.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The East Vacuum Grayburg/San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), operated by Phillips Petroleum Company, was the site selected for a comprehensive evaluation of the use of foam for improving the effectiveness of a CO2 flood. This project, entitled "Field Verification of CO2-Foam,''was jointly funded by the EVGSAU working interest owners, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and the State of New Mexico. The DOE provided $2 million or approximately 34% of the total project costs, the EVGSAU provided $2.46 million, the State of New Mexico contributed approximately $1.2 million, and about $103,000 of other industrial funds were used. The Petroleum Recovery Research Center (pRRC), a division of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, provided laboratory and research support for the project. A joint project advisory team composed of technical representatives from several major oil companies provided input, review, and guidance for the project. The project, which began in 1989, had a scheduled duration of four years, but the DOE granted a extension to the end of March 1995 for the purpose of continued project evaluation. A field test of the CO2-foam has been successfully conducted, and preliminary results are promising. Response in the foam injection well has been as anticipated, and an offset producing well experienced a positive oil response as a result of the foam test. Based on the favorable results observed in the foam injection test, a second foam test was conducted. The monitoring program included analysis of injectivity data, pressure falloff tests, observation well logs, interwell tracer response, production logs, history of production rates, and changes in gas-oil ratio. This report presents an overview of the project and provides results of the laboratory work, simulation studies, and field tests.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "Cell maps for each oil and gas assessment unit were created by the USGS as a method for illustrating the degree of exploration, type of production, and distribution of production in an assessment unit or province. Each cell represents a quarter-mile square of the land surface, and the cells are coded to represent whether the wells included within the cell are predominantly oil-producing, gas-producing, both oil and gas-producing, dry, or the type of production of the wells located within the cell is unknown. The well information was initially retrieved from the IHS Energy Group, PI/Dwights PLUS Well Data on CD-ROM, which is a proprietary, commercial database containing information for most oil and gas wells in the U.S. Cells were developed as a graphic solution to overcome the problem of displaying proprietary PI/Dwights PLUS Well Data. No proprietary data are displayed or included in the cell maps. The data from PI/Dwights PLUS Well Data were current as of October 2001 when the cell maps were created in 2002."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The experimental work performed in this program has revealed the impact of formulation procedure on MAGSORB properties, and has shown that the sorbent has adequate potential as a CO{sub 2} sorbent for synthesis gas production. MAGSORB is a highly selective CO{sub 2} sorbent that does not react with other synthesis gas components (H{sub 2}, CO, H{sub 2}O, H{sub 2}S, or NH{sub 3}), nor is its performance adversely affected by these components. A technoeconomic analysis has shown that the integration of MAGSORB into a syngas conditioning train can result in significant capital and operating cost benefits when compared with conventional technology. Several areas of further development are still needed. The laboratory preparation method used in this program may not be optimal in terms of sorbent properties and practicality on a commercial scale. Alternative methods involving co-precipitation or co-crystallization of MgCO{sub 3} and K{sub 2}CO{sub 3} should be investigated. The life-cycle tests have shown that the sorbent as make in this study loses reactivity after absorption/desorption cycling. A fundamental study of surface properties should be made to determine the cause of deactivation. Specific recommendations for future MAGSORB development activities are given.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the progress and findings of a research program aimed at investigating the combustion characteristics of dry coal powder fueled diesel engine. During this program, significant achievements were made in overcoming many problems facing the coal-powder-fueled engine. The Thermal Ignition Combustion System (TICS) concept was used to enhance the combustion of coal powder fuel. The major coal-fueled engine test results and accomplishments are as follows: design, fabrication and engine testing of improved coal feed system for fumigation of coal powder to the intake air; design, fabrication and engine testing of the TICS chamber made from a superalloy material (Hastelloy X,6361 ); design, fabrication and engine testing of wear resistant chrome oxide ceramic coated piston rings and cylinder liner; lubrication system was improved to separate coal particles from the contaminated lubricating oil; control of the ignition timing of fumigated coal powder by utilizing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and variable TICS chamber temperature; coal-fueled engine testing was conducted in two configurations: dual fuel (with diesel pilot) and 100% coal-fueled engine without diesel pilot or heated intake air; cold starting of the 100% coal-powder-fueled engine with a glow plug; and coal-fueled-engine was operated from 800 to 1800 rpm speed and idle to full load engine conditions.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The system analysis task took as its basis the nominal 200 MWe plant which is responsive to the electric utilities tendency to add capacity in small increments. The scope of the study encompassed the four principal subsystems which constitute a fuel cell power plant: Coal Gasification, Coal Gas Purification, Fuel Cell and bottoming Cycle. The screening of 45 alternate configurations was conducted to find the optimum among them in terms of ability to perform and to deliver low cost electricity. Although the accuracy of that screening was only to about plus or minus 50%, the relative positions of the more attractive cases are established with adequate confidence. Parametric and sensitivity studies were performed for Case C27, which is a 200 MW(e) MCFC power plant with a steam bottoming cycle. The parametric study was conducted to assess plant performance by varying fuel cell design and operating conditions. The study found that out of eleven case studies and three variables evaluated, fuel cell current density had the greatest impact on plant performance and costs followed by fuel utilization and excess air. Out of 26 sensitivity assessments, it was shown that cost of electricity (COE) is most sensitive to plant finance charges, followed by inflation rate, plant capital costs and capacity factors. Alternative technologies were also assessed, as part of the overall program for the development of coal-fired, MCFC-based power plants. A comparison of the selected coal gasification molten carbonate fuel cell designs with competing coal-based technologies such as pulverized coal power plants with stack scrubbing, pressurized fluidized bed combustion, and integrated coal gasification combined cycle was also conducted. 19 figs., 6 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A Cartographic Feature File (CFF) is a digital data file containing a vector representation of the point and line features shown on a Forest Service Primary Base Series (PBS) map. The feature categories contained in the CFF are transportation (roads and trails), streams and water bodies, political and administrative boundaries, land ownership, and other cultural features. Elevation contours, vegetation, and text (geographic names, labels, etc.) are not included in the CFF. CFFs are formatted according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle convention: 1:24,000-scale, 7.5-minutes latitude by 7.5-minutes longitude format. CFFs provide a consistent base set of geographic features for use in Forest Service geographic information systems (GIS). CFFs can be used individually or joined to form larger project areas. CFFs are also used as the source for the automated production of PBS maps.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The overall program goal is to develop techniques that will lead to predictable and economical recovery of oil from oil shale by a modified in situ process. To achieve this goal, the Phase I project was directed to specific research efforts defined to develop an understanding of and to develop a predictive capability for in situ oil shale fragmentation. These research efforts include: stress wave propagation characteristics of oil shale; oil shale characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation; explosive characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation; geometric characteristics which control fracture and fragmentation; and predictive capabilities of preretort fragmentation design given local geological features and material behavior. A detailed test plan to evaluate the fragmentation characteristics is presented in Table 1."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Topical Report-DE-NT155141Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Core Leak-off tests are commonly used to ascertain the ability of a drilling fluid to seal permeable rock under downhole conditions. Unfortunately, these tests are expensive and require a long time to set up. To monitor fluid invasion trends and to evaluate potential treatments for reducing fluid invasion on location, a simpler screening test is highly desirable. The Capillary Suction Time (CST) Test has been used since the 1970's as a fast, yet reliable, method for characterizing fluid filterability and the condition of colloidal materials in water treatment facilities and drilling fluids. For the latter, it has usually been applied to determine the state of flocculation of clay-bearing fluids and to screen potential shale inhibitors. In this work, the CST method was evaluated as a screening tool for predicting relative invasion rates of drilling fluids in permeable cores. However, the drilling fluids examined--DRILPLEX, FLOPRO, and APHRON ICS--are all designed to generate low fluid loss and give CST values that are so high that fluid invasion comes to be dominated by experimental artifacts, such as fluid evaporation. As described in this work, the CST procedure was modified so as to minimize such artifacts and permit differentiation of the fluids under investigation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Underground coal gasification is now carried out under comparatively simple hydrogeological conditions. However, experience in underground coal gasification shows that in most cases preliminary and operating drainage of sections in shaftless gas producers is necessary.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The conversion of eastern oil shale into a synthetic liquid fuel has received considerable attention in recent years due not only to the desire for the country to become energy efficient but to the many problems associated with the development of western shale. In an effort to assess the potential of Tennessee's Chattanooga Shale as a source of shale oil, a two-phase study was undertaken at Tennessee Technological University. The first phase was directed to the analysis and characterization of Chattanooga Shale in selected counties in Tennessee. These sites were those where plant locations were deemed possible and the quantity of recoverable shale was estimated to be of sufficient amount to make mining and processing potentially feasible. Phase II of the project, herein reported, was a study of a specific site in Putnam County that has a high potential for commercialization. It essentially covered an assessment of recoverable shale oil, characterized the site specific shale, and determined preliminary mining requirements of the site selected. In addition, the public issues relating to development were reviewed including environmental considerations at the selected site and State and Federal regulations that would impact on the mining and processing of the shale. Under presently available technology and crude oil prices, underground mining of Chattanooga Shale at the site would be uneconomical. 4 figures, 2 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Low cost material is needed for grouting abandoned retorts. Experimental work has shown that a hydraulic cement can be produced from Lurgi spent shale by mixing it in a 1:1 weight ratio with limestone and heating one hour at 1000 degrees C with 5% added gypsum, strengths up to 25.8 Mpa are obtained. This cement could make an economical addition up to about 10% to spent shale grout mixes, or be used in ordinary cement applications.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for in situ biodegradation in the contaminated groundwater aquifer at the Hoe Creek underground coal gasification site. Experiments were performed in electrolytic respirometric cells under simulated environmental condition. An orthogonal, fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the following factor on phenol degradation: nutrient dose, amount of bacterial inoculum, temperature, light conditions, and substrate concentration. Microorganisms native to the environment were used as the inoculm, and phosphorus was used as the nutrient.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Five general classifications of oil-shale retorting processes can be made according to the method used to heat the shale. These classifications arbitrarily have been designated as follows: Class I. Heat transfer through a wall. Class II. Gas-to-solid heat transfer where hot gas is produced from combustion of shale within the retorting vessel. Class III. Fluid-to-solid heat transfer where the recycled fluid (gas or liquid) is externally heated. Class IV. Solid-to-solid heat transfer. Class V. Heating by electrical methods. A process engineering study has been made of retorting processes utilizing the Class II or internal-combustion principle of heating the shale. For Simplification, this study is divided into two parts - one in which air alone is used for retorting; the other utilizing a combination of air and recycle gases. This report is concerned with internal combustion retorting using air alone. Process engineering studies of the various basic retorting methods are being made, preliminary to engineering cost evaluation, to determine which retorting systems are impractical cal from process considerations alone ; and to allow selection of the "" most feasible processes for"" cost evaluation. It is believed that the results of these studies will be of interest to others concerned with oil-shale retorting process development."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Reductions in the maximum permissible sulfur content of diesel fuel to less than 0.05 wt% will require deep desulfurization to meet these standards. In some refineries, a new hydrogenation catalyst may be required for diesel fuel production. The work very briefly described in this document is on the use of hydrotalcite-supported molybdenum sulfide in the catalysis of ethanol. The catalyst reaction was highly selective for 1-butanol, providing a very clean reaction. Since the catalysis contains the MoS{sub 2} needed for the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation steps, the reaction can be performed at lower temperatures and higher selectivity. The catalyst was very stable and not destroyed by the water produced in the reaction.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership completed drilling the first carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration pilot borehole well with continental flood basalts, to a total depth of 4110 ft at the Boise Inc. mill property at Wallula, Washington. As part of the characterization program, hydrologic tests were conducted on selected basalt interflow reservoir zones and flow-interior/caprock intervals during, and at the completion of the borehole drilling activities, to support selection of a candidate injection reservoir for subsequent CO2 sequestration studies. Based on the results obtained during the active borehole characterization program, an injection reservoir was identified between the depth interval of 2716 and 2910 ft that contained three individual Grande Ronde Basalt breccia interflow zones. The Wallula pilot well injection reservoir lies stratigraphically below the massive Umtanum Member of the Grande Ronde Basalt, whose flow-interior section possesses regionally recognized low-permeability characteristics. Following well completion activities that occurred during May 2009, Wallula pilot well injection reservoir zone pressure was monitored for an extended period (i.e., between June 2009 and December 2010) for the purpose of evaluating seasonal and temporal reservoir pressure dynamics in response to natural and manmade-related stresses. Following completion of the baseline pressure monitoring phase, a series of hydrologic well tests were conducted to assess possible impacts to the injection reservoir due to previous well completion activities, and for determining large-scale hydraulic property and hydrologic boundary detection. Results for the characterization program conducted during the initial, active borehole drilling campaign were previously published in McGrail et al. (2009).1 This report presents the hydrologic test results obtained following well completion, during the subsequent baseline monitoring period, and recent well testing phase of the characterization program. Recommendations are also provided to reduce the uncertainty concerning operative conceptual conditions within the candidate CO2 injection horizon.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of coal-fired turbine technologies such as Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC), coal Gasification Combined Cycles (GCC), and Direct Coal-Fired Turbines (DCFT). A major technical development challenge remaining for coal-fired turbine systems is high-temperature gas cleaning to meet environmental emissions standards, as well as to ensure acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science & Technology Center, has evaluated an Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concept that has been configured to meet this technical challenge. This ceramic hot gas filter (HGF), ILEC concept controls particulate emissions, while simultaneously contributing to the control of sulfur and alkali vapor contaminants in high-temperature, high-pressure, fuel gases or combustion gases. This document reports on the results of Phase III of the ILEC evaluation program, the final phase of the program. In Phase III, a bench-scale ILEC facility has been tested to (1) confirm the feasibility of the ILEC concept, and (2) to resolve some major filter cake behavior issues identified in PFBC, HGF applications.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Major variables reported in this study were retorting temperature, retorting atmosphere (inert, air added, air and CO/sub 2/ added), and groundwater quality (source). All leaching tests were made at atmospheric pressure and most at room temperature. Leaching tests were made with groundwater to observe the ability of spent shale to remove materials from groundwater and the possible ability of those materials to plug the pore structure of the spent shale and to minimize further leaching. The factor having the greatest effect on leachate composition was retort temperature. The presence of CO/sub 2/ during hightemperature retorting suppressed the amounts of baseforming materials generated. All leachates were affected significantly by the groundwater used for leaching. As expected, more material was leached from the retorted Utah shale when the higher-purity groundwater was used. The addition of 2% Wyoming bentonite for the purpose of pH modification to the groundwater used for leaching the retorted shale (780 and 1000/sup 0/C (1,436 and 1,832/sup 0/F) retort atmosphere of air with 15% CO/sub 2/ added) showed that the bentonite had only a small effect on the leaching of monovalent cations and essentially no effect on the movement of the heavy, hazardous cations. The effect of retorting temperature was mixed with the exception of chromium, which increased four- to fivefold in the leachate. The permeability of Utah shale was determined by retorting two cores from Rock 2 at 780/sup 0/C (1,436/sup 0/F) for 48 hours in the presence of air alone. The differences in the final permeability of these cores can be attributed to differences in groundwaters.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Analytical solutions are derived for the electromagnetic E and H modes in a cylindrical wave guide of radius a and infinite length which is filled axially with media of different dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of he program was to assess the potential environmental hazard posed by the surface disposal of raw and spent eastern oil shales. Three shales: Sunbury. Cleveland, and New Albany were investigated. The spent materials were derived in the case of the Sunbury shale from the Battelle, in the case of the Cleveland shale from the Rockwell. and in the case of the New Albany shale from the Hytort process. The raw, low carbonate Sunbury and Cleveland shales were found to produce acid drainage readily on exposure to the atmosphere and water; this action was accelerated by iron oxidizing bacteria. The raw New Albany shale behaved in a manner analogous to highly calcareous coals. No pyrite appeared to be left in the spent shales; the presence of ferrous sulfide in the New Albany and Cleveland shales was indicated . Mechanisms responsible for the results obtained are discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Field Demonstration of the Conventional Steam Drive Process with Ancillary Materials, First Annual Report, October 1979-September 19801Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- These design requirements are applicable to valves suitable for use in controlling a coal/ash-solvent slurry under pressure letdown conditions in a coal liquefaction process. The valves are in the main flow downstream of the reactor vessel. The slurry also contains dissolved gases, including hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons. This valve must operate on a coal/ash-solvent slurry at 500 to 850/sup 0/F and with letdown pressures from 2000 to 4000 psig to atmospheric. The design and construction of the valves shall comply with commercial standards as defined in ANSI B16.34-1977. It should be noted that the valves will be used in piping systems that conform to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ANSI Code for Pressure Piping. Therefore, the valves are also subject to any limitations of those codes. In case of a conflict between requirements in these codes, the more stringent (i.e., more conservative) requirement shall apply. The valves shall be designed to be remote operating-type valves.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NETL Rocky Mountain Basins Produced Water Database1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes research accomplishments achieved with funding provided through Department of Energy (DOE) Contract DE-FE0031686, for the project “A Non-Invasive Approach for Elucidating the Spatial Distribution of In Situ Stress in Deep Subsurface Geologic Formations Considered for CO2 Storage.” The purpose of this DOE funding is to develop non-invasive methods to obtain important information about subsurface stresses. The overall research goal of the project was to develop and improve methods for determining the spatial distribution of stresses, including magnitude and orientation of the three principal stress components in the subsurface, based on new methods that extract stress information from seismic data combined with well measurements, extended with well tests and logs, and unified in a numerical model that permits computation of the full stress tensor throughout the domains under investigation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is the first attempt at presenting an unified overview of the organic compounds produced by the retorting of raw oil shale. The emphasis is on the secondary, minor, and trace organic constituents of the process streams rater than on the major components of the crude shale oil. All of the well-characterized organic constituents of oil-shale process streams are discussed with respect to their occurrence and abundance. The origin and fate of each chemical class during retorting is also discussed; much of this discussion includes conjectures based on known chemical reactions. Brief discussion includes conjectures based on known chemical reactions. Brief discussions are also included with environmental health effects may be important. Conjectures are made with respect to compounds that may be present in process streams but have yet to be identified because of limitations in methods of chemical analysis. The major objective of this unified approach was to suggest a way in which predications could be made regarding the composition of oil shale process streams, but have yet to be identified because of limitations in methods of chemical analysis. The major objective of this unified approach was to suggest a way in which predictions could be made regarding the composition of oil shale process streams, which to date remain largely uncharacterized. An approach is suggested with which this information could be used in developing environmental monitoring plans for commercial scale oil shale facilities. A major conclusion of this report is that most organic compounds produced during oil-shale retorting have multiple origins; many originate from either direct liquid extraction of mild pyrolysis of the kerogen as well as from complex intermolecular chemical reactions of simple precursors. Almost all of the compounds produced are not only products f other synfuel and petroleum refining, but they also occur ubiquitously in the environment.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This paper presents geologic soil descriptions of two oil shale areas selected for soil sampling. Soil samples are to be collected specifically from areas designated for spent shale disposal. One shale disposal site is the Colorado Rio Blanco lease tract C-a, 84 Mesa. The other area is adjacent to the Clegg Creek Member of the New Albany shale in southeast Indiana. Site descriptions are considered to be fundamental before sampling in order to collect samples that are representative of the major parent material. The dominant parent materials found near Rio Blanco are basalt, sandstone, and marlstone. The dominant parent material in southeast Indiana is glacial till. The soils weathered from these materials have different physical and chemical characteristics. Collected samples will be representative of these characteristics. 6 refs., 3 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- General Electric Global Research (GE) is developing high-performance, thin film polymer composite hollow fiber membranes and advanced processes for economical post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The project includes bench-scale testing to tune the properties of a novel phosphazene polymer membrane and decrease costs through development of innovative fabrication techniques.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Secondary Natural Gas Recovery (SGR): Targeted Technology Applications for Infield Reserve Growth is a joint venture research project sponsored by the Gas Research Institute (GRI), the US Department of Energy (DOE), the State of Texas through the Bureau of Economic Geology at The University of Texas at Austin, with the cofunding and cooperation of the natural gas industry. The SGR project is a field-based program using an integrated multidisciplinary approach that integrates geology, geophysics, engineering, and petrophysics. A major objective of this research project is to develop, test, and verify those technologies and methodologies that have near- to mid-term potential for maximizing recovery of gas from conventional reservoirs in known fields. Natural gas reservoirs in the Gulf Coast Basin are targeted as data-rich, field-based models for evaluating infield development. The SGR research program focuses on sandstone-dominated reservoirs in fluvial-deltaic plays within the onshore Gulf Coast Basin of Texas. The primary project research objectives are: To establish how depositional and diagenetic heterogeneities cause, even in reservoirs of conventional permeability, reservoir compartmentalization and hence incomplete recovery of natural gas. To document examples of reserve growth occurrence and potential from fluvial and deltaic sandstones of the Texas Gulf Coast Basin as a natural laboratory for developing concepts and testing applications. To demonstrate how the integration of geology, reservoir engineering, geophysics, and well log analysis/petrophysics leads to strategic recompletion and well placement opportunities for reserve growth in mature fields.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The IGT mild gasification process incorporates an integrated fluidized-bed/entrained-bed reactor with heat supplied by a combination of hot char and gas recycle. The use of mild operating conditions (1000 to 1500{degree}F), low pressures (<50 psig), and continuous operation in closed reactors, combined with the potential value-added benefits from the sale of co-products, offer an economical and environmentally sound approach to advanced coal utilization. The tests conducted as Task 4 operated with a full-stream product gas condensate system that was added to the process research unit (PRU). In these tests, the use of recycled char from previous tests mixed with the caking coal feed to the fluidized bed simulated the scale-up process design for the adiabatic process development unit (PDU) using recycled hot char. Also, one test was performed to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide in the inlet fluidization gas, as would be present in the PDU design using heated recycled product gas for fluidization. Co-product yields and quality were compared with Task 2 data and related to sequential char recycle, fluidization gas, and coal type. Oils/tars yields with Illinois and West Virginia bituminous coals were consistently over 25% by weight of moisture- and ash-free coal, and were not adversely affected either by replacement of coke diluent with mild gasification char or by the use of 19% CO{sub 2} in the fluidization gas. Condensable co-products from the Task 4 PRU tests were evaluated by Reilly Industries for the production of chemicals and pitch binders, and recommendations for liquids upgrading for incorporation into the 24-ton/h PDU design were made. Larger batches of char were generated for preparation of form coke and smokeless fuel briquettes to be tested. 3 refs., 4 figs., 31 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- These DEMs consist of an array of elevations for ground positions at regularly spaced 3-meter intervals. They were created from mass points and breaklines collected as part of the Statewide Addressing and Mapping Board's mission. DEMs based on 24K scale quadrangle boundaries are available for download from the State Data Clearinghouse or offsite from the USGS Seamless Data Distribution System, 1/9th Arc Second, Natonal Elevation Dataset. The Statewide Addressing and Mapping Board (SAMB) contracted BAE SYSTEMS ADR to create a stereo photogrammetric-derived DTM from statewide spring 2003 aerial photography to support vertical elevation accuracies of +- 10 feet. The SAMB required its Project Management Team (Michael Baker Jr, Inc.) to perform independent quality assurance in order to certify final product acceptance. Baker used NSSDA automated and visual tests of attribute accuracy, logical consistency, completeness, and adherence to SAMB project data specifications. Using mass points and breaklines provided by the SAMB, the West Virginia GIS Technical Center worked in conjunction with the United States Geologic Survey to create raster elevation data at 3 meter (1/9th arc second) resolution compliant with National Elevation Dataset standards. Detailed information about the conversion process can be found HERE.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- There are a number of producing gas fields in the United States where production is controlled by natural fractures. The host rock may consist of low porosity, low permeability formations, and wells completed in the unfractured rock have low productivity. On the other hand, wells intercepting fractured rocks may show good production. The objective of the research under this contract is to improve the technology for detecting fractures by surface geophysical methods. This remote detection of fractures will allow optimum placement of vertical or horizontal wells. The critical components of the project are: (1) Selection of a gas field with known production from naturally occurring fractures. The project scope does not allow for drilling of wells, so that evidence for occurrence of fractures and gas production from fractures must be obtained from existing wells` field production history, and other data. (2) Acquisition of both surface and downhole seismic P-wave and S-wave data. The project will acquire one 9-component (9-C) VSP. In a 9-C VSP survey, seismic events are recorded by 3-C geophones from one P-wave, and two perpendicular oriented S-wave sources (SH and SV). Also, approximately 12 miles of 9-C surface seismic data will be acquired. (3) Processing and interpretation of 9-C VSP and 9-C surface seismic data, and correlating the seismic anomalies observed to all available geologic and production information to show how the variations in seismic response is related to fracture density, fracture orientation, lithology, structure, and production history.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Industry Advisory Group Meeting Project Summary1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The study of the oxidation kinetics of pyridine was completed in the temperature range of 948 to 1073/sup 0/K and concentration ranges of 1.75 to 7.0 mole % oxygen; 0.25 to 2.0 mole % pyridine. The rate law is rate = k(C/sub 5/H/sub 5/N)/sup 1/2/(0/sub 2/)(..delta..0/sub 2/)/sup 1/2/, where ..delta..0/sub 2/ is oxygen consumed (autocatalysis). The temperature dependence is k = 10/sup 14.7 - .7/exp(-26600 - 1600/T)(1/mole s). The yield of HCN appeared insensitive to changes in temperature, concentrations and equivalence ratio, and only trace amounts of nitrogen oxides and ammonia were found. Fuel-rich mixtures produced large amounts of smoke so that a nitrogen balance was not possible but for lean mixtures HCN and N/sub 2/ accounted for the product nitrogen. Increase to 2% pyridine and 14% oxygen produced reduced yields of HCN and increased yields of N/sub 2/, N/sub 2/O, and NO. H/sub 2/ had no influence on the rates of pyrolysis and oxidation of pyridine. At 1073/sup 0/K HCN was oxidized at a measurable rate, added benzene increased the rate of oxidation at low equivalence ratios and reduced it at ratios above 0.9, with no significant nitrogen oxides produced, added acetylene increased the oxidation rate and also produced NO. It is clear that conditions can be found for the oxidation of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds that promote the formation of N/sub 2/ at the expense of NO.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Two tasks were active during the ninth quarter of the CNG acid gas removal project: Subtask 1.4, calibration of instruments and elimination of equipment difficulties for the process development-scale triple-point crystallizer; and Subtask 2.1, acquisition of crystallizer rate and mechanical slurry handling data. Within Subtask 1.4, slurry pumping difficulties were resolved by extending the flash zone (longer flash vessel), and by placing a coarse filter over the slurry outlet port to exclude large particles from the slurry pump suction line. The slurry pump is a 0.5-inch ECO gear pump. Successful slurry pumping permitted a solid bed several feet tall to accumulate in the washer-melter; the solid bed moved upward in a stick-slip mode rather than continuously. Crystal melting commenced when the solid emerged from the liquid, but lasted only briefly before the bottom of the solid bed collapsed and prevented further upward movement of solid. The causes of solid bed collapse, and crystallizer modifications to prevent collapse, are being studied. Within Subtask 2.1, the melt rate obtained in the 3-inch id drained bed melter was 0.5 lb melt gas/min (10.2 lb melt gas/square foot/min). The pressure driving force for melting was 2 psi or less, and no agitation was used. The drained bed melt rate compares with the original submerged bed melt rate of about 7.8 lb melt gas/square foot/min obtained with 5 psi pressure driving force and robust agitation. 2 figures, 2 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Raw water analysis data for well 36-10 in the project area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The report presents the findings of an investigation into the main heat exchanger performance and the modifications now being carried out on the Grimethorne pressurized fluidized-bed combustor. The heat exchanger was designed as part of the steam/water circuit to cool the exhaust gas entering with a temperature in the range of 750 to 950/sup 0/C to approximately 300/sup 0/C at the outlet. During hot commissioning, it was noted that the gas outlet temperature from the heat exchanger was appreciably above design although the inlet temperature was substantially below design. An analysis of the calculated heat transfer coefficients derived from several hot commissioning runs for the tube banks within the exchanger, showed them to be more than 50% below the design values. Inspection of the exchanger revealed the tubes to be covered with dust deposits, which acted as insulation and accounted for the reduction in performance, apart from the difference in design and actual inlet conditions. The report provides a description of the heat exchanger in terms of its function and design. Operational aspects up to the completion of Test Series 1 are outlined, and details are given of the modifications that are to be carried out prior to Test Series 2. A brief outline of the auxiliary heat exchanger and its performance is included.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Basal Cambrian project GIS files were created based on outputs from the project’s geologic model. These files represent generalized characteristics of the Cambro-Ordovician Saline System (COSS) and are influenced by the model’s grid cell size, and, as a result, these data layers should not be used as an absolute value at any particular location.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Potential natural gas resources in the New Albany Shale of the Illinois basin may be related to five key factors: relative organic content of the shale; relative thickness of the organically-rich shale; thermal maturity as related to depth of burial; presence of natural fractures; and type of organic matter. The shale that is organically richest is in southeastern Illinois and in most of the Indiana and Kentucky portions of the Illinois basin. The shales are thickest (about 400 feet) near the center of the basin in southeastern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and adjacent parts of Kentucky. The area is deeply buried by younger rocks, and the organic matter has the highest thermal maturity. In addition, natural fault-induced fractures in the shale, which may aid in collecting gas from a larger volume of shale, may be present, since major faults along the Rough Creek Lineament and Wabash Valley Fault System cross the deeper part of the basin. Thus, this area near the basin center where the shale is thickest and rich organically and where fault-induced fractures may be present has the greatest potential for natural-gas resources. The eastern side of the basin, where the shale is organic-rich but thin, may have poor to moderate potential for additional discoveries of small gas fields similar to those found in the past. In western Illinois and the northern part of the basin, the potential is poor, because the organic content of the dominantly greenish-gray shale in this area is low. More exploration will be required to properly evaluate potential resources of natural gas that may exist in the New Albany Shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of producing a low BTU gas by the partial oxidation of the organic matter in Antrim shale in situ. Past experience and recent laboratory data indicate a reasonable chance for technical success. Therefore, a small field experiment is warranted.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- With the recent development of temperature measurement systems, continuous temperature profiles can be obtained with high precision. Small temperature changes can be detected by modern temperature measuring instruments such as fiber optic distributed temperature sensor (DTS) in intelligent completions and will potentially aid the diagnosis of downhole flow conditions. In vertical wells, since elevational geothermal changes make the wellbore temperature sensitive to the amount and the type of fluids produced, temperature logs can be used successfully to diagnose the downhole flow conditions. However, geothermal temperature changes along the wellbore being small for horizontal wells, interpretations of a temperature log become difficult. The primary temperature differences for each phase (oil, water, and gas) are caused by frictional effects. Therefore, in developing a thermal model for horizontal wellbore, subtle temperature changes must be accounted for. In this project, we have rigorously derived governing equations for a producing horizontal wellbore and developed a prediction model of the temperature and pressure by coupling the wellbore and reservoir equations. Also, we applied Ramey's model (1962) to the build section and used an energy balance to infer the temperature profile at the junction. The multilateral wellbore temperature model was applied to a wide range of cases at varying fluid thermal properties, absolute values of temperature and pressure, geothermal gradients, flow rates from each lateral, and the trajectories of each build section. With the prediction models developed, we present inversion studies of synthetic and field examples. These results are essential to identify water or gas entry, to guide flow control devices in intelligent completions, and to decide if reservoir stimulation is needed in particular horizontal sections. This study will complete and validate these inversion studies.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Western Research Institute (WRI) is developing a low-temperature thermal decomposition process to alleviate the problems associated with disposal of waste plastics and at the same time generate a product stream in the gasoline boiling range for use in the refining and petrochemical industries. The technology being developed by WRI is significantly different from conventional thermal decomposition processes used to recover distillates from waste plastics. The key to this difference is the application of a decomposition initiator concept that allows operation of the process at temperatures below those used in other thermal decomposition processes. The WRI technology utilizes the decomposition initiator to enhance thermal decomposition of waste plastics in the presence of a low-value heavy oil at temperatures below those normally used for thermal decomposition. Operation of the process at lower temperatures produces higher yields of distillate product and lower yields of gaseous and char products than conventional processes. The activity of the initiator was identified in earlier research studying the thermal decomposition of polymers. This activity was observed to result in a decrease in the temperature required to thermally decompose plastics in the presence of a heavy oil. These early experiments indicated that the initiator was native to the plastics matrix, but the identity and possible mode of action were not determined. This study was undertaken to identify the active initiator in the plastics matrix and define its activity. The experiments performed in this study were conducted in a batch-type reactor. The particular elements of the activity that were addressed included: (1) the kinetics of the reaction, (2) the effects of diluting the plastics with the heavy oil, and (3) the effects of using different types of heavy oil.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- High powered laser rock drilling was studied as a revolutionary method for drilling and completing deep gas and oil wells. The objectives of this 2002 to 2003 fiscal year research were to study the concept that large diameter holes can be created by multiple overlapping small beam spots, to determine the ability of lasers to drill rock submerged to some depth in water, to demonstrate the possibilities of lasers for perforating application, and to determine the wavelength effects on rock removal. Laser technology applied to well drilling and completion operations is attractive because it has the potential to reduce drilling time, create a ceramic lining that may eliminate the need for steel casing, provide additional monitor-on-drilling laser sensors and improve well performance through improved perforation. The results from this research will help engineering design on a laser-based well drilling system.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Contact angle measurements were performed as part of Task 13 of Carbon Storage FWP to complement the CO2-brine relative permeability database (CO2BRA). This dataset contains those measurements for gaseous, liquid and supercritical CO2.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Fuel Preparation Plant processes raw coal by crushing, drying, cooling and screening and mixes this in a predetermined ratio with a sulfur absorbing agent, commonly dolomite. This mixture is used as fuel for the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor at Grimethorpe, South Yorkshire, UK. The plant also contains two systems for the pneumatic conveying of solids: for transport of the prepared raw coal to an intermediate storage silo and for the transport of blended coal and sorbent from the Fuel Preparation Plant to the Main Facility building. Commissioning of the plant began in the summer of 1979. Subsequent operation of the plant up to December 1981 revealed a number of problem areas. The primary screen and primary crusher for raw coal had often become choked with wet solids; the pneumatic conveying systems had proved unreliable and experienced high pipe line wear rates; also, segregation and bridging of solids in the storage silos were experienced. Plant equipment and layout changes were thus implemented in a shutdown period from December 1981 to June 1982. This report provides a detailed description of the process and equipment as in June 1982. From June 1982 to April 1983 the Plant operated more reliably than prior to this period, although certain modifications were still necessary to maintain operation; these are described. After the plant shutdown in April 1983 new systems for pneumatic conveying and a primary screen to remove damp fines from the raw coal were installed; details are provided.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), is involved in the characterization of organic components present in the process and by-product streams generated by coal gasification in DOE/METC's 42-inch stirred fixed-bed gasifier. The primary objective of this characterization program is the generation of basic data on the total organic loadings in various process and by-product streams and the distribution of organic compounds at critical points throughout the cleanup system. The samples collected are initially separated into solid, water-soluble, and tar and oil fractions. Organic solvent extracts of the tars and oils are then subjected to capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Because of the number of components typically present in the tar and oil extracts, identification of every compound is very time-consuming. In response to this, a rapid gas chromatographic identification procedure to analyze organic compounds in tar and oil extracts using a relative retention index (RRI) system has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). This system and accompanying software has been used in the analysis and identification of samples from the DOE/METC gasifier. The results, which are processed into a convenient from by the software, can be used to build a data base to allow further analyses, such as the correlation of the composition of process streams with gasifier operating conditions. 9 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The failure of lockhopper valves in coal gasification processes has long been a significant problem resulting in costly premature terminations of gasification experiments. Few successful investigations have determined the major causes of such failures. The purpose of the present investigation is to identify possible failure mechanisms of lockhopper ball valves and to establish some fundamental analytical methods from which mathematical models of such failure mechanisms may be developed. In addition, the present work involves some recommendations of various basic experimental procedures that may also aid in the identification of failure mechanisms. 43 references, 7 figures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A relatively new oil and gas pool in the Son Juan Basin, originally discovered in 1954, has recently experienced significant development.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- 3-D synthetic surface seismic data for year 0 in Kimberlina 1.2 CCUS Geophysical Models and Synthetic Data Sets1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- DOE/BC-86/4/sp1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This is the second phase of a two-phase study to evaluate the feasibility of lowering the minimum gas pressure in solution-mined caverns through the use of an advanced constitutive model for salt in cavern design. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to develop an efficient laboratory test matrix that can be used to determine the site-specific model parameter values for the Multimechanism Deformation Coupled Fracture (MDCF) constitutive model and (2) to estimate the potential cost benefits gained as a result of using the MDCF model in cavern design. The sensitivity of test specimen response to each of the MDCF model parameters was estimated using numerical simulations of laboratory tests. The results of the sensitivity analysis were used to provide guidance in designing an efficient test matrix comprised of load paths and boundary conditions attainable in most modern laboratory facilities. The resulting test matrix includes 27 tests to determine constitutive parameters, 12 tests to determine strength properties, and ten mineralogic analysis tests to determine salt impurity content. The possible cost benefits of using the MDCF model in cavern design are the result of lowering the minimum gas pressure and thus maximizing the working gas to cushion gas ratio. The cost benefits are analyzed by comparing the reduced storage costs to the additional cost of using the more advanced MDCF constitutive model. It is estimated that even a small decrease in the minimum gas pressure will cover the costs of adopting the MDCF constitutive model within the first year or two of operation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Oil shale research activities at the Anvil Points Facility, located near Rifle, Colorado, began in the mid-1940's, and government-sponsored research has been intermittent there since that time. The Bureau of Mines'gas combustion retorting technology was developed at the facility. In the mid-1960's the Bureau of Mines (which later became the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Department of Energy built two small (10- and 150-ton) batch-type retorts near Laramie, Wyoming. These facilities were used to research in situ processing variables of oil shale. Variables such as active void volume, shale assay and size, and processing parameters have been studied. In the late 1970's, the US government sponsored four large in situ demonstration projects in Western Oil Shale: Occidental, Geokinetics, Inc., Equity, and Talley-Frac. At the present, approximately 24 major companies are at some level of effort in developing an oil shale industry. Major private companies, as well as government-sponsored projects, are developing western and eastern shales. Some 22 major efforts are involved with western shales, and 7 are involved with eastern shales. In FY 1984, the Oil Shale Program was restructured to understand the oil shale conversion phenomena so that advanced concepts for the production of liquids from shale could be developed. The restructuring is a refocusing from process development to a more fundamental approach to research. The principal participants in the new program are: Laramie Project Office, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, Western Research Institute, and selected universities and private industry. Program accomplishments are presented for these participants.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This project was funded through DOE's Natural Gas and Oil Technology Partnership Program. The program establishes alliances that combine the resources and experience of the nation's petroleum industry with the capabilities of the national laboratories to expedite research, development, and demonstration of advanced technologies for improved natural gas and oil recovery.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is submitted as the “Explosive Fracturing Plan” for contract #EF-77-C-04-3915 between the U.S. Department of Energy and Talley Energy Systems, Inc. This report satisfies requirements specified in the contract Statement of Work item II. E. 3. a.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Estimated use of water for Wyoming at the county level.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goals of this DOE sponsored project are to: (1) assemble and analyze a comprehensive database of past waste injection operations; (2) develop improved diagnostic techniques for monitoring fracture growth and formation changes; (3) develop operating guidelines to optimize daily operations and ultimate storage capacity of the target formation; and (4) to test these improved models and guidelines in the field.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This study evaluated procedures for estimating adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) onto soil from knowledge of soil organic carbon content and physico-chemical properties or structural characteristics of PAH. The study also entailed an experimental investigation to observe the manner in which naphthalene moves through unsaturated soil. It was found that an approximate value for adsorption coefficients for PAH onto soil can be obtained from readily available physico-chemical properties or structural characteristics for PAH, and correlation with information on soil organic carbon content. A laboratory apparatus was assembled in order to observe organic solute transport through unsaturated porous media, and laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate transport of naphthalene in unsaturated soil. Two tests were performed of approximately fifty days duration each. The tests were configured to observe naphthalene adsorption and breakthrough, followed by observations on naphthalene desorption characteristics. Naphthalene breakthrough was observed in tests with sterilized soil, and approximately 60% of naphthalene applied to the column was eventually eluted during desorption. This value of retardation coefficient compared favorably to that which was predicted from determination of naphthalene adsorption coefficient. Hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients were determined for transport of both chloride ion and naphthalene under conditions of both step increase and step decrease in concentration. The experimental portion of this investigation evaluated transport through unsaturated soil because groundwater contamination problems often originate in the unsaturated zone, and because relatively little information exists regarding the manner in which organic solutes are transmitted through this zone to the water table. 115 references, 22 figures, 20 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this investigation was to perform a preliminary evaluation of the utility of residual materials prepared from Green River Formation (western) and New Albany Shale (eastern) shale oils as recycling agents for aged asphalt pavement. Four petroleum asphalts were first aged by a thin-film accelerated-aging test, which simulates long service life of asphalt in pavement. The aged asphalts were mixed (recycled) with Green River Formation shale oil distillation residua to restore the original viscosities. Separately, for comparison, a commercial recycling agent was used to recycle the aged asphalts under the same circumstances. The recycled asphalts were reaged and the properties of both binder and asphalt-aggregate mixtures studied. Originally, the same study was intended for an eastern shale residua. However, the eastern shale oil distillation residua with the required flash point specification also had the properties of a viscosity builder; therefore, it was studied as such with asphalts that do not achieve sufficient viscosity during processing to serve as usable binders. Results show that Green River Formation shale oil residuum can be used to restore the original asphalt properties with favorable rheological properties, the shale oil residuum has a beneficial effect on resistance to moisture damage, the low-temperature properties of the shale oil residuum recycled asphalts are not adversely affected, and the low-temperature properties of the shale oil residuum recycled asphalts are dependent upon the chemistry of the mixture. The eastern shale oil residua was blended with soft petroleum asphalts. Results show the products have higher viscosities than the starting materials, the rheological properties of the soft asphalt-eastern shale oil residue blends are acceptable, and the eastern shale oil residue has dispersant properties despite its high viscosity. 11 refs., 3 figs., 9 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Final Report-07122-33-This report summarizes the investigation of gel damage in hydraulic fracturing and its effect on fracture conductivity. The findings of this project will help engineers to optimize hydraulic fracturing treatment design in tight gas.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Isothermal decomposition studies have been conducted in the temperature range of 368 to 500/sup 0/C using a 52-gallon-per-ton Colorado oil shale. A tubular and a heated sand-bath reactor system were used, both yielding material balances of at least 99.7 - 0.2%. Kerogen conversion to bitumen, oil, gas, and solid product was measured for different residence times at isothermal conditions. Elemental analyses were obtained on the bitumen, oil, and solid reaction products. Product gas composition was measured using an on-line gas chromatograph. Liquid and solid state /sup 13/C NMR measurements were made to determine the aliphatic and aromatic carbon fractions in the liquid and solid products. Molecular weights of the bitumens and oils were measured also. The hydrogen to carbon ratios, carbon aromaticities, and molecular weights of the produced oils were remarkably constant at all temperatures and residence times. The bitumen showed compositional changes indicative of progressive aromatization during decomposition. The aliphatic carbon in the residue decreased, having a time dependence similar to the total organic carbon, whereas the aromatic carbon exhibited almost no time dependence. The total aromatic carbon in the products increased by about 30% over the original aromatic carbon in the raw shale. One set of experiments showed a 94% conversion of kerogen to total soluble products. Rate constants for the kerogen decomposition and product evolution were obtained by simple first-order, distributed activation energy, and initial slope methods of analyses. Attempts were not successful in modeling the kerogen decomposition using a bitumen intermediate. While good fits were obtained for the oil and gas data, the model did not provide satisfactory fits to the bitumen or residue data. The lack of fit to the bitumen data is attributed to the changing composition of the bitumen. 27 refs., 21 figs., 3 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This first report briefly reviews the environment, safety, and health history at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center and enumerates and describes the program in FY81 for ambient air, water/wastewater, and solids/hazardous by-products, safety, occupational health, and industrial hygiene. Professional development, publications, and conference presentations also are presented for FY81. The environmental protection management program provided technical assistance and compliance related support services for both on- and off-site projects. In FY81, the safety program focused on developing and issuing a Site Environment, Safety, and Health Plan, that provides for safe design and operation for the facility. Other safety activities provided controls during planning and design phases of projects and defined the methods to achieve an acceptable level of risk at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center 47-acre developed site. The efforts of the occupational health program in FY81 were directed toward protecting employees from health and safety hazards in their work environment and overseeing any physical limitations that would hamper job performance or safety.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The overall objective of this program is the development of predictive capability for the design, scale up, simulation, control and feedstock evaluation in advanced coal conversion devices. The foundation to describe coal-specific conversion behavior is AFR's Functional Group (FG) and Devolatilization, Vaporization, and Crosslinking (DVC) models, developed under previous and on-going METC sponsored programs. These models have demonstrated the capability to describe the time dependent evolution of individual gas species, and the amount and characteristics of tar and char. The combined FG-DVC model will be integrated with BYU's comprehensive two-dimensional reactor model, PCGC-2, which is currently the most widely used reactor simulation for combustion or gasification. The program includes: (1) validation of the submodels by comparison with laboratory data obtained in this program, (2) extensive validation of the modified comprehensive code by comparison of predicted results with data from bench-scale and process scale investigations of gasification, mild gasification and combustion of coal or coal-derived products in heat engines, and (3) development of well documented user friendly software applicable to a workstation''environment. Progress is reported.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Comprehensive data are presented on the quantity, quality, and distribution of low-rank coal (subbituminous and lignite) deposits in the United States. The major lignite-bearing areas are the Fort Union Region and the Gulf Lignite Region, with the predominant strippable reserves being in the states of North Dakota, Montana, and Texas. The largest subbituminous coal deposits are in the Powder River Region of Montana and Wyoming, The San Juan Basin of New Mexico, and in Northern Alaska. For each of the low-rank coal-bearing regions, descriptions are provided of the geology; strippable reserves; active and planned mines; classification of identified resources by depth, seam thickness, sulfur content, and ash content; overburden characteristics; aquifers; and coal properties and characteristics. Low-rank coals are distinguished from bituminous coals by unique chemical and physical properties that affect their behavior in extraction, utilization, or conversion processes. The most characteristic properties of the organic fraction of low-rank coals are the high inherent moisture and oxygen contents, and the correspondingly low heating value. Mineral matter (ash) contents and compositions of all coals are highly variable; however, low-rank coals tend to have a higher proportion of the alkali components CaO, MgO, and Na/sub 2/O. About 90% of the reserve base of US low-rank coal has less than one percent sulfur. Water resources in the major low-rank coal-bearing regions tend to have highly seasonal availabilities. Some areas appear to have ample water resources to support major new coal projects; in other areas such as Texas, water supplies may be constraining factor on development.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Alkyl-substituted fluorenones have been identified from Wilmington, Calif., petroleum by API Research Project 52 and are the first aromatic ketones found in petroleum."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Piceance basin of northwestern Colorado contains rich deposits of oil shale in sedimentary rocks of the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation. Plans for mining these deposits in Federal prototype lease tracts C-a and C-b require ground water to be pumped to allow the construction of underground retorts for use in extracting the shale oil. The possible adverse effects of mine pumping and resaturation of spent shale in an abandoned mine were investigated by studying the geochemistry of the aquifers and by use of ground water quality modeling techniques.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- UCR TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The Bureau of Mines oil-shale program, initiated in April 1944, is concerned with the future utilization of oil shale in the United States as a source of liquid fuel. One phase of this program is the accumulation of information on the location, extent, and richness of oil-shale deposits that may'be suitable for processing to oil and related products. A previous publication presented, by means of logs, the oil yields of sections of the largest known oil-shale deposit in the country - the shales of the Green River formation occurring in adjoining portions of the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report explains the unusual characteristics of West Carney Field based on detailed geological and engineering analyses. A geological history that explains the presence of mobile water and oil in the reservoir was proposed. The combination of matrix and fractures in the reservoir explains the reservoirs flow behavior. We confirm our hypothesis by matching observed performance with a simulated model and develop procedures for correlating core data to log data so that the analysis can be extended to other, similar fields where the core coverage may be limited.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project was to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of using high-temperature ceramic filters for particulate control in combined cycle coal gasification power plants. The overall program strategy involved three major tasks: (1) investigation of alternate designs; (2) bench-scale gasifier filter evaluation; and (3) economic assessment of a commercial-scale gasifier filter. This report presents detailed descriptions and conclusions for each task. The tests and preliminary economic assessment show that ceramic bag filters are potentially attractive candidates for gasifier particulate cleanup. 70 figs., 33 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The work performed during the second quarterly reporting period (February 21 through May 20, 1992) on the research program, Scale-Up of Mild Gasification to a Process Development Unit''is presented in this report. The overall objective of this project is to develop the IGT Mild-Gasification (MILDGAS) process for near-term commercialization. The specific objectives of the program are to: (1) design, construct, and operate a 24-tons/day adiabatic process development unit (PDU) to obtain process performance data suitable for further design scaleup. (2) obtain large batches of coal-derived co-products for industrial evaluation. (3) prepare a detailed design of a demonstration unit. (4) develop technical and economic plans for commercialization of the MILDGAS process. The MILDGAS process is a continuous closed system for producing liquid and solid (char) co-products at mild operating conditions up to 50 psig and 1300[degrees]F. It is capable of processing a wide range of both eastern caking and western noncaking coals. The PDU to be constructed is comprised of a 2.5-ft ID adiabatic gasifier for the production of char, coal liquids, and gases; a thermal cracker for upgrading of the coal liquids; and a hot briquetting unit for the production of form coke and smokeless fuel briquettes. The facility will also incorporate support equipment for environmentally acceptable disposal of process waste.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The primary objective of this project was to enhance domestic petroleum production by field demonstration and technology transfer of an advanced-oil-recovery technology in the Paradox Basin, southeastern Utah. If this project can demonstrate technical and economic feasibility, the technique can be applied to approximately 100 additional small fields in the Paradox Basin alone, and result in increased recovery of 150 to 200 million barrels (23,850,000-31,800,000 m3) of oil. This project was designed to characterize five shallow-shelf carbonate reservoirs in the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Paradox Formation and choose the best candidate for a pilot demonstration project for either a waterflood or carbon-dioxide-(CO2-) miscible flood project. The field demonstration, monitoring of field performance, and associated validation activities will take place within the Navajo Nation, San Juan County, Utah.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- One objective of this project is to determine the adsorptive losses of EOR chemicals on minerals in a systematic manner and expand adsorption models for incorporation as an adsorption module into chemical flooding simulators. The Woodbury-Noll adsorption model was developed which fits both amount and heat of adsorption simultaneously. Two ternary systems were selected with a view to extending the Woodbury-Noll adsorption model to these systems. In the first of these systems, DTAB/NaBr/H20/silica, competitive effects are not present. In the second system, methanol/toluene/heptane/silica, competitive adsoprtion is present. Flow adsorption calorimetry was carried out on these ternary systems and on their respective binaries. Adsorption calorimetry of DTAB from solutions with added electrolyte showed that the heat and the amount of adsorption increased when the salt content was raised to 3 percent, being approximately constant thereafter. However, the increase in salinity above this amount moved the plateau region to lower surfactant concentrations. Adsorption of DTAB at 45)degree)C resulted in lower adsorption than at 25)degree)C, but the heat release was only slightly lower. The heat and amount of adsorption of methanol from heptane onto silica are both markedly reduced by the presence of toluene in the solution. Densities of the surfactant solutions and of the binaries of methanol/toluene/heptane system are reported. 6 refs., 20 figs., 13 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goal of this program is to evaluate techniques for creating permeability and void space under field conditions.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In order to make Bureau of Mines analyses of crude oils more useful, the value of including a determination of nitrogen content was investigated. Nitrogen contents of 153 crude petroleums from all parts of the United States were investigated. In general, the more asphaltic crude oils contained the higher nitrogen contents and the bulk of the nitrogen was in the high molecular weight portion of the oils. Correlations were developed between the Conradson carbon residue of the oil and the nitrogen content for oils from particular geological periods. The nitrogen content of petroleum fractions is assuming considerable importance because of its adverse effect on cracking catalysts and on stability of finished products. Consequently, generalizations as to the amount of nitrogen in the crude oil and information as to its boiling-range distribution are important in the selection of crude stock for particular operations. Correlations of nitrogen content with geologic age may give clues as to the origin and process of conversion of petroleum.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Autothermal fuel reforming (ATR) consists of reacting a hydrocarbon fuel such as natural gas or diesel with steam to produce a hydrogen-rich {open_quotes}reformed{close_quotes} fuel. This work has been designed to investigate the fuel reformation and the product gas combustion under gas turbine conditions. The hydrogen-rich gas has a high flammability with a wide range of combustion stability. Being lighter and more reactive than methane, the hydrogen-rich gas mixes readily with air and can be burned at low fuel/air ratios producing inherently low emissions. The reformed fuel also has a low ignition temperature which makes low temperature catalytic combustion possible. ATR can be designed for use with a variety of alternative fuels including heavy crudes, biomass and coal-derived fuels. When the steam required for fuel reforming is raised by using energy from the gas turbine exhaust, cycle efficiency is improved because of the steam and fuel chemically recuperating. Reformation of natural gas or diesel fuels to a homogeneous hydrogen-rich fuel has been demonstrated. Performance tests on screening various reforming catalysts and operating conditions were conducted on a batch-tube reactor. Producing over 70 percent of hydrogen (on a dry basis) in the product stream was obtained using natural gas as a feedstock. Hydrogen concentration is seen to increase with temperature but less rapidly above 1300{degrees}F. The percent reforming increases as the steam to carbon ratio is increased. Two basic groups of reforming catalysts, nickel - and platinum-basis, have been tested for the reforming activity.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Presentation overview of the installation of the permanent geophone array at Bell Creek oil field1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The changes in solution chemistry and mineralogy of spent oil shale were examined as a function of time to determine the extent of the weathering reactions. The computer-based solution chemistry model GEOCHEM was used to predict solution- and solid-phase chemistry, and x-ray diffraction analyses were used to determine the mineralogy of the materials. The solution chemistry evaluation provides evidence that diopside has the potential to precipitate after 16 hours of weathering. However, the system appeared to be in a state of nonequilibrium because significant changes occurred from the first day to the fifty-sixth day of hydration. The X-ray diffraction analyses did not provide conclusive evidence that specifies the mineral phases that make up the comentitious materials. However, calcite was a major component of the system and, undoubtedly, is a major ingredient in the formation of cements. Also, gypsum may contribute to the cementation process.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The test was performed in the lenticular deposit of lignite at Banco-Casino, covered by a layer of 12 to 30 m of dead ground.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- GOAL: To develop, test, and validate a new method for the characterization of turbiditic reservoirs based on the fundamental physics of the formation of the reservoirs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The reports on synthetic liquid fuels for 1949 deal primarily with progress in utilizing coal and oil shale as raw materials. It should be noted, however, that the program embraces very important work on the conversion of agricultural wastes into liquid fuels, together with significant research on secondary recovery from stripper oil fields and on refining processes. Notable processes has been made in each of these programs, and the results are sketched in he latter part of this summary.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Rocky Mountain 1 (RM1) Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) test consisted of two different module configurations: the controlled retracting injection point (CRIP) and elongated linked well (ELW) configurations. The postburn coring of the RM1 UCG site was designed in two phases to fulfill seven objectives outlined in the Western Research Institute's (WRI) annual project plan for 1988--1989. The seven objectives were to (1) delineate the areal extent of the cavities, (2) identify the extent of roof collapse, (3) obtain samples of all major cavity rock types, (4) characterize outflow channels and cavity stratigraphy, (5) characterize the area near CRIP points and ignition points, (6) further define the structural geology of the site, and (7) identify the vertical positioning of the horizontal process wells within the coal seam. Phase 1 of the coring was completed in the summer of 1989 and served to partially accomplish all seven objectives. In relation to the seven objectives, WRI determined that (1) the ELW cavity extends farther to the west and the CRIP cavity was located 5--10 feet farther to the south than anticipated; (2) roof collapse was contained within unit A in both modules; (3) samples of all major rock types were recovered; (4) insufficient data were obtained to characterize the outflow channels, but cavity stratigraphy was well defined; (5) bore holes near the CRIP points and ignition point did not exhibit characteristics significantly different from other bore holes in the cavities; (6) a fault zone was detected between VIW=1 and VIW-2 that stepped down to the east; and (7) PW-1 was only 7--12 feet below the top of the coal seam in the eastern part of the ELW module area; and CIW-1 was located 18--20 feet below the top of the coal seam in the CRIP module area. 7 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- It is expected that DOE will be involved in the funding of a demonstration program concerning surface retorting of oil shale. This demonstration will involve building and operating a single retort and its associated support facilities. Such facilitites will include mining, crushing, rock handling, gas handling, oil handling and storage, and processed shale disposal.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The theory and practice of recovering fluids from underground reservoirs with wells has long been the subject of study. Water and petroleum products drawn by wells have long been vital parts of our social and economic system. However recent interest in underground combustion and the accompanying flow processes has been stimulated by the incurring energy shortage. Investigation is underway in various countries, for example Canada, the Soviet Union, and the U. S .A., on in situ combustion of coal, oil shale and tar sands. These in situ processes often require the drilling of wells for injection of air into the material being processed and the recovery of the resulting combustion products."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- EIA tracks and reports on selected significant storms that impact or could potentially impact energy infrastructure. See past historical events reported on right or real-time storm tracking with energy infrastructure maps below.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Color contour plot of 7a. The dark blue colors indicate regions of highest correlation, and the red colors indicate lowest correlation. The desired angle(s) and time lags are given by the high correlation areas. Further analysis must be performed to select the correct parameter pair.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report is part of a seven-volume series on the Hanna, Wyoming, underground coal gasification field tests. Volume 1 is a summary of the project, and each of Volumes 2 through 6 describes a particular test. Volume 7 is a compilation of all the data for the tests in Volumes 2 through 6. Based on the recommendations of A.D. Little, Inc. in a 1971 report prepared for the US Bureau of Mines, the Hanna I test represented the first field test in reestablishing a field program by the US Bureau of Mines. The test was directed toward comparing results from a thick subbitiminous coal seam with those obtained during the field test series conducted at Gorgas, AL, in the 1940's and 1950's. Hanna I was conducted from March 1973 through February 1974. This report covers: (1) site selection and characteristics; (2) test objectives; (3) facility description; (4) pre-operation tests; (5) test operations summary; and (6) post-test activity. 9 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report addresses the fourth logical unit of work of a multiyear program whose overall objective is the development of a gas-cooled phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) for electric utility power plant application. This PAFC Technology Development Program continuation is structured to build upon the current cell technology baseline so as to advance critical component technologies to meet the performance, endurance, reliability and cost goals associated with successful energy service. Progress is described.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Progress is reported for the period from April 1, 2003 to June 30, 2003. The pilot water injection plant became operational 4/18/03 and began long-term injection in the CO2I No.1 on 4/23/03. The CO2I No.1 exhibits sufficient injectivity for pilot requirements with average absolute permeability surrounding this well equal to {approx}85 millidarcies. Response to injection in the CO2I No.1 has established that conductivity between CO2I No.1 and CO2 No.12, No.10, No.18 and TB Carter No.5 is sufficient for the demonstration. Workovers of the CO2 No.16 and CO2 No.13 were completed in April and May, respectively. Pressure response indicates No.16 communicates with the flood pattern area but core, swab-test, and pressure response data indicate permeability surrounding No.16 is not adequate to maintain the production rates needed to support the original pattern as the well is presently completed. Decisions concerning possible further testing and stimulation have been postponed until after testing of the No.13 is complete. Production rates for the No.13 are consistent with a surrounding reservoir average absolute permeability of {approx}80 md. However, pressure and rate tests results, partially due to the nature of the testing conducted to date, have not confirmed the nature of the CO2I No.1-CO2 No.13 conductivity. A build-up test and conductivity test are planned to begin the first weeks of the next quarter to obtain reservoir properties data and establish the connectivity and conductivity between CO2 I-1 and CO2 No.13. A new geomodel of the pattern area has been developed based on core from No.16 and the new wireline logs from the No.10, No.12, No.16, and No.13. The new geomodel is currently being incorporated into the basic calculations of reservoir volume and flood design and predicted response as well as the reservoir simulators. Murfin signed a letter agreement with FLOCO2 of Odessa, TX for supply of CO2 storage and injection equipment. Technology transfer activities have included presentations to the Environmental Protection Agency, Prof. Accountants Soc. of KS, Am. Assoc. of Petroleum Geologists, and a US Congressional aide staff member. The Associated Press also released a story concerning the project that was picked up by many Kansas newspapers.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the work performed during the fifth quarter of the contract. During this quarter, parametric studies were conducted with the newly developed pulsating coal gasification code. Solutions were obtained by assuming that (1) initially the raw coal particles were uniformly distributed throughout the gasifier and (2) initially the raw coal particles were present only in the inlet section of the gasifier. Also, the effect of the following parameters were investigated: (1) the inlet gas temperature, (2) the inlet particle temperature, (3) the mass flow rate entering the gasifier, and (4) the coal particle loading at the gasifier inlet. The results of these various studies are presented and discussed in this report. Also, during this quarter the detailed design of the gasifier to be used in the experimental phase of this program was completed and the details are presented in this report. 2 refs., 10 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The methane hydrate reservoir has largely been ignored as a component of climate change in the Quaternary. However there is growing acceptance that changes in the methane hydrate reservoir played an important role in climate change prior to the Quaternary. The origin of several brief episodes of global warming has been linked with massive dissociation of hydrates and CH4 transfer into the ocean/atmosphere as recorded by large, negative carbon isotope excursions. The remarkable similarity of atmospheric methane (CH4) and temperature variations recorded in ice cores suggests that CH4 played an important role in late Quaternary climate change. We have proposed that the late Quaternary (last 800 kyr) was also a time of significant instability of the methane hydrate reservoir and associated episodic greenhouse climatic forcing due to transfer of CH4 to the atmosphere (Kennett, Cannariato, Hendy and Behl, submitted). Unlike the prevailing interpretation that continental wetlands were the principal source for the rapid atmospheric CH4 increases during the late Quaternary, we suggest a marine sedimentary methane hydrate source. Negligible wetland ecosystems existed during the last glacial episode as a result of global aridity, low sea level, incised, well flushed river systems and low water tables. Wetland ecosystems were insufficiently developed during the last glacial episode to account for the rapid atmospheric CH4 increases during glacial and stadial terminations recorded in polar ice cores. The large, modern wetland ecosystems (peatlands, tropical floodplains, and coastal wetlands) developed almost exclusively during the Holocene, well after the rapid atmospheric CH4 increases during the last glacial termination.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In 1984, the Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company received permission from the US Bureau of Land Management/Oil Shale Projects Office to proceed with retort abandonment activities at its Tract C-a modified in situ retort site. One of the first abandonment activities undertaken was to flood the retort with groundwater to dissolve soluble contaminants associated with the retorting operation. Saline water was then pumped from the retort into evaporation ponds during two pumpdown operations in May of 1985 and June of 1986. The principal objective of the pumpdown operations was to remove contaminated groundwater from the retort area and to prevent the migration of contaminants beyond the retort. A toxicological evaluation of groundwaters collected from within the retort and outside the retort is currently in progress. Acute and chronic toxicity tests have been performed using the freshwater invertebrate Ceriodaphnia affinis/dubia with groundwater samples collected before and after the first pumpdown of the retort. The objectives of these tests have been to evaluate the success of the pumpdown operation, to assess the effect of the pumping operations on groundwater quality both within and outside the retort, and to evaluate the toxicity of groundwater within the retort relative to local groundwater that has not been affected by the retorting operation. This report presents the results of toxicity tests performed before and after the first pumpdown operation. Additional toxicity tests are planned for samples collected after the second pumpdown operation. 15 refs., 2 figs., 9 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The results from several leaching studies using retorted oil shale from the Rifle mine in Colorado and both demineralized, de-ionized water and Rock Springs groundwater are reported. The shale used in the groundwater leaching was retorted at temperatures ranging from 430 C to 780/sup 0/C in the absence of air for 30 hr. The 780/sup 0/C retorted shale was then leached with the groundwater for 450 hours while the 430/sup 0/C retorted shale was leached for 400 hr. The leachate from the 780/sup 0/C experiment showed a greater increase of calcium, lithium, and potassium in the groundwater than did that from the shale retorted at 430/sup 0/C. Sodium, iron, and carbonate concentrations in the groundwater decreased during the leaching of both 780 C and 430/sup 0/C retorted oil shales, with the larger decrease occurring with the shale retorted at the higher temperature. While the magnesium concentration in the groundwater decreased during the leaching of the high temperature retorted shale, it showed a slight increase during the leaching of the 430/sup 0/C retorted shale. The pH of the leachate also showed an increase with increasing retorting temperature. For the de-ionized water leaching experiments, the oil shale was retorted over the same temperature range as in the other experiments whether in the presence or absence of air. In the experiments with the shale retorted without air, the leachate showed an increase in lithium, sodium, potassium and pH with increasing retort temperatures, while magnesium showed the opposite behavior. Calcium in the leachate showed a maximum concentration at 630/sup 0/C. The behavior of all the ion concentrations in the leachate from the shale retorted in the presence of air was similar to that retorted without air, except that greater amounts of materials, besides lithium and magnesium from the high temperature retorted shale, were leached from the shale retorted in the presence of air. 75 figures, 167 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In October 1982 a high resolution seismic survey was conducted at the Gulf Research and Development Company's underground coal gasification test site near Rawlins, Wyoming. The objectives of the survey were to utilize high resolution seismic technology to locate and characterize two underground coal burn zones. Seismic data acquisition and processing parameters were specifically designed to emphasize reflections at the shallow depths of interest. A three-dimensional grid of data was obtained over the Rawlins burn zones. Processing included time varying filters, trace composition, and two-dimensional grid of data with obtained over the Rawlins burn zones. Processing included time varying filters, trace composition, and two-dimensional areal stacking of the data in order to identify burn zone anomalies. An anomaly was discernable resulting from the rubble-collapse cavity associated with the burn zone which was studied in detail at the Rawlins 1 and 2 test sites.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Fast principal time series obtained for depth level 12 using a 2-C and 4-C rotation method (both traces were computed using the same fast direction so that a meaningful comparison can be made). The phase and amplitude agreement is very good, and is indicative of the substantial information content in 2-C data.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- For many years, the Petroleum Industry has relied mainly on the conventional vessel-type separators. They are bulky, heavy and expensive in capital, installation and operation. Due to economic and operational pressures, the petroleum industry has recently shown interest in the development of innovative alternatives to the conventional separators. One such alternative is the Gas-liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC). Unlike the conventional vessel type separators, the GLCC is simple, compact, low weight, low-cost, requires little maintenance, and is easy to install and operate. It is therefore gaining popularity as an easy-to-operate economically attractive, alternative to the conventional separator. The development ranking of the various separation technology alternatives are shown schematically in Fig. 1. As shown in this figure, conventional vessel-type separators have reached their maturity, except for some minor improvements that are being incorporated, such as new developments of internal devices and control systems. Large diameter vertical cyclones and hydro-cyclones have also been used by the industry for some time. However, recent trends in development are focused towards new type of compact separators such as the GLCC1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A linear stability analysis of reverse combustion in coal has shown that the process is only conditionally stable. The reverse combustion linking process is unstable for the subbituminous coal properties of the Hanna No. 1 seam and for the operating conditions utilized during the Laramie Energy Research Center's in situ coal gasification field tests conducted at Hanna, Wyoming.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An equipment performance survey was conducted at the Georgetown University (GU) Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Boiler (AFBB) Plant by Mechanical Technology Incorporated (MTI), under contract with the US Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). Review of daily operating logs and maintenance records identified incidences of malfunctions and their frequency for equipment in the AFBB plant, a project funded by the US DOE. Interviews with plant engineering, operating, and maintenance personnel were conducted to obtain details of the malfunctions, suspected causes, corrective action taken, and the results of the corrective action on ten selected equipment items. Based on the survey, technology gaps in equipment for AFBB plants were identified.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- ARI Technologies, Inc., was retained by Eastern Shale Research Corporation in May 1987 to review plans for an in-situ oil shale retort "burn," and to recommend the most reasonable course of action with respect to meeting air pollution emission and safety problems associated with disposal of the hydrogen sulfide-containing retort gas during a thirty day expected life of the program.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- From the site: "An Oil and Gas Location is a DEP primary facility type related to the Oil & Gas Program. The sub-facility types related to Oil and Gas that are included in this layer are:_____ Land Application -- An area where drilling cuttings or waste are disposed by land application Well-- A well associated with oil and/or gas production Pit -- An approved pit that is used for storage of oil and gas well fluids . Some sub facility types are not included in this layer due to security policies."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Geotechnical Data Gathering Project initiated by RBOSP on Tract C-a in the spring and summer of 1974 provides data required for engineering studies as well as data necessary to establish baseline conditions. The data gathering consists of specific tasks conducted under the geologic program and the hydraulic program. Previous RBOSP progress reports were organized to allow reporting of the ongoing activities of each task. Presently most of the major tasks under both the geologic and the hydrologic programs have been completed and consequently, the organization of the geotechnical data gathering portion of the Progress Reports has been restructured to include only those tasks in which activity was reported during the quarterly reporting period.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- TDA Research, Inc. is designing, constructing, and operating a slipstream 0.5-megawatt-electric (MWe) pilot-scale process for post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture using their low-cost alkalized alumina sorbent to conduct parametric and long-term steady-state testing to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology to reduce the cost of CO2 capture and to develop scale-up conditions for the process.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of this proposed study are to establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, to integrate and incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, To evaluate these models and to apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines. This report describes progress during the third year of the project. Specifically, the paper discusses progress in three task areas: (1) Submodel development and evaluation: coal to char chemistry submodel; fundamental high-pressure reaction rate data; secondary reaction of pyrolysis product and burnout submodels; ash physics and chemistry submodel; large particle submodels; large char particle oxidation at high pressures; and SO{sub x}-NO{sub x} submodel development and evaluation; (2) Comprehensive model development and evaluation: integration of advanced submodels into entrained-flow code, with evaluation and documentation; comprehensive fixed-bed modeling review, development evaluation and implementation; and generalized fuels feedstock submodel; and (3) Application of integrated codes: application of generalized pulverized coal comprehensive code and application of fixed-bed code. Individual reports have been prepared on these three tasks for inclusion on the data base.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The focus of work being performed on hot coal gas desulfurization at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center is primarily in the use of zinc titanate sorbents; however, prior studies indicated that an alternate sorbent, manganese dioxide-containing ore in mixture with alumina (75 wt% ore 25 wt% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) appears to be a strong contender to zinc-based sorbents. Manganese, for example, has a lower vapor pressure in the elemental state than zinc; hence, it is not as likely to undergo zinc-depletion from the sorbent surface upon loading and regeneration cycles. Also manganese oxide is less readily reduced to the elemental state than iron; hence, the range of reduction potentials for oxygen is somewhat greater than for zinc ferrite. In addition, thermodynamic analysis of the manganese-oxygen-sulfur system shows it to be less amenable to sulfation than zinc ferrite. Also manganese chlorides are much less stable and volatile than zinc chlorides. Potential also exists for utilization of manganese at higher temperatures than zinc ferrite or zinc titanate. This Eighth Quarterly Report documents progress in pelletizing and testing via thermo-gravimetric analysis of individual pellet formulations of manganese ore/alumina combinations and also manganese carbonate/alumina with two binders, dextrin and bentonite.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Slow flow is most common in oil and gas reservoirs and can be adequately described by Darcy's law. Although rapid fluid flow may occur only in certain limited locations, it can affect the productive capacity of in-situ reservoirs significantly. Therefore, for accurate predictability of reservoir productivity, accurate description of deviations from Darcy's law during rapid flow is important.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This research project has three objectives. The first objective is to develop a capability to predict and optimize the ability of gels to reduce permeability to water more than that to oil or gas. The second objective is to develop procedures for optimizing blocking agent placement in wells where hydraulic fractures cause channeling problems. The third objective is to develop procedures to optimize blocking agent placement in naturally fractured reservoirs. This research project consists of three tasks, each of which addresses one of the above objectives. This work is directed at both injection wells and production wells and at vertical, horizontal, and highly deviated wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of this project are (1) to determine the effects of intraparticle secondary reactions and coal type on coal devolatilization behavior under conditions pertinent to coal gasification and (2) to develop a mathematical model of devolatilization applicable to gasification. Our approach will include measurements of the effects of total external pressure and particle size on product yields and evolution kinetics, and systematic study of the devolatilization behavior of six different coals. Our modeling strategy will be to assemble models of various contributing phenomena (primary and secondary chemical reactions, softening and swelling, heat and mass transfer, and coal type) into a unified and tractable mathematical description of coal devolatilization. Emphasis during this period has been on modifying one of our screen heater reactors to expedite devolatilization products collection, while retaining good material balances. Progress has also been made on procurement of a micro computer system. 4 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A CDP stack of the single-well reflection data from GW-3 before the air injection (bottom) and after the air injection (top). Note the increase in the reflected energy at 7 ms when air fills the fracture zone.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A study has been completed to assess the potential application of coal-fired fluidized-bed combustion technology to petroleum plant process heaters. The study concentrated on those issues peculiar to process heaters which were not being investigated by the many boiler oriented programs being pursued by others. Experimental phases of the program investigated heat transfer and fluidization characteristics when an array of large diameter tubes (up to 6'') were immersed in a fluidized bed of limestone. A range of tube configurations and bed compositions were evaluated. Other tests investigated the process variables affecting hydrocarbon coking in tubes exposed to the high heat flux environment of a fluidized bed. Program generated data were tested and validated in a 12 MBtu/hr coal fired FBC test combustor where both heat transfer data and unit response to process changes were demonstrated. An assessment was made of potential application opportunities in typical petroleum refineries. Finally, a matrix of commercial sized heater designs was prepared to evaluate the impact of changes in size and service requirements on heater costs and physical configuration. The study results fully support the technical feasibility of FBC process heaters but suggest that nontechnical issues such as sitting and logistics problems associated with handling solid fuels and wastes within widely dispersed and normally congested process areas may limit near term applications. Alternatives that would directionally improve application opportunities are identified.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This final technical report covers the work performed between September 1, 1980 and November 30, 1981 relating to Chem Systems'Liquid Phase Methanation/Shift Process. A total of 44 runs were completed covering testing of five commercially available catalysts at 900/sup 0/F, 1000 psig and 10,000 h/sup -1/ VHSV. The shifted methanation feed gas consisted of 63% H/sub 2/, 19% CO, 2% CO/sub 2/ and 16% CH/sub 4/. To determine the effects of steam, twenty of the scans had 15% steam injected into the feed gas. Each test ran for 100, 300, 600 or 1200 hours with continuous effluent sampling and temperature profile monitoring. At each of the termination points, a catalyst sample was taken from the hot spot section of the bed for analysis. Carbon was deposited on the catalyst under the methanation conditions studied. The rate of carbon deposition was primarily a function of catalyst properties and not of the thermodynamics of the methanation reaction system. In spite of heavy carbon deposition, the catalytic behavior for these systems generally remains unaffected. Physical plugging of the catalyst bed is the limiting condition of the process and not catalyst deactivation. In this respect, a controlled oxidation of the carbon deposits is a viable method of extending catalyst life. The hydrodynamics and design of a cold-flow test unit for a three-phase, liquid-fluidized bed for Liquid Phase Methanation/Shift was evaluated. The cold-flow unit process design, equipment take-off lists, construction cost and timing schedule are included. As a second potential application, the unit was designed for hydrodynamic studies of a liquid-entrained system for Liquid Phase Methanation/Shift.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Second Annual Heat Engines Contractors Meeting was held April 29 through May 1, 1985, at the Sheraton Lakeview Resort and Conference Center in Morgantown, West Virginia and was sponsored and hosted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The annual meeting provides a forum for the exchange of information between DOE contractors and interested parties, and this year's meeting was attended by 220 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other governmental agencies. The proceedings have been reproduced from camera-ready manuscripts furnished by the authors. They have been refereed, nor have they been extensively edited. Most of the papers deal with gas turbines and diesel engines and fuel slurries and pulverized fuels for these. This usually requires special coal preparation to get low ash fuels. Twenty-eight papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The development of methods for producing shale oil from oil shale constitutes one phase of the research and development program being conducted at the Petroleum and Oil-Shale Experiment Station at Laramie, Wyoming under authority of Public Law 290 . The objective of this law is to facilitate the development of liquid fuels from sources other than Petroleum.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of this engineering study is to develop preliminary design and cost data ( -30%) pertinent to construction and operation of a 500 barrels per day, demonstration-scale oil shale retorting complex utilizing Allis-Chalmers'patented roller grate retort technology. Of primary concern is the minimizing of overall project costs without sacrificing goals det for the planned demonstration facility. These goals are defined as follows: demonstrate the ability and reliability of the roller grate device to process oil shale on a continuous basis; demonstrate the capability of the retorting process configuration to safely, economically, and reliably produce shale oil, high Btu gas, energy from residual carbon and other by-products with minimal environmental impact; and obtain design data and operating experience to be used for scaling up to commercial size shale retorting facilities. Preliminary design and cost data developed in this study will supplement similar information available from other engineering studies which have examined alternate retorting technologies and retorts of varying productive capacities. The new data will be beneficial to both governmental agencies and industry since it fills an information gap (i.e., demonstration-scale plant costs and technologies) not addressed by the other investigations. 19 figs., 14 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents the background and results of a program initiated by the U.S.. Department of Energy to assess the feasibility of gas repressurization to improve the economic recovery of petroleum by small, independent oil production companies. The work was performed under prime contract DE-AC22-94PC91008 by BDM-Oklahoma, Inc., as part of Work Authorization A03 Extraction Research, Improved Recovery Processes, Task 8 "High Potential Recovery-Gas Repressurization." Workshops were conducted around the United States to present the program to independent producers and to inform them of a solicitation for proposals to conduct cost-shared projects to demonstrate gas repressurization technologies. A solicitation was conducted, and four subcontracts were awarded to demonstrate the use of natural gas and flue gas to improve oil recovery by small independent producers. This report also includes the four final reports from the field demonstration projects. Two of the demonstration projects, one using flue gas and the other involving natural gas from a deeper coal zone, were both technical and economic successes. The two major lessons learned from the projects are the importance of (1) adequate infrastructure (piping, wells, compressors, etc.) and (2) adequate planning including testing compatibility between injected gases and fluids, and reservoir gases, fluids, and rocks.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This guide describes the DOE Cost and Schedule Control System Criteria (CSCSC) for Contract Performance Measurement and provides DOE and its contractors and other participants with uniform guidance for CSSCSC implementation in compliance with DOE Order 2250.1b. Implementation refers to the application of the CSCSC to specific contracts, the assessment of contractor's management control systems for compliance with the requirement, subsequent DOE systems validation or acceptance verifying the contractor's compliance, and systems surveillance to ensure continued compliance. Any supplemental instructions by individual DOE organizations will be consistent with the DOE Order and with this and other CSCSC guidance documents. A list of related DOE reference is provided in Attachment 2.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The sulfate-methane interface (SMI) is becoming recognized as a fundamental biogeochemical boundary in methane-rich and gashydrate- bearing marine sediments worldwide.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of the work was to build a solid engineering foundation (in) carbonate reservoirs for the purpose of extending the technology base in carbon dioxide miscible flooding. This report presents estimates of incremental oil recovery and related carbon dioxide supply requirements for selected carbonate reservoirs in the Permian, Williston, and Rocky Mountain Basins. The estimates presented here are based on calculations using a volumetric model derived and described in this report. The calculations utilized data developed in previous work. Calculations were made for a total of 279 reservoirs in the Permian, Williston, and several smaller Rocky Mountain Basins. Results show that the carbonate reservoirs of the Permian Basin constitute an order of magnitude larger target for carbon dioxide flooding than do all the carbonate reservoirs of the Williston and Rocky Mountain intermontane basins combined. Review of the calculated data in comparison with information from earlier work indicates that the figures given here are probably optimistic in that incremental oil volumes may be biased toward the high side while carbon dioxide supply requirements may be biased toward the low side. However, the information available would not permit further practical refinement of the calculations. Use of the incremental oil figures given for individual reservoirs as an official estimate is not recommended because of various uncertainties in individual field data. Further study and compilation of data for field projects as they develop appears warranted to better calibrate the calculation procedures and thus to develop more refined estimates of incremental oil potential and carbon dioxide supply requirements. 11 figures, 16 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Census tracts are small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county (or statistical equivalent of a county), and are defined by local participants as part of the U.S. Census Bureau's Participant Statistical Areas Program. Census Tracts were downloaded from the U.S. Census Bureau's TIGER/Line Shapefiles. The WV GIS Technical Center added population and demographic attributes from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Twenty-seven Native American tribal members, council members, and other interested parties gathered in Santa Fe, New Mexico, to attend the Native American Workshop on Petroleum Energy on August 11 and 12, 1997, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and presented by BDM-Oklahoma, Inc, staff. Tribes represented at the workshop included the Jicarilla Apache, Pueblo of Acoma and Ute. Representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Minerals Management Service (MMS) also attended. BDM-Oklahoma developed and organized the Native American Workshop on Petroleum Energy to help meet the goals of the U.S. Department of Energy's Domestic Gas and Oil Initiative to help Native American tribes become more self-sufficient in developing and managing petroleum resources.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "In Accordance with the requirements of our Contract #EF-77-C-03-1723, our quarterly report for the period August 1, 1977 to October 31, 1977 follows: As of this reporting period we have executed our lease agreement with Rocky Mountain Energy Company and surveyed the property as described in Figure 1. The Environmental Research Plan included in this report by reference has been approved and is being implemented. A Preoperational Environmental Impact Assessment has been completed and will be submitted for approval within one week. Details are presented later in this report. Our subcontract with Systems, Science and Software has been approved and effort under that contract initiated. We have not received approval of our subcontract with Science Applications, Inc. We have permanently moved two of our key employees to location at Rock Springs. We anticipate permanently relocating two more employees within the next quarter. Our mobile field office is in the process of being situated on site. We are awaiting Bureau of Land Management approval for electrical power installation to our site which also paces installation of telephones. A mobile phone is being installed to facilitate communications. A road has been cut providing access to Section 17 and a concrete pad cast for the foundation of our warehouse which will be erected upon rezoning approval tentatively expected November 18, 1977. Application has been made to the Department of Environmental Quality for installation of septic tank facilities on site which should be approved no later than November 30 .. 1977."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During the quarter June 1, 1978 to August 31, 1978, work on the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project consisted of drilling Project wells; the running of additional pulse tests with consequent redesign of the well completion format; and the commencement of construction of surface facilities.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Generator No. 1 was prepared according to the scheme shown in Fig. 1. From a sloping shaft 108m long, passing through seam L7, a cross cutting 14m long opened up seam L8 at a depth of 72m vertically from the surface.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Techniques for the field characterization of soil contamination due to spillage of hazardous waste or toxic chemicals are time consuming and expensive. Thus more economical, less time intensive methods are needed to facilitate rapid field screening of contaminated sites. In situ detection of toxic chemicals in soil offers both time and cost advantages for field screening, with additional application to real time site monitoring.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This is the eighth in a series of quarterly reports describing the activities performed under Contract No. DE-AC21-94MC31160. Analyses of Hot Gas Stream Cleanup (HGCU) ashes and descriptions of filter performance address aspects of filter operation that are apparently linked to the characteristics of the collected ash or the performance of the ceramic barrier filter elements. Task 1 is designed to generate a data base of the key characteristics of ashes collected from operating advanced particle filters (APFS) and to relate these ash properties to the operation and performance of these filters. Task 2 concerns testing and failure analysis of ceramic filter elements. Under Task I during the past quarter, additional analyses were performed on ashes from the Ahlstrom 10 MWt Pressurized Fluidized Circulating Fluid Bed (PCFB) facility located at Karhula, Finland. Work continued on the HGCU data base being constructed in Microsoft Access. A variety of information has been entered into the data base, including numerical values, short or long text entries, and photographs. Detailed design of a bench top device for high temperature measurement of ash permeability has also begun. In addition to these activities, a paper was prepared and a poster was presented summarizing recent work performed under this contract at the 1996 DOE/METC Contractor`s Conference. A presentation was also given corresponding to the manuscript entitled Particle Characteristics and High-Temperature Filtration that was prepared for publication in the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference held this September in Pittsburgh, PA. Arrangements have been made to be present at the DOE/METC Modular Gas Cleanup Rig (MGCR) at the conclusion of the next run of the DOE/METC air blown Fluid Bed Gasifier (FBG). This visit will include on-site sampling to collect and characterize the filter cakes collected during FGB operation. Task 2 efforts during the past quarter focused on hoop tensile testing of Schumacher FT20 and Refractron 326 candle filter elements removed from the Karhula APF after 540 hours of service.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Progress is reported for the second year of this project to evaluate the effects of aqueous effluents from in-situ fossil fuel processing technologies on aquatic biota. The project objectives for Year 2 were pursued through five tasks: literature reviews on process water constituents, possible environmental impacts and potential control technologies; toxicity bioassays on the effects of coal gasification and oil shale retorting process waters and six process water constituents on aquatic biota; biodegradation studies on process water constituents; bioaccumulation factor estimation for the compounds tested in the toxicity bioassays; and recommendations on maximum exposure concentrations for process water constituents based on data from the project and from the literature. Results in each of the five areas of research are reported.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Eight shallow (30-foot-deep) holes were drilled in four formations to determine if the reduction in penetration rate that usually occurs when air drilling is changed to mist drilling might be due to the physical action of drilling a wet, soapy rock. The results showed an average loss of 9.3%, with the greatest loss occurring in limestone. The softest formation (claystone) showed only a 1.2% reduction in penetration rate; the two sandstones averaged 10.0-percent loss; and the limestone showed a significant 15.8% loss. This indicates that the loss of penetration rate due to wetting the rock while mist drilling is small but would be significant when drilling a long interval. The findings indicate that when drilling hard rocks at the surface with mist instead of air, a penetration rate loss of approximately 12% (compared to the drilling rate with air) will occur due to the effect of jetting the soapy water through the bit onto the formation being drilled.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- On February 7 and 8, 1978, conferences were held in Laramie between staff members of LERC and JAYCOR regarding the computer program SORDA, which was written to facilitate the analysis and publication of experimental data from the 10-ton retort at LERC's North Site. The discussions suggested some improvements in the submodels of SORDA. THIs addendum reports change to the submodels designed to go incorporate these improvements and to represent more realistically the physical behavior of oil shale retorts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "In this study we characterize an Asphalt Ridge bitumen and compare these characteristics to Athabasca bitumen. The Asphalt Ridge bitumen was subjected to pyrolysis under isothermal conditions in a batch reactor and the product properties and kinetics of pyrolysis are presented. Also presented are the results of a preliminary study of the visbreaking of Asphalt Ridge bitumen. These results are compared with those reported for visbreaking of Athabasca bitumen Some qualitative observations about the pyrolysis rnechanism are made which are based on the knowledge of bitumen composition."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This System Interface Definition (SID) document is intended as a working document in which program level interface design characteristics can be developed for later incorporation into the Waste Management System Requirements and Description (SRD) document. The SID may also contain additional design information that should be included at the Waste Management System Element Level. The distinction will be so noted in the SID.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Progress is described on the use of by-products form clean coal technologies for the treatment of hazardous wastes. During the third quarter of Phase 2, work continued on evaluating Phase 1 samples (including evaluation of a seventh waste), conducting scholarly work, preparing for field work, preparing and delivering presentations, and making additional outside contacts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This project was initiated to make the first set of measurements documenting the potential for emissions of pollutants from exploration and production (E&P) waste disposal facilities at Bourg, Louisiana and Bateman Island, Louisiana. The objective of the project was to quantify the emissions and to determine whether the measured emissions were potentially harmful to human health of workers and the adjacent community. The study, funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) is designed to complement additional studies funded by Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (LADNR) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The distinguishing feature of this study is that actual, independent field measurements of emissions were used to assess the potential problems of this disposal technology.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Bureau of Mines has been involved in the drilling of vertical, horizontal, and directional coalbed gas drainage boreholes for mine safety since 1964. In that time, boreholes have been drilled in most of the major coal regions of the United States under a wide variety of geologic conditions. Many of the geologic conditions that occur in the coal measures ar e detrimental to gas drainage; others may be beneficial. Analytical techniques to determine the gas content of coal samples and evaluate regional trends of gas distribution have been developed. Drilling techniques that maximize the acquisition of coalbed gas data and geologic information have been determined. Although some of the geologic factors influencing the placement and potential success of coalbed gas drainage boreholes have been reported in papers on individual projects, a complete, systematic compilation has not previously been available. The objective of this paper is to provide information on specific geologic factors that should be considered prior to, during, and after the drilling of coalbed gas drainage boreholes.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Organic compounds not removed in the oil shale retorting process are likely to remain with the retorted shale and many volatilize after the shale's removal from the retort.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Mesaverde Group of the Piceance Basin in western Colorado has been a pilot study area for government-sponsored tight gas sand research for over twenty years. Early production experiments included nuclear stimulations and massive hydraulic fracture treatments. This work culminated in the US Department of Energy (DOE)`s Multiwell Experiment (MWX), a field laboratory designed to study the reservoir and production characteristics of low permeability sands. A key feature of MWX was an infrastructure which included several closely spaced wells that allowed detailed characterization of the reservoir through log and core analysis, and well testing. Interference and tracer tests, as well as the use of fracture diagnostics gave further information on stimulation and production characteristics. Thus, the Multiwell Experiment provided a unique opportunity for identifying the factors affecting production from tight gas sand reservoirs. The purpose of this operation was to support the gathering of field data that may be used to resolve the number of unknowns associated with measuring and modeling the dimensions of hydraulic fractures. Using the close-well infrastructure at the Multiwell Site near Rifle, Colorado, this operation focused primarily on the field design and execution of experiments. The data derived from the experiments were gathered and analyzed by DOE team contractors.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To fully characterize a coal conversion stream, it is necessary to identify both the composition of the stream and chemical processes responsible for the production of the stream components. During the past year, studies have focused on the release of alkali-containing species, the release of sulfur-containing radicals, and the production of ionic species in a combustion stream. Transpiration mass spectrometry was used to study the thermal decomposition of alkali benzoates. The vaporized species at temperatures greater than 800/sup 0/C were atomic alkali and CO. This is consistent with earlier DTA-TGA studies. Efforts to develop sources of sulfur-containing radicals continued. The SF/sub 2/ radical was identified for the first time as a product of the H/sub 2/S F/sub 2/ reaction. Under certain conditions, the H/sub 2/S F/sub 2/ reaction entered an oscillatory region. Finally, the study of ion-molecule reactions in a combustion flame was initiated. The ion-cyclotron resonance spectrometer was characterized by studying the methane system. 26 figures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of this paper is to place before interested parties the data obtained, as well as the methods and equipment used, in the Analytical Division of the Colorado School of Mines Research Foundation for the determination of 1) oil, water, and moisture content of oil shale; and 2) specific gravity of the retorted oil.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "One run, No.4, was made in the continuous acid-treating plant during the quarter covered in this report. During the operation, light gas oil was acid-treated to improve its Diesel fuel characteristics. The operation was successful in improving the more important physical properties of the oil for use as Diesel fuel by the acid treatment. The cetane number of the treated oil was within acceptable limits; the Conradson carbon residue, though improved, did not meet the usual high-speed Diesel fuel requirements. The sulfur content of the oil was not affected appreciably."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Standard Parallels: 33, 45 Central Meridian: 1061Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A theoretical examination of the fracturing of rocks by means of pressure applied in boreholes leads to the conclusion that, regardless of whether the fracturing fluid is of the penetrating or nonpenetrating type, the fractures produced should be approx. perpendicular to the axis of least stress. The general state of stress underground is that in which the 3 principal stresses are unequal. For tectonically relaxed areas characterized by normal faulting, the least stress should be horizontal; the fractures produced should be vertical, and the injection pressure should be less than that of the overburden. In areas of active tectonic compression, the least stress should be vertical and equal to the pressure of the overburden; the fractures should be horizontal, and injection pressures should be equal to, or greater than, the pressure of the overburden. (22 refs.)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The EOR and tar sands R & D programs are designed to accelerate the development of technologies to recover a significant portion of the currently unrecoverable oil. Specific objectives include more accurately assessing domestic resources, increasing recovery efficiencies and reducing costs of EOR techniques, thereby enlarging the recoverable resource for EOR. The Department has developed a 5-year plan to guide the EOR and tar sands R & D programs. In all cases, DOE initiatives are closely coordinated with industry to avoid duplication on efforts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Results from several experiments involving the injection of carbon dioxide into 3 1/2" diameter coal samples containing adsorbed methane showed that in dry coal samples, both production rate and total recovery of methane were considerable enhance. The few experiments performed to date on water saturated samples yielded encouraging results but much more work needs to be done on coal samples containing water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Novatek and the U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Technology Center have engaged in a cooperative effort to develop an integrated, steerable drilling system, which includes a mud-actuated hammer as a key element. The overall goal of this system is to provide significant cost reduction and technical advantage over current drilling practice, particularly in deep, medium-to-hard rock formations. Following preliminary evaluation of several advanced drilling concepts, a system concept has been developed which offers potential improvements in drilling rate, directional control, formation evaluation, and wellbore stability. This paper describes several key subsystems of the integrated drilling system concept in some detail, including an advanced telemetry system, a steerable drilling head that offers advanced sensing capabilities, and a means of lining the wellbore while drilling. Progress on prototype development is reported, and key technological developments and hurdles are described.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Overview of geologic characterization and research and evaluation of geologic carbon storage capacity in the Midwest region.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document is the combination of the fourth quarter report (July--September 1992) and the 1992 annual report for the ENCOAL project. The following pages include the background and process description for the project, brief summaries of the accomplishments for the first three quarters, and a detailed fourth quarter report. Its purpose is to convey the accomplishments and current progress of the project. During the fourth quarter start-up, operation and shut-down of the plant dominated the activities of the ENCOAL operations team. Plant modifications and run support occupied the technical staff. Several plant tests were achieved. Results of the tests were favorable, and the plant achieved its first continuous one week long run in September. Both PDF and CDL were produced; the first shipment of CDL is planned for October 1992. ENCOAL received approval on its Continuation Application to the DOE and the plant was operating under Phase 3 by the end of the quarter.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The study will investigate 2 major areas concerning coinjecting an interfacial tension reduction agent and a mobility control agent into petroleum reservoirs. The first will consist of defining the mechanisms of interaction of an alkaline agent, a surfactant, and a polymer on a fluid-fluid and a fluid-rock basis. The second is the improvement of the economics of the combined technology.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The cementing properties of oil shale ash obtained by burning oil shales from Tzefa Efe, Israel in a fluidized bed, were modified by three means: Variation of the burning temperature in the range of 650/sup 0/ to 1015/sup 0/C; addition of gypsum and blending with portland cement. Pastes and mortars prepared from these modified systems were studied to characterize rates of hydration, nature of hydration products, and some mechanical properties. It was found that burning at about800/sup 0/C resulted in optimal properties: ash of highest reactivity with water and pastes of highest strength were obtained. Addition of gypsum was associated with an increase in the content of ettringite formed during hydration and resulted in higher expansion. Optimum strength was obtained in pastes containing 4 to 8% gypsum. Blending with portland cement resulted in pastes of water to cementing material ratios and strength values intermediate to those of pastes of portland cement and ash only. Highest shrinkage was obtained in the blended pastes, reflecting probably the more colloidal nature of their hydration products.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Inverse gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was used to study asphalts evaluated in the Zaca-Wigmore Experimental Road Test. The retention behavior of a number of test compounds was determined on the asphalts both before and after oxidation within the GLC column. The retention behavior of the test compound phenol on the oxidized asphalts correlated with the performance of the asphalts in road service, and this was further supported by a similar correlation with accelerated weathering durability's of coating-grade asphalts. The phenol test compound retention data on the oxidized road asphalts were also found to relate to cause test compound retention behavior is related to chemical composition and molecular association forces of the asphalts, the correlation with performance affirms the importance of chemical composition to asphalt performance on the road.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document, Volume V Book X, contains cost estimate information for a monitored retrievable storage (MRS) facility at the Hartsville Site. Included are primary and alternative concepts. (KJD)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- To determine by storage at 1100 F. the stability of cracked shale oil gasoline and its response to Du Pont gasoline Antioxidants No. 5 and No. 22 and Metal Deactivator.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Studies of water well yields, of three roadcuts, and of field observations indicate that the Parsons lineament in eastern West Virginia is a broad, cross-strike zone of unusually intense jointing. To test this hypothesis, strike, dip, exposed length, exposed depth, and spacing of 1594 joints were measured in interbedded siltstones, mudstones, and shales in the Upper Devonian Chemung facies. Joint sets were determined to strike N 35 to 55/sup 0/ W, N 25 to 45/sup 0/ E, and N 80/sup 0/ E - N 80/sup 0/ W. SYMAPS show more intense jointing within the Parsons lineament with the northeast-trending set contributing most to the increase. Identification of zones of intense jointing could be useful in hydrocarbon exploration, mine design, construction, and water-well siting. 8 figures, 1 table.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NRAP Integrated Assessment Model-Carbon Storage (NRAP-IAM-CS) Tool Users Manual Version: 2016.11-1.1NRAP TRS.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- As directed by the EERC senior management, activities during the reporting period have focused on research in support of the development of a series of white papers dealing with the status and future direction of select areas of environmental policy. These areas include (1) brownfields, (2) onshore solid waste management, (3) water related policy, (4) climate change, (5) nuclear facility cleanup and waste disposition, and (6) air emissions. Each white paper is designed to consist of two parts: (1) a summary of status and future directions and (2) an evaluation of a select group of key issues. The EERC believes that energy and environmental issues are inseparable and the environmental policy evaluations are considered to be a continuation of the activities begun at the EERC in 1989 focused on the assessment of trends and policies affecting energy industries. The conclusions reached are our own, based on a broad list of sources with certain findings attributed by reference.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Advancements have been made during the past five years to not only increase the strength of the as-manufactured clay bonded silicon carbide candle filter materials, but also to improve their high temperature creep resistance properties. This report reviews these developments, and describes the results of preliminary qualification testing which has been conducted at Westinghouse prior to utilizing the advanced clay bonded silicon carbide filters in high temperature, pressurized, coal-fired combustion and/or gasification applications.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Rare Earth Element Identification and Characterization of Coal and Coal By-Products Containing High Rare Earth Element Concentrations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- About one-half of U.S. oil reserves are held in carbonate formations. The remaining oil in carbonate reservoirs is regarded as the major domestic target for improved oil recovery. Carbonate reservoirs are often fractured and have great complexity even at the core scale. Formation evaluation and prediction is often subject to great uncertainty. This study addresses quantification of crude oil/brine/rock interactions and the impact of reservoir heterogeneity on oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition and viscous displacement from pore to field scale. Wettability-alteration characteristics of crude oils were measured at calcite and dolomite surfaces and related to the properties of the crude oils through asphaltene content, acid and base numbers, and refractive index. Oil recovery was investigated for a selection of limestones and dolomites that cover over three orders of magnitude in permeability and a factor of four variation in porosity. Wettability control was achieved by adsorption from crude oils obtained from producing carbonate reservoirs. The induced wettability states were compared with those measured for reservoir cores. The prepared cores were used to investigate oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition and viscous displacement. The results of imbibition tests were used in wettability characterization and to develop mass transfer functions for application in reservoir simulation of fractured carbonates. Studies of viscous displacement in carbonates focused on the unexpected but repeatedly observed sensitivity of oil recovery to injection rate. The main variables were pore structure, mobility ratio, and wettability. The potential for improved oil recovery from rate-sensitive carbonate reservoirs by increased injection pressure, increased injectivity, decreased well spacing or reduction of interfacial tension was evaluated.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The increasing U.S. energy demands, decreasing conventional crude oil reserves, and decontrol of crude oil prices have resulted in significant numbers of projects in U.S. tar sands. Data are reported for 62 projects involving in situ, mining and plant extraction, modified in situ and upgrading technologies. The data include operator name, project location, project status (completed, current, or planned), project type (commercial or pilot), reservoir and oil characteristics, and estimated product costs. The cost estimates per unit of produced oil provide encouragement of the commercialization of the U.S. tar sand resource.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Rawlins UCG Demonstration Project is progressing in Phase 1 with the majority of the emphasis on facility design, site characterization and the environmental work. The site characterization field work was completed in February with the interpretation, analysis, and final report to be completed towards the end of Phase 1. The facility design effort continues and is well beyond the 40% level. It is anticipated that all permits will be applied for in Phase 1 and most of them will be granted by the end of Phase 1. Significant changes in the scope of the project were requested during this period and are under review. A request was made to eliminate urea production, make ammonia the primary product, and add cogeneration. An extension of Phase 1 and rescheduling of project deliverables were requested to accommodate the needs for private financing. The obtaining of the private financing continues to be a major activity in the project. All of the financing must be in place before the continuation application for DOE funding to Phase 2 will be submitted.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A computational model of rock blasting is being developed to examine the blasting problems associated with in situ oil shale processing. This model, however, will also be useful as a design tool for the traditional problems in rock blasting. The model includes fundamental treatment of both shock-wave propagation and the accumulation of brittle fracture in the rock. As a result, the model accurately predicts the degree and extent of fracturing as functions of design parameters. The model has proven useful for making parametric studies and for evaluation of alternate blast designs. This paper demonstrates the use of the numerical model to simulate the fracturing induced by the detonation of a vertical explosive column near a bench. The fracturing induced by three different explosives indicate that (in the chosen geometry) the most efficient breakage is done by a column of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture (ANFO) used with a toe charge of aluminized ANFO. There was too much unfractured rock left when ANFO was used alone; aluminized ANFO used for the entire explosive column caused excessive fracturing. A final case involves ANFO used alone to fracture a different rock type. This case points out that in a different rock type, the ANFO will not leave excessive unfractured rock.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Although many retorts for processing oil shale have been in operation at one time or another, few have been economical from the standpoint of heat requirements. Since a large portion of the heat required to retort oil shale is used in bringing the shale up to retorting temperature, preheating the shale would materially decrease the amount of heat that must be supplied by the retort and also make use of what would be possibly wasted heat. In order for such preheating to be feasible, it should not adversely affect either the yield or quality of oil. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of preheating an oil yield, and was very preliminary in nature. The method used in the investigation consisted of comparing the oil yield obtained by retorting oil shale in an oxidizing atmosphere with that obtained by retorting a similar shale in an inert atmosphere.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- 3-D synthetic surface seismic data for year 90 in Kimberlina 1.2 CCUS Geophysical Models and Synthetic Data Sets1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The scope and objectives of this work are as follows: (1) To determine the effect of pressure on interfacial tension in systems that are relevant to tertiary oil recovery. (2) To investigate the effect of pressure on the phase behavior of such systems. Both of these questions have a connection with mass transfer and dynamic liquid-liquid interfacial tension. (3) To investigate the nature of the microemulsion phase, and the occurrence, properties and behavior of microemulsions in general. (4) One objective that was not originally stated for the work was to elucidate an anomalous sedimentation effect that was discovered in the course of the study. This report is submitted in two subdivisions. These comprise, first (Part III of the report) 4 abstracts of the work of Dr. M.V. Ostrovsky, on microemulsions per se and the effect of pressure and time on interfacial tension. The second subdivision (Part IV of the report) consists of the work of Mr. Chan, Miss Chen and Miss Broers, on the effect of pressure on phase equilibria, and on the discovery of an anomalously rapid rate of sedimentation in microemulsions. Abstracts of their theses are presented. In addition, abstracts of two papers on anomalous sedimentation in systems containing microemulsions are presented.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- There is a very large resource of natural gas known to exist in Tight Sands in the U.S.A. Most of these formations have been identified in geologic basins west of the Mississippi river. Some gas sands ion eastern basins may in due course, be placed in this category. Gas resources found in the Devonian Shale in Appalachia and other eastern basins have been placed in a separate category. However, both Tight Sands and Devonian Shales resources require major advances in technology before large scale commercial development will l take place.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The ''Application of Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring for the Control and Optimization of CO{sub 2} Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations''project is investigating the potential for monitoring CO{sub 2} floods in carbonate reservoirs through the use of standard p-wave seismic data. This project will involve the use of 4D seismic (time lapse seismic) to try to observe the movement of the injected CO{sub 2} through the reservoir. The differences between certain seismic attributes, such as amplitude, will be used to detect and map the movement of CO{sub 2} within the reservoir. This technique has recently been shown to be effective in CO{sub 2} monitoring in EOR projects such as Weyborne. The project is being conducted in the Charlton 30/31 field in northern Michigan Basin which is a Silurian pinnacle reef that has completed its primary production. This field is now undergoing enhanced oil recovery using CO{sub 2}. The CO{sub 2} flood was initiated the end of 2005 when the injection of small amounts of CO{sub 2} begin in the A1 Carbonate. This injection was conducted for 2 months before being temporarily halted in order for pressure measurements to be conducted. The determination of the reservoir's porosity distribution is proving to be a significant portion of this project. In order to relate the differences observed between the seismic attributes seen on the multiple surveys and the actual location of the CO{sub 2}, a predictive reservoir simulation model had to be developed. From this model, an accurate determination of porosity within the carbonate reservoir must be obtained. For this certain seismic attributes have been investigated. The study reservoirs in the Charlton 30/31 field range from 50 to 400 acres in size. The relatively small area to image makes 3-D seismic data acquisition reasonably cost effective. Permeability and porosity vary considerably throughout the reef, thus it is essential to perform significant reservoir characterization and modeling prior to implementing a CO{sub 2} flood to maximize recovery efficiency. Should this project prove successful, the same technique could be applied across a large spectrum of the industry. In Michigan alone, the Niagaran reef play is comprised of over 700 Niagaran reefs with reservoirs already depleted by primary production. These reservoirs range in thickness from 200 to 400 ft and are at depths of 2000 to 5000 ft. Approximately 113 of these Niagaran oil fields have produced over 1 million bbls each and the total cumulative production is in excess of 300 million bbls and 1.4 Tcf. There could potentially be over 1 billion bbls of oil remaining in reefs in Michigan much of which could be mobilized utilizing techniques similar to those employed in this study.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Conference proceedings on enhanced oil and gas recovery and improved drilling methods in , Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 30 Aug 19771Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This annual meeting provided a forum for the exchange of information between DOE contractors and interested parties, and this year's meeting was attended by 236 individuals from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other Governmental agencies. The overall objective of these programs is the development of technology that is essential for private sector commercialization of integrated heat engine and gas stream cleanup systems which will produce power from coal in a cost competitive and environmentally acceptable manner. Forty two projects are presented and processed separately for the data bases.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Deep-tow multichannel seismic data are used to obtain significantly improved images and physical property estimates of marine sediments within the upper 1 km of the sediment column. The technology that supports this effort is based on a Helmholtz resonator source (220Hz ? 1kHz frequency band, 200 dB // 1 ?Pa @ 1 m source level) that operates at any ocean depth. The source and 48 independent hydrophones are deployed approximately 300 meters above the seafloor. This system has proven to be optimal for studies of marine hydrates as it provides high-resolution data through the hydrate stability zone (HSZ), including the strong seismic signal from the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) that is related to the temperature-pressure driven phase change from solid hydrate to gas and water.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The mapping of enhanced oil recovery processes is important to predict process behavior and to be able to exhibit some control of the process for maximizing the stimulation of oil reservoirs. The controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurie(scant)electromagnetic geophysical technique shows promise for mapping steam floods and firefloods. Two field trails were conducted, one at a steam flood tar sand oil recovery experiment and one at a fireflood heavy oil recovery process. And initial report of the results was given previously in this paper, an analysis will be given of the CSANT results for the two floods along with a comparison with production and post test results. The result of this work is that the CSANT technique is a viable technique for mapping these thermal EOR processes. In addition. A discussion of mathematical modeling will be given.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This is the first annual report on a continuing investigation at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) into the environmental ramifications of in situ coal gasification. The investigation is focused on changes in ground-water quality and the effects of ground movement and subsidence, which represent important environmental concerns associated with the in situ coal gasification process. Our methods include laboratory measurements, predictive modeling studies, and field measurements carried out in conjunction with LLL coal gasification experiments in northeastern Wyoming. These activities will serve as a basis for the identification of appropriate environmental control technologies. Our measurements of ground-water quality near the first LLL gasification experiment indicate that the concentration of many potential contaminants decreases significantly as a result of adsorption by the surrounding coal. For example, the concentration of phenolic materials decreased by a factor of 50 in a period of 280 days. To investigate subsidence phenomena, we have conducted triaxial strength tests on geologic core samples from the gasification site and have installed an array of surface and subsurface geotechnical instruments to be used in conjunction with a second LLL gasification experiment. Such measurements will enable us to refine our finite element modeling capabilities, which have been used to predict subsidence effects at the LLL in situ gasification site.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A binational effort between the United States and Canada is under way to characterize the lowermost aquifer system in the Williston and Alberta Basins of the northern Great Plains prairie region of North America in the United States and Canada. This 3-year project, begun in 2011, is being conducted with the goal of determining the potential for geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in rock formations of the 1.34 million-km2 Cambro-Ordovician saline system (COSS). The focus of this report is to evaluate and discuss geochemical modeling and laboratory studies performed by the Energy & Environmental Research Center to determine potential chemical reactions between CO2, brine, and rock on the portion of the COSS that occurs in North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota. Although the modeling and laboratory activities were conducted independently, the results of the two different activities were compared to each other to establish a greater understanding of the validity and applicability of the modeling and laboratory approaches. The geochemical modeling study was performed using publicly available PHREEQC software and databases. Rock samples, mineralogy, and water analysis data for both the sandstone injection target and the shale cap rock were also obtained from publicly available sources. The laboratory-based exposure tests entailed exposure of various COSS rock samples to CO2 for 28 days at formation pressure and temperature. The results of the geochemical modeling were consistent with existing literature, and suggested that because most of the COSS comprises quartz-rich sandstone, much of the rock matrix will be nonreactive. Reactions can, however, occur with secondary components (clays, carbonates, micas, K-feldspar) that can be contained within the sandstone and the heterogeneous mixed lithology zones between the primary sand layers. The geochemical modeling study predicted that a geochemical effect from the interaction of CO2 with the COSS minerals and formation water was the dissolution of calcite and concurrent formation of dolomite. The source of Mg2+ for this reaction was either from Mg2+ contained within secondary formation minerals, such as illite, phlogopite, celadonite, and clinochlore, or from Mg2+ in the formation water. The modeling calculations also indicated a potential reaction of the CO2 with illite and K-feldspar in the formation. The K-feldspar was predicted to decompose into quartz, clay, and carbonates, thus trapping the CO2 in a mineral form. vi The results of the laboratory experiments generally compared favorably with the modeling portion of the study. The analytical data generated from the exposed samples show a variable mix of concentrations of K-feldspar and a general trend of decreases in illite. Illite and Kfeldspar behaviors were generally in agreement with the geochemical modeling results. The most significant reactions occurred between CO2 and dolomite/calcite and glauconite in the sandstone. Glauconite contained within samples completely dissolved and decomposed during the exposure experiments. The decomposition of glauconite will form siderite and quartz as well as some ions that will remain in solution. This phenomenon in glauconite-rich areas may increase local permeability as well as provide a mineral-trapping mechanism for CO2. Samples of shale that were exposed to CO2 showed no change in morphology or chemistry, with the exception of halite precipitation. The formation of halite that was seen is most likely an artifact of the samples being dried (not rinsed) after exposure to CO2 and brine solutions. The modeling calculations and laboratory experiments both suggest that CO2 interactions with the COSS mineral phases (reservoir and cap rock) are not detrimental to CO2 storage. Large areal changes in porosity and permeability are not anticipated from the interactions of CO2 with the COSS. Minerals within the COSS that did react with CO2 are typically found in lower concentrations in the quartz-dominated sandstone or within the low-porosity cap rock. Any reactions with the cap rock are not likely to penetrate past the CO2–cap rock interface because of low porosity/permeability. Variations in formation water chemistry, mineral content, and porosity in the COSS can result in large variations in the amount of CO2 that can be trapped. These variations occur both geographically between different areas of the COSS and vertically at each location. Additional focused efforts are needed on both the modeling and rock–CO2 exposure fronts to better understand the potential effects of CO2 storage in the COSS. With respect to future modeling efforts, additional data are necessary for more robust calculations to address the effects of pressure, kinetics, and concentrated brines in the COSS. Laboratory-based CO2 exposure experiments could be improved by implementing more advanced sampling methodologies for highly heterogeneous rocks to ensure that observed differences in chemistry are accurate. Heterogeneity in the rock samples provides for challenging interpretation of results when minute changes in chemistry are observed. Improvements to the CO2 exposure methodology to allow for better detection of minute mineralogical changes within the rock fabric will greatly aid in the refinement of this experimental process.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Objectives of the Project: -Improve current methods of time-lapse seismic reflection modeling for carbon dioxide sequestration and miscible CO2floods in oil and gas reservoirs and to develop new strategies to invert such data to estimate changes in pressure and CO2saturation over time -From seismic reflection data project is to determine CO2saturation during field flood -Equation of state (EOS) formulated to calculate Fluid properties1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Project Final Report-11123-15-The focus of the project was to develop and test OsComp’s new compression technology. The technology can best be explained by focusing on three aspects— thermodynamics, mechanical design, and multiphase capabilities.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Objective of this program was to identify the poisoning mechanism(s) responsible for performance losses in molten carbonate fuel cells operating on fuels contaminated with ppM levels of H/sub 2/S and to develop models and codes to predict cell performance under poisoned conditions. This objective was addressed by focusing out-of-cell and in-cell experiments on single mechanistic issues, followed by incorporation of the results into a model that correlated the performance decline to the contaminant concentration. The importance of this work is that a justifiable specification for gas cleanup for MCFC power plants can now be made and a reasonably accurate model now exists which is capable of predicting the impact that upsets in the sulfur cleanup system will have upon cell performance. As the result of this work, it is now known that a complex relationship exists between the level of sulfur contamination and the amount of performance loss that is experienced by a fuel cell operating on contaminated fuel. This loss is dependent upon the total amount of sulfur present in the fuel, the heating value of the fuel, specifically the hydrogen content, the load placed on the fuel cell, and the pressure at which the cell is operating. Therefore, no single set of sulfur cleanup specifications is possible; however, in general, a MCFC system operating on a medium-Btu fuel at atmospheric pressure can tolerate about 1 ppM of total sulfur without suffering any loss in performance and with no adverse long-term effects on materials survivability. Such a system could also handle as much as 5-ppM total sulfur during a temporary upset in the sulfur cleanup system but with a concomitant loss in performance of about 20% provided the upset lasted less than 24 hours.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) at Morgantown, West Virginia, is examining methods to increase production of natural gas from marginal reserves. Because of the potentially large reserves present in the eastern Devonian shales, these materials have been selected for the application and evaluation of novel and existing well fracturing and simulation techniques. As part of this program, SRI International has studied the feasibility of enhancing fracture formation and growth in well stimulation by tailored pulse loading, i.e., shaping the borehole input pressure-time history to produce a specified fracture pattern. Specifically, SRI's computational fracture model, NAG-FRAG, was used to evaluate the effect of pulse shape and rock properties in controlling dynamic rock fracture. Preliminary calculations were made of the amount and location of damage in a cylindrical configuration, and laboratory-scale springing experiments were performed to determine the NAG-FRAG fracture parameters of the Devonian shale. An exponentially decaying input pressure history was selected as the pulse shape for use in the final pulse shaping calculations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the Spouted-Fluidized Bed Boiler that is an advanced atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (FBC). The objective of this system design study is to develop an advanced AFBC with improved performance and reduced capital and operating costs compared to a conventional AFBC and an oil-fired system. The Spouted-Fluidized Bed (SFB) system is a special type of FBC with a distinctive jet of air in the bed to establish an identifiable solids circulation pattern. This feature is expected to provide: reduced NO/sub x/ emissions because of the fuel rich spout zone; high calcium utilization, calcium-to-sulfur ratio of 1.5, because of the spout attrition and mixing; high fuel utilization because of the solids circulation and spout attrition; improved thermal efficiency because of reduced solids heat loss; and improved fuel flexibility because of the spout phenomena. The SFB was compared to a conventional AFBC and an oil-fired package boiler for 15,000 pound per hour system. The evaluation showed that the operating cost advantages of the SFB resulted from savings in fuel, limestone, and waste disposal. The relative levelized cost for steam from the three systems in constant 1985 dollars is: SFB - $10 per thousand pounds; AFBC - $11 per thousand pounds; oil-fired - $14 per thousand pounds. 18 refs., 5 figs., 11 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The major hypothesis of carcinogenesis is that malignancy is due to an alteration (mutation) of the genetic material in a somatic cell. Reactive electrophilic metabolites are generated from many chemicals by the action of endogenous mixed-function oxidases. These reactive metabolites may bind to cellular macromolecules, such as DNA, and can, therefore, initiate a mutagenic or carcinogenic event. Prokaryotes and non-mammalian eukaryotes are used in mutation assays, while cultured mammalian cells are generally used for mutagenic as well as clastogenic tests examining alterations and damage to the DNA and/or chromosomes of somatic cells. One of the first mammalian cell lines used in genotoxicity studies is V79, which was derived from Chinese hamster lung cells. According to the test plan on toxicity studies of mild gasification products, mammalian cell in vitro assays are to be performed on selected samples displaying mutagenic activity in the Ames assay. The results of the Ames testing of the mild gasification sample Shell Oil PSIS{number_sign}330331 were negative. However, fractionation of the sample and Ames testing of the subfractions were performed per DOE request. None of the subfractions was mutagenic in the Ames assay, as has been previously reported. Assays for the induction of gene mutation, sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus formation in V79 cells have also been carried out for the sample. This paper reports the results of the mammalian cell assay.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Oil shale resources in the United States are important as an alternative energy source. The reserve in the Green River Formation is by far the largest known petroleum resource in the world. Knowledge of the mechanical properties is essential to any form of development, including the environmentally acceptable in-situ processes. This paper emphasizes the creep behavior of oil shale samples taken from the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation. A nonlinear rheological model was developed for the creep behavior. Other mechanical properties, including 3-D stiffness on rich, medium, and lean oil shale's are presented. It was concluded that the organic content and the stress levels were important parameters. Effects of mineral logy and geological aspects are also discussed, and these appear to have some influence on the mechanical properties of oil shale. Lacustrine depositional environment in four principal basins (Uinta Basin of Utah, Perchance Basin of Colorado, Green River and Washakie Basin of Wyoming) and their extreme horizontal uniformity are presented. The mineral dolomite provides a structure to the carbonate oil shale, strongly modifying the effect of organic volume changes. The greatest influence on fracturing and some jointing depends on the mineralogical content, the minor tectonic situation, and the organic content.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this Class III project is to demonstrate that detailed reservoir characterization of slope and basin clastic reservoirs in sandstones of the Delaware Mountain Group in the Delaware Basin of West Texas and New Mexico is a cost effective way to recover a higher percentage of the original oil in place through geologically based field development. This year the project focused on reservoir characterization of the East Ford unit, a representative Delaware Mountain Group field that produces from the upper Bell Canyon Formation (Ramsey Sandstone). The field, discovered in 1960, is operated by Orla Petco, Inc., as the East Ford unit; it contained an estimated 19.8 million barrels (MMbbl) of original oil in place.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- NRAP TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The MHF project in the Natural Buttes Unit, Bitter Creek Field, Utah has progressed through five of the eight phases of the scheduled program. The last three phases of the program are in progress. Two of the three remaining phases should be finished by 10-1-78, with the testing of CIGE 21-15-10-22 to continue until approximately 1-1-79. Results from this project indicate that IMF stimulations of low permeability sands such as the Slesa Verze-Wasatch are economically high risk. The technology necessary to perform an MHF is adequate, however the results anticipated must be carefully evaluated with respect to economics.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Batch leach tests were performed on 12 samples of Green River Formation spent oil shales generated from four retorting processes. Two standard leaching procedures were used, ASTM (American Standard Testing and Materials) method D3987 and EPA/RCRA (Environmental Protection Agency/Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) extraction procedure. The trace elements arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, lead, and selenium were of interest, as were sulfate and chloride anions. The different leaching media used in the ASTM and EPA methods appear to account for the major differences in the leachates extracted from identical oil shale wastes. The EPA extraction medium is acidic (.1N acetic acid solution) and, thus, is capable of mobilizing significantly more arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and selenium from processed oil shale. Molybdenum, however, becomes more mobile at greater pH values. The amount of boron in leachates appears to be dependent on the temperature at which the oil shale is retorted. The anions SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ and Cl/sup -/ in processed oil shale leachates are influenced most by retorting atmosphere and leaching time, respectively. According to RCRA guidelines the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and selenium in the leachates of all the processed oil shale studied are considered nonhazardous. 31 refs., 15 figs., 10 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Since January 1979, a meteorological and climatological investigation for the purpose of establishing a microclimatic baseline has been continuously conducted at the Geokinetics oil shale research facility in Eastern Utah. This report, however, presents the findings for only a six month segment (January 1-June 30, 1980) of that ongoing investigation. This appendix to the meteorological and climatological investigation contains the WestAq data printouts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The feasibility study for the Houston Coal Gasification Project was designed to identify and characterize all factors that could have a significant impact on the decision to proceed with the next phase of the project. Four factors - environmental, safety, health, and socioeconomic - are of special significance and in-depth analyses were performed for each. These analyses are site specific and design specific and, where applicable, findings were incorporated into the design and cost estimates. The results of these four independent analyses indicate that the proposed project will have only a negligible effect on the environment, will not cause undue risks to the safety and health of employees or the local population, and will have a beneficial impact on the socioeconomic structure of the area. 10 figures, 6 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A program involving the design, construction, and operation of a high-temperature cell equipped with a rotating gold disk electrode has been carried out with the objective of identifying and quantifying the principal oxide species present in molten LiKCO/sub 3/ electrolytes using electrochemical measurements. The dependence of the current on electrode rotational speed at 750 to 800/sup 0/C indicates that the data are typical of the convective/diffusive transport of an electroactive species from the bulk electrolyte. The reverse is true at 650/sup 0/C, where the current increases with an increasing voltage sweep rate but is little affected by the speed of electrode rotation. In the latter case, a current by chemical reaction occurring within the electrode boundary layer is indicated. The linear current-voltage increase observed at the lower temperature in the presence of about 20 mol % 0/sub 2/ has not been accounted for. Graphical analysis of the data taken with air and C/sub 2/ sparged electrolyte at 750 and 800/sup 0/C indicates the electroactive species to be the superoxide ion. Computer studies of the same data using regression analysis methodology indicate that the current may instead arise from the reduction of the peroxide ion concurrently with other electroactive material derived from secondary catalytic reactions or electrolyte impurities. Additional data will be required to support either conclusion with certainty. Detailed studies of the electrochemistry of the LiKCO/sub 3/ electrolyte over a broader range of temperatures and sparge gas compositions are recommended as a means of providing a second basis for identifying the electrode reactions. 29 refs., 47 figs., 3 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The field validation test experimental design package for the PCOR Partnership Phase II terrestrial field validation test.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The 10 ton and 150 ton retorts were constructed at the Laramie Energy Technology Center in 1965 and 1969, respectively to simulate the modified in situ oil shale retort. A continuous operation of one or both of these retorts has generated a considerable amount of retorting experimental data. However, no significant effort has been made to identify fundamental parameters controlling the oil yield and retorting rate. Arnold Harak and Leroy Dockter have selected twelve retorting experiments, six with each retort, to show some retorting characteristic comparison between two retorts and tried to develop scale up factors that could be applied to in situ retorting situations. It was indicated in the report that the 10 ton and the 150 ton retorts have somewhat different retorting characteristics.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The shale used for this run was part of a shipment of 148 bags averaging 110 lb. each, which was received from the Rifle Station in April 1952, It was blended from upper bench and "EF" bed shale's in proportions of 75 percent upper bench and 25 percent "EF" bed. It has an average Fischer assay oil content of 28.9 gal. per ton.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Measurement techniques for in-situ simultaneous measurements of particle size distributions and particle velocities using the dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter (LV) were investigated. This investigation concentrated on examination of the different signal characteristics of the LV for extraction of both particle size and particle velocity. These different signal components were evaluated not only singularly but also as sets of multiple simultaneous measurements to determine which characteristic, or combination of characteristics, provides the best measure of particle size. Different components of the LV signal were considered, but analysis concentrated on Doppler phase angle, visibility, and scatter-intensity because they show the greatest promise. Because LV signal characteristics are not monotonic functions of the particle size parameter, the resulting uncertainties introduced in the size-signal relationship were identified for the signals for both separate and simultaneous measurements. Uncertainties introduced by multiple particle indices of refraction were also evaluated. Finally, uncertainties resulting from particle trajectory variations in the spatially nonuniform LV probe volume were considered. No one signal characteristic or optical configuration was found which would minimize all uncertainties, but optimal configurations were identified for selected applications. Experimental verification and further optimization are recommended. The most promising instrument should be designed and tested to perform this validation, while allowing experimental comparisons of possible instrument configurations and developing instrument design concepts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The current project is a systemic research effort aimed at quantifying relationships between process mechanisms that can lead to improved recovery from gas injection processes performed in heterogeneous Class 1 and Class 2 reservoirs. It will provide a rational basis for the design of displacement processes that take advantage of crossflow due to capillary, gravity and viscous forces to offset partially the adverse effects of heterogeneity.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This collection of documents was collected and prepared simultaneously with the geospatial data collection the Carbon Storage Open Database: Morkner, P., Creason, C., Sabbatino, M., Wingo, P., DiGiulio, J., Jones, K., Greenburg, R., Bauer, J., and Rose, K, Carbon Storage Open Database, 7/1/2020, https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/carbon-storage-open-database, DOI: 10.18141/1671320 This submission contains PDF documents and a ReadMe file containing essential metadata to understand provenance of each PDF included in this collection. These PDF documents were collected from public websites, analyzed using natural language processing to organize and classify them into nine topics, then grouped into this EDX submissions based on original Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership region and subcategorized by topic. Please see the readme file for more information.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Volume four of the Keystone coal-to-methanol project includes the following: (1) project management; (2) economic and financial analyses; (3) market analysis; (4) process licensing and agreements; and (5) appendices. 24 figures, 27 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A 3-D nine component (9-C) survey was conducted over a 37.25 Square Mile area in the Kevin Dome project area. This extensive survey was collected over three seasons between 2011 and 2014. These are the Prestack Time Migration (PSTM) files used. There are Common Depth Point Gathers and Stacks for PP, PS, RR and TT. Stacks are broken into 10 degree angle subsets as well as full stacks1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This study concerns the treatment of retort water from a modified in-situ shale retort. The water contains organic and inorganic contamination. An oil water separator was designed but tests were not made and are recommended. A steam stripper for ammonia was designed. A thorough experimental investigation of biological oxidation was made. Experiments were made on air and oxygen activated sludge with and without the addition of powdered activated carbon, on a rotating biological contactor and on sequenced equipment. The BOD (initially 4000 mg/1) could be 90% removed from undiluted wastewater preferably using oxygen activated sludge. COD (initially 10,000 mg/1) was not removed in excess of BOD unless carbon was used. The sequence RBC-PAC-AS removed 85% of the BOD and 66% of the COD but is expensive. Solvent extraction and resin adsorption proved unsatisfactory as follow-on treatments to biological treatment. Activated carbon is satisfactory but expensive. Reverse osmosis proved an excellent alternative to biological oxidation and a separate study, not reported here, was made. Tests on the alternative of raising dirty steam from untreated retort matter were strongly recommended.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Beginning in 1990, efforts were initiated to implement an in situ remediation project for the contaminated aquifer at the Bell Lumber and Pole Company (Bell Pole) Site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The remediation project involves the application of the Contained Recovery of Oily Waste (CROW) process, which consists of hot-water injection to displace and recover the non- aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). While reviewing the site evaluation information, it became apparent that better site characterization would enhance the outcome of the project. Additional coring indicated that the areal extent of the contaminated soils was approximately eight times greater than initially believed. Because of uncertainties, it was determined that a pilot test would assist in the design of the full-scale CROW process demonstration. Based on the results from the pilot test, conditions and procedures were developed for implementing a full-scale CROW process demonstration to remediate the remaining contaminated soil at the Bell Pole site. After considering several options, WRI recommended implementing a three-phase approach to remediating the contaminated area. Phase 1 will involve a 30-gpm CROW process demonstration to remediate the upgradient, one-third of the contaminated area, which is believed to contain the largest amount of free organic material. As of late March 1996, the Phase 1 CROW process system is operating. However, hot-water response has not yet been observed at the extraction well. Phase 1 is expected to continue for at least 18 months or until 20 pore volumes have been injected.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The bandwidth associated with conventional surface-seismic and VSP (vertical seismic profiling) techniques for imaging deep petroleum reservoirs is typically less than 150 Hz. With the advent of cross-well seismic techniques, the bandwidth is potentially increased well beyond 150 Hz due to the shorter propagation paths and the improved seismic coupling at depth. While conventional geophones are already the appropriate sensors for low-frequency, surface seismic applications, their performance degrade at the cross-well frequencies. The presence of tool resonance in the conventional well-locked geophones also results in distortion of the seismic signal at higher frequencies. To take advantage of the high-resolution capabilities of cross-well imaging, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM initiated research to develop high-resolution receivers using high-sensitivity, broad frequency, three component triaxial accelerometers. A single-station seismic receiver with advanced solid-state accelerometer having both high sensitivity and broad frequency response was fabricated and tested and subsequently, a 5-station multi-receiver array was developed and married to a fiber-optic wireline that allowed analysis of subsurface data in almost real time. The ability of the tool to withstand high borehole pressure and temperature conditions is important design features of the new tool. Extensive field tests conducted at the Texaco Humble Field Site in Houston, TX conclusively demonstrated the signal-enhancement characteristics (increased bandwidth and signal-to-noise-ratio) of the new tool. The accelerometer was shown to offer 25 dB signal-to-noise enhancement at 1000 Hz relative to the buried geophone. This major hardware development, done in close working relationship with OYO Geospace, Houston, Texas was later licensed and offered for sale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The previous chapters of these guidelines have presented background needed to determine the subjects of monitoring at DOE fossil energy RD & D facilities. Chapter V deals primarily with analytical hardware options available for such monitoring, sampling and analytical methods, data recording, processing and retrieval, and with data quality control and assurance. In general, this chapter does not deal with ways to select among the options available. Some chokes, however, are obvious. For example, some EPA-approved monitoring technologies are required by law. Beyond that, EPA approved methods are generally recommended because that agency has put more effort into developing and/or validating monitoring methods than any other public or private organization.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- A study is reported of surface segregation phenomena for fly ash and aluminosilicates representative of coal mineral matter during heating. The materials studied included a 20-..mu..m average diameter fly ash powder, a glass prepared from the fly ash, and Ca- and K-rich aluminosilicate minerals. The samples were heated both in air and under vacuum for extended periods at temperatures up to 1100/sup 0/C. XPS, Auger and SIMS methods were used to obtain relative surface elemental concentrations for major and minor components and depth profiles for some of the samples. Major differences were noted between samples heated in air (oxidizing) and those heated in vacuum (reducing) environments. For the fly ash glass heated in air Fe, Ti and Mg become enriched on the surfaces while heating in vacuum leads to Si surface segregation. Different trends upon heating were also observed for the Ca- and K-rich aluminosilicates. The results indicate two levels of surface enrichment upon the fly ash glass; a thin (< 500 A) layer and a thicker (1- to 2-..mu..m) layer most evident for heating in air where an Fe-rich layer is formed. The present results indicate that the rates of surface segregation may not be sufficiently fast on the time scale of fly ash formation to result in equilibrium surface segregation. It is concluded that condensation processes during fly ash formation probably play a major role in the observed fly ash surface enrichments.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents a detailed lithologic description of the Devonian Shale as observed in a core taken in Carroll County, Ohio. The cored well (Glen- Gery No. 5-745) is located in the southwest quarter of Section 29, Township 16M (Rose) Range 7, West Carroll County, Ohio. The purpose of the cored well is to characterize, in detail, the Devonian shale in Northeastern Ohio. Analysis of the cored material will provide information to be used in designing stimulation techniques for the improvement of gas production from the shale. The core data will be used to correlate stratigraphically these zones in a particular area of the Appalachian Basin. These high hydrocarbon zones in the shale will be stimulated by multiple-stage hydraulic fracturing in an effort to improve the rate of recovery of gas from the shale and to increase the amount of reserves assigned to a single well.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- No abstract prepared.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In the time frame beyond 2005, fusion reactors are likely to make their first appearance when the oil shale industry will probably be operating with 20% of the production derived from surface retorts operating on deep mined shale from in situ retorts and 80% from shale retorted within these in situ retorts using relatively fine shale uniformly rubblized by expensive mining methods. A process was developed where fusion reactors supply a 600/sup 0/C mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor to both surface and in situ retorts. The in situ production is accomplished by inert gas retorting, without oxygen, avoiding the burning of oil released from the larger shale particles produced in a simpler mining method. These fusion reactor-heated gases retort the oil from four 50x50x200m in-situ rubble beds at high rate of 40m/d and high yield (i.e., 95% F.A.), which provided high return on investment around 20% for the syncrude selling at $20/bbl, or 30% if sold as $30/bbl for heating oil. The bed of 600/sup 0/C retorted shale, or char, left behind was then burned by the admission of ambient air in order to recover all of the possible energy from the shale resource. The hot combustion gases, mostly nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are then heat-exchanged with fusion reactor blanket coolant flow to be sequentially introduced into the next rubble bed ready for retorting. The advantages of this fusion-driven retorting process concept are a cheaper mining method, high yield and higher production rate system, processing with shale grades down to 50 l/mg (12 gpt), improved resource recovery by complete char utilization and low energy losses by leaving behind a cold, spent bed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report contains a topographic map of the locations of monitoring wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A process is proposed for the conversion of oil-shale kerogen to soluble degradation products and for the removal of water-soluble minerals. The kerogen is converted to soluble products by the carbon monoxide-water reaction at 450 C and at elevated pressures. Because the reaction is performed in an aqueous medium, the process is compatibly with recovery of commercially valuable water-soluble minerals such as nahcolite. The process offers environmental advantages and may prove to be a very efficient method of converting kerogen to a usable fuel source. If desirable, techniques could be developed for removing aluminum from dawsonite oil shale in conjunction with the process.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The principal objective of research on the seismic properties of reservoir rocks is to develop a basic understanding of the effects of rock microstructure and its contained pore fluids on seismic velocities and attenuation. Ultimately, this knowledge would be used to extract reservoir properties information such as the porosity, permeability, clay content, fluid saturation, and fluid type from borehole, cross-borehole, and surface seismic measurements to improve the planning and control of oil and gas recovery. This thesis presents laboratory ultrasonic measurements for three granular materials and attempts to relate the microstructural properties and the properties of the pore fluids to P- and S-wave velocities and attenuation. These experimental results show that artificial porous materials with sintered grains and a sandstone with partially cemented grains exhibit complexities in P- and S-wave attenuation that cannot be adequately explained by existing micromechanical theories. It is likely that some of the complexity observed in the seismic attenuation is controlled by details of the rock microstructure, such as the grain contact area and grain shape, and by the arrangement of the grain packing. To examine these effects, a numerical method was developed for analyzing wave propagation in a grain packing. The method is based on a dynamic boundary integral equation and incorporates generalized stiffness boundary conditions between individual grains to account for viscous losses and grain contact scattering.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report covers the experimental findings of a one year project to investigate the interaction between the guest (aliphatic) and host (aromatic) components of coal. A short overview of the current status of coal chemistry and coal formation is given. The thermal behavior of ..cap alpha..-hydroxycarboxylic acids is studied and polymers prepared from them. Coals are solvent extracted and the extraction behavior discussed. Pyrolytic events of coals are quantified and evaluated with regard to the gasification of coal. Results show that only small fractions of coal are extracted by nonreactive solvents below 100/sup 0/C, whereas reactive solvents, such as amines, extract significant amounts by dismembering the host. Other results show that the pyrolysis of coal is characterized by five thermal events which are quantified and related to chemical events and energies of reaction. The aliphatic material in bituminous coals is demonstrated to be separate from the aromatic component up to the micrometer size and evidence for the introduction of the aliphatic component by plants via triglycerides along with the bulk of the coal is presented. 82 refs., 60 figs., 11 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The porosities of core samples from the Natural Buttes 21 in Uinta County, Utah, have been measured in the laboratory using three techniques. Two techniques involve a helium porosimeter, and the third requires that the sample be saturated with kerosene and the difference between the saturated and the dry weight used as an indication of the porosity. The best method for determining porosity in the laboratory has not been selected. Initial results of determining porosities of intervals from the Natural Buttes 21 well using wireline logs indicate that the porosities calculated from the density logs might be too low if standard procedures are used. Matrix densities needed to calculate the correct porosities using the density logs were higher than normally used in the tight western gas sands. The error in calculating the porosity from the density log could underestimate the volume of gas-in-place in the tight western gas sands.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The following report has been organized into three sections as outlined below. Section A - Air Resources, contains a brief summary of work conducted during the last quarter, work planned for the next quarter and the results of the March 1982 field calibration report. Section B - Water Resources, includes a summary of work completed and planned, and an analysis of data collected during a field sampling trip conducted between March 7-11, 1982. Section C - Aquatic Biology, describes the work performed since the March 1982 Quarterly Report. Analyses of samples collected from the April field visit have not been completed and the results will be reported in the September Quarterly Report."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- On June 26, 1975, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency awarded contract no. 68-01-3259 to Versar, Inc. Under this contract, it was anticipated that Versar would be assigned a number of tasks to assess the microeconomic impacts of regulatory alternatives which the EPA would consider for various toxic substances. The first task assigned under this contract required Versar to review and summarize the existing data on the use of polychlorinated biphenyls and to identify the industrial segments that might be impacted by regulations limiting the use of PCBs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Hydrogenation offers one means of upgrading shale oil or shale-oil fractions for use in motor fuel production. Of particular interest in this field is the hydrogenation of coker distillates and shale naphthas produced by thermal cracking. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variations in operating conditions upon yield, hydrogen consumption and product quality. Based on the results of these surveys, optimum ranges of operating conditions were determined for each charge stock and catalyst life and heat of hydrogenation determined within these ranges.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes progress during the third year of the project entitled ''Improved Oil Recovery in Mississippian Carbonate Reservoirs in Kansas''. This project funded under the Department of Energy's Class 2 program targets improving the reservoir performance of mature oil fields located in shallow shelf carbonate reservoirs. The focus of this project is development and demonstration of cost-effective reservoir description and management technologies to extend the economic life of mature reservoirs in Kansas and mid-continent. The project introduced a number of potentially useful technologies, and demonstrated these technologies in actual oil field operations. Advanced technology was tailored specifically to the scale appropriate to the operations of Kansas producers. An extensive technology transfer effort is ongoing. Traditional technology transfer methods (e.g., publications and workshops) are supplemented with a public domain relational database and an online package of project results that is available through the Internet. The goal is to provide the independent complete access to project data, project results and project technology on their desktop. Included in this report is a summary of significant project results at the demonstration site (Schaben Field, Ness County, Kansas). The value of cost-effective techniques for reservoir characterization and simulation at Schaben Field were demonstrated to independent operators. All major operators at Schaben have used results of the reservoir management strategy to locate and drill additional infill locations. At the Schaben Demonstration Site, the additional locations resulted in incremental production increases of 200 BOPD from a smaller number of wells.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The potential of chemicals used in industrial and manufacturing processes, and consumer and agricultural products to create a hazard for human and environmental health has been given considerable attention in recent years.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The following is a summary by task of the HYTORT Process developmen work conducd from October 1 through December 31, 1979.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Concurrent activities are ongoing in all key areas, namely, (a) construction and startup of a flow THDA reactor system, (b) development of KPX product slate, and (c) conducting industrial liaison for assembly of the KPX consortium. Excellent progress is being made in all cases. Our market analysis and industrial feedback have caused us to focus on pyridine itself. We are concentrating our effort toward increasing the yield of pyridine at present. To produce sufficient quantity of sample for marketing purpose, we needed an in- house flow THDA unit. This unit is in its startup phase. The completion of the flow THDA unit will allow us to produce pyridine effectively. The liaison with potential industrial partners is continuing. At the present time, we have a confidentiality agreement with many of the major target companies. Follow-up work has been initiated and excellent progress has been made. To expedite the process, we reached an agreement with Mr. David Purpi as a consultant to assist on the industrial liaison. Mr Purpi has served many years as a marketing executive for a major pyridine manufacturer and has extensive experience in pyridine production and marketing. His appointment to work on this project has been approved by the DOE.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A theory was developed for evaluating a complex, prompt gamma ray spectrum to serve as the basis for an instrument to monitor continuously the sulfur content of tonnage streams of coal. Equations for the energies and intensities of prompt gamma rays emitted from 13 most significant elements in coal are combined into a single equation that defines the basic electronic design of the meter. The sulfur content of up to 10 tons per hour of coal was determined in pilot plant tests with a prototype meter. The precision of 0.04 percent sulfur substantiates the validity of the theory. In subsequent industrial plant tests the precision was determined to be a comparable 0.05 percent sulfur.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- These resources provide the full set of cost modeling results and methods as part of the I-WEST Roadmap Initiative that were used to compile figures as part of the "Pathways to CO2 Utilization and Storage for the Intermountain West Region" chapter. The data were generated from a series of National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) cost models and relate to carbon dioxide (CO2) transport costs, CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) economics, and saline storage economics. These models were used to analyze various business cases given changes in technical and financial assumptions for the I-WEST region as a means to explore how these assumptions influence CO2 transport and storage costs, as well as to evaluate the effect of changing oil prices on the viability of CO2-EOR and the mass of CO2 stored via CO2-EOR. The accompanying report titled "Intermountain West Energy Sustainability & Transitions Initiative: CO2 Transport and Geologic Storage Modeling Results" provides a detailed overview on the models, assumptions, and parameters used in the modeling, as well as example results..1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy is charting the future of drilling research during the next decade. Under the new microhole initiative, it will pursue a major research program in the area of drilling and using smaller diameter wells less than two inches. The cost to drill these wells will be significantly less and the associated waste with such wells will be much less than conventional well drilling. But will the wells be functional and will the industry find they fill a niche requirement? How will the industry best use small diameter wells and what characteristics will make them attractive? These were the questions DOE asked at a meeting held in April 2003, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Industry operators, academia, and the service providers were asked to help the DOE chart the directions and develop the priorities in implementing this initiative. The discussions and the answers to the questions posed are summarized in a new report prepared by Spears & Associates entitled ?Microhole Initiative, Workshop Summary?.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes a technique to be used in interpreting the data obtained from the use of deposition pins in combustors. The discussion illustrates the potential problems associated with the use of deposition pins and the failure of many investigators to perform rigorous analyses of the aerodynamics and multiphase flow surrounding the pins. The technique outlined in this report for interpreting deposition pin data is fairly sophisticated but does not address all of the problems associated with such an analysis. This report specifically addresses the interception of entrained particles by the pin as a result of inertial impaction. Other forces such as diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis, which are most important for particles that are one micron diameter or smaller, are not considered. The primary goal of the report is to demonstrate the significance of the interception probability of a pin for entrained particles of specific sizes. The potential interception of entrained particles by a pin or component is only the first step in understanding deposition. Once the particles have arrived at the surface, those mechanisms that are responsible for adhesion dominate the deposition phenomenon. While little data is currently available on particle adhesion for combustion conditions, an in-house METC project is underway to measure the sticking coefficient of residual coal particles as a function of coal type and combustion parameters. Based on the understanding of adhesion mechanisms, improved methods of preventing or removing deposits may result. 11 refs., 19 figs., 9 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Landfill gas represents a significant fuel resource both in the US and worldwide. The emissions of landfill gas from existing landfills has become an environmental liability contributing to global warming and causing odor problems. Landfill gas has been used to fuel reciprocating engines and gas turbines, and may also be used to fuel carbonate fuel cells. Carbonate fuel cells have high conversion efficiencies and use the carbon dioxide present in landfill gas as an oxidant. There are, however, a number of trace contaminants in landfill gas that contain chlorine and sulfur which are deleterious to fuel cell operation. Long-term economical operation of fuel cells fueled with landfill gas will, therefore, require cleanup of the gas to remove these contaminants. The overall objective of the work reported here was to evaluate the extent to which conventional contaminant removal processes could be combined to economically reduce contaminant levels to the specifications for carbonate fuel cells. A pilot plant cleaned approximately 970,000 scf of gas over 1,000 hours of operation. The testing showed that the process could achieve the following polished gas concentrations: less than 80 ppbv hydrogen sulfide; less than 1 ppmv (the detection limit) organic sulfur; less than 300 ppbv hydrogen chloride; less than 20--80 ppbv of any individual chlorinated hydrocarbon; and 1.5 ppm sulfur dioxide.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "A technique has been developed to obtain the ultraviolet and visible spectra of insoluble materials by utilizing low-molecular-weight polyethylene as a dispersion medium. The sample is dispersed in molten polyethylene and pressed into a film, and a portion of the film is inserted into the instrument to obtain the spectrum."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Improved prediction of interwell reservoir heterogeneity was needed to increase productivity and to reduce recovery cost for California's heavy oil sands, which contain approximately 2.3 billion barrels of remaining reserves in the Temblor Formation and in other formations of the San Joaquin Valley. This investigation involved application of advanced analytical property-distribution methods conditioned to continuous outcrop control for improved reservoir characterization and simulation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The results of recent field tests, laboratory studies, and modeling efforts in UCG have indicated that the thermal and mechanical properties of coal may be the controlling parameters in determining initial cavity shape. In examining this possibility, laboratory efforts have been directed at determining temperature and bedding plane dependent properties of coal. A thermomechanical model which uses these properties has indicated that the cavity shapes seen at both the Hanna and Hoe Creek test sites result from the temperature dependent properties of the coal such as the coefficients of thermal expansion and the elastic moduli. The model determines stress levels and uses a simple bedding plane dependent stress failure mechanism to determine cavity growth.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Carbon Storage TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Shale specific-gravity to oil-yield relationships were developed for black shales of the New Albany Formation of Kentucky from data collected on core samples representing the complete section of the formation in three counties. Linear equations for estimating oil yield from measured specific gravity and for estimating specific gravity from measured oil yield were shown to be applicable within small error limits to all the sites tested. Variation in pyrite content is the largest source of error.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) were used to examine various oil shales, a spent shale, and a low-temperature ash in order to evaluate the application of these techniques to oil shale research. During preliminary Auger analysis, severe sample charging and electron beam damage were observed, but such effects can be minimized by controlling the instrumental conditions. The organic portion of oil shale appeared to be stable in the ultra-high vacuum system with a base pressure of 10/sup -10/ torr. Analysis of various shale particles indicated that there was a wide variation in the elemental concentrations among particles for all the samples studied. Auger analysis of Israeli and Colorado shales showed a higher concentration of sulfur on the surface as compared to the eastern shales even though the eastern shales were higher in total sulfur. The total sulfur content was also higher in the high-temperature ash of the carbonate-rich shales due to sulfur capture by the carbonates. Elements which were found in high concentration in the bulk were also found in high concentration on the surface. Examples of such elements include calcium in the Israeli and Colorado shales, silicon and iron in the Tennessee shale, and aluminum in the Kentucky oil shale. Sodium was noted on the surface of Colorado shale whereas its peak intensity was very weak for the other shales, despite the similar sodium contents in each of the shales. Vanadium, chlorine, copper, and chronium were detected by EDS and not by AES. Auger depth profile analysis of fresh shale, spent shale, and low-temperature ash indicated that carbon and sulfur were more concentrated on the surface. EDS analysis indicated that some potassium is lost during low-temperature ashing and retorting. 9 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document is Volume 1 of a series of reports entitled ''Geological Evolution and Analysis of Confirmed or Suspected Gas Hydrate Localities.''Volume 1 is an analysis of the ''Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge - US East Coast.''This report presents a geological description of the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge, including regional and local structural settings, geomorphology, geological history, stratigraphy, and physical properties. It provides the necessary regional and geological background for more in-depth research of the area. Detailed discussion of bottom simulating acoustic reflectors, sediment acoustic properties, distribution of hydrates within the sediments, and the relation of hydrate distribution to other features such as salt diapirism are also included. The formation and stabilization of gas hydrates in sediments are considered in terms of phase relations, nucleation, and crystallization constraints, gas solubility, pore fluid chemistry, inorganic diagenesis, and sediment organic content. Together with a depositional analysis of the area, this report is a better understanding of the thermal evolution of the locality. It should lead to an assessment of the potential for thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. 111 refs., 26 figs., 6 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The statement assesses impacts associated with mining up to 11 million tons of oil shale and subsequent construction and operation of a full-size oil shale module at the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility in Garfield County, Colorado. Modeling results predict that the facility will comply with all Federal ambient air quality standards. Land disturbance during the 18-month construction period is expected to cause 600 to 80,000 tons of sediment loading in the Colorado River, depending upon the use of runoff control techniques. Retort process water will be deposited in the Balzac Gulch retorted shale disposal site.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- The writer proposed to make an investigation of overseas in situ gasification work a main objective of a study leave tour in 1976. The extensive travel involved was made possible by support offered by the Energy Commission of Western Australia, the Queensland Electricity Commission, and the C.S.R. Co., to supplement the University travel grant. This report is produced with sincere appreciation of the support offered. The three major research groups in the USA in this field (Laramie Energy Research Center, Laurence Livermore Laboratories and Morgantown Energy Research Center) were visited.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Today, growing demand for clean burning natural gas, declining production in mature geologic basins, and renewed concerns about energy security illuminate the importance of the Rocky Mountain States as a major producing region. Over the next two decades production from the Rocky Mountain Stated will be critical to meeting the natural gas demand within the United States.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The National Energy Strategy (NES) calls for a balanced program of greater energy efficiency, use of alternative fuels, and the environmentally responsible development of all the U.S. energy resources. Consistent with the NES, a Department of Energy (DOE) program has been created to develop Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS). The objective of this 10-year program is to develop natural gas-fired base load power plants that will have cycle efficiencies greater than 60% (LHV), be environmentally superior to current technology, and also be cost competitive.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this research was to investigate a new concept in fluidized bed design that improves load turndown capability. This improvement is accomplished by independently controlling heat transfer and combustion in the combustor. The design consists of two fluidized beds, one central and one annular. The central bed serves as the combustion bed. The annular bed is fluidized separately from the combustion bed and its level of fluidization determine the overall heat transfer rate from the combustion bed to the surrounding water jacket. Early theoretical considerations suggested a load turndown exceeding ten was possible for this design. This research consisted of three major phases: development of a computational model to predict heat transfer in the two-bed combustor, heat transfer measurements in hot-and-cold flow models of the combustor, and combustion tests in an optimally designed combustor. The computation model was useful in selecting the design of the combustor. Annular bed width and particle sizes were chosen with the aid of the model. The heat transfer tests were performed to determine if the existing correlations for fluidized bed heat transfer coefficients were sufficiently accurate for high aspect ratio fluidized beds (such as the annular bed in the combustor). Combustion tests were performed in an optimally designed combustor. Three fuel forms were used: double screened, crushed coal, coal-water-limestone mixtures (CWLM), and coal-limestone briquettes. 18 refs., 30 figs., 8 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Environmental Research and Technology, Inc. is conducting investigations and research for the purpose of contributing to the comprehensive health and environmental data base currently being developed for surface coal gasification. One of the key elements of the work is concerned with the development of a fundamental understanding of pollutant formation and distribution with gasification process and assessment of environmental control technologies for the control of these pollutants. This report focuses on the results and findings of initial efforts conducted to define baseline gasification plant configurations; the production, fate and distribution of hydrocarbons, sulfur and nitrogen-bearing compounds within the configurations; and baseline plant discharge inventories and control technology evaluations. For this study, the definition of baseline plants included the matrix of three principal process types (fixed bed, fluidized bed and entrained flow) and major product and uses categories (low/medium Btu gas, synthetic natural gas (SNG) and liquid products). An integral part of this baseline plant definition included an inventory of unit operations and sources of uncontrolled discharges. Within each of the gasification process types, the production of hydrocarbons, sulfur and nitrogen-bearing species/pollutants is characterized. Subsequently, the fate and distribution during downstream gas processing is also described. Preliminary analyses of control technologies for management of air, water and solid waste discharges for the baseline plant configurations have been initiated and are presented herein. 22 figures, 1 table.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Ferron UOA Net Sandstone Isopach1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Ordovician plays within the Cumberland Plateau has been explored for over a century with only moderate success... -Most developed fields are in Mississippian limestones -Knox, Stones River, and Nashville Groups have only been cursorily explored in the region -Hydrocarbon discoveries in the Rose Hill (SW VA) and Swan Creek fields (NE TN) indicate Ordovician rocks should be further explored -Source of the these hydrocarbons is the Ordovician rocks (gas chromatography by R. Burruss, USGS)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this study is to develop a process that will increase ultimate oil recovery and will improve the operational economics of CO/sub 2/ flooding over current state-of-the-art practices. The specific goals of the research work are: to determine and evaluate the optimum conditions and materials for chemical precipitation over a realistic range of reservoir pressures and temperatures; to evaluate the permeability alteration by in-situ chemical precipitation in core samples; to extend the laboratory results to predict the outcome of the field application by modeling and computer simulation; and to determine the expected increase oil recovery through application of the in-situ precipitation to a specific target reservoir. During year one, the following tasks and subtask were completed: Task I - technology review; Task II - experimental design, construction and calibration; and subtask I - precipitation formation of Task III. Accomplishments for these tasks are discussed. The comparison of the ambient and PVT cell test results of precipitation formation indicate that both CaCl/sub 2/ and BaCl/sub 2/ have potential for use in core tests. However, at this time the BaCl/sub 2/ appears to be the better choice. 4 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A recent Federal Power Commission feasibility study assessed the possibility of economically producing gas from three Rocky Mountain basins. These basins have potentially productive horizons 2,000 to 4,000 feet thick containing an estimated total of 600 trillion cubic feet of gas in place. However, the producing sands are of such low permeability and heterogeneity that conventional methods have failed to develop these basins economically. The Natural Gas Technology Task Force, responsible for preparing the referenced feasibility study, determined that, if effective well stimulation methods for these basins can be developed, it might be possible to recover 40 to 50 percent of the gas in place. The Task Force pointed out two possible underground fracturing methods: Nuclear explosive fracturing, and massive hydraulic fracturing. They argued that once technical viability has been demonstrated, and with adequate economic incentives, there should be no reason why one or even both of these approaches could not be employed, thus making a major contribution toward correcting the energy deficiency of the Nation. A joint Government-industry demonstration program has been proposed to test the relative effectiveness of massive hydraulic fracturing of the same formation and producing horizons that were stimulated by the Rio Blanco nuclear project.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Sevier basin could be either a foredeep or backbulge. Transport directions in the Chapman Ridge do not identify the source clearly. Thickness obtained via detailed structural mapping are similar to thickness of Shanmugam and Walker.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This introductory report to the Integrated Monitoring Volume provides an executive summary style overview of each of the monitoring methods deployed during the MRCSP Phase III Program. Each method is discussed in detail in a separate report that together with this Executive Summary comprise the Integrated Monitoring Volume.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This document is comprised of government map documents dealing with the correlations of the Eocene Green River Formation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of advanced, coal-fueled turbine power plants such as pressurized fluid bed combustion and coal gasification combined cycles. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of the coal-fueled turbine is high-temperature gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science & Technology Center, is evaluating Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concepts that have been configured to meet this technical challenge. These UEC concepts simultaneously control sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in the high-pressure process gases. This document reports the status of a program in the thirtieth quarter to develop this ILEC technology. During this Quarter of the program, the Phase In bench-scale, high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) testing of PFBC fly ashes was continued. Tests have been completed to characterize the filter cake pulse cleaning, as a function of temperature. The behavior trends are consistent with field unit observations. Sulfur removal tests, looking at the influence of SO{sub 2} on filter cake permeability, as well as the ability to remove sulfur by injecting dolomite into the filter, have been completed. Alkali removal tests were initiated this quarter injecting emathlite into the filter. A complete summary of the test procedures; tests completed and test results is presented in Appendices A, B and C. Preparation has been made to prepare the Phase III final report.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In-situ crude shale oil, produced by the underground combustion retorting method, was hydrocracked over a nickel--molybdena catalyst at 800/sup 0/F and 1,500 psig. The liquid product was distilled into a low-octane reforming feedstock amounting to 18.5 volume-percent of the in-situ crude plus a large number of small-volume higher boiling fractions and small quantity of waxy residuum. Most of the small-volume distillate fractions were blended into types C-B, T-T, and S-M diesel fuels whose properties resembled those of diesel fuels and distillate fuels now being marketed. The diesel fuels also met the ASTM requirements for diesel fuels and distillate fuel oils with minor exceptions. All of the shale-oil diesel fuels had low sulfur contents and high cetane indexes. The dewaxed distillation residuum was blended with a portion of the small-volume distillate fractions to form a fuel oil fitting the requirements for No. 4 fuel oil except that its viscosity was between the viscosity limits for No. 2 and No. 4 fuels and its pour point of 30/sup 0/F was higher than ASTM recommendations, although in the range of No. 4 fuel oils now being marketed. This fuel oil could also be used as a low-sulfur, high-cetane-index S-M diesel fuel. The yield of diesel fuels was 51.6 volume-percent of the in-situ crude, and the yield of No. 4 fuel oil was 21.5 volume-percent, for a total of 73.1 volume-percent of the in-situ crude that could be used as low-sulfur, high-cetane-index diesel fuels or Nos. 1 through 4 burner fuels. (auth)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective was to present some insight into three aspects of synthetic fuels technology. The resource base and the different technical approaches to producing useable fuels from the resource are examined. The potential impacts of various synthetic fuel technologies on air quality, water quality and quantity, environmental safety and health, land use and the socioeconomic stability of affected communities are examined. Existing standards designed to control these risks and mechanisms and approaches which can be taken by synfuel developers to meet these standards are discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The project goal was to redevelop the Monterey Formation, a Class III deep basin mudstone reservoir, at South Ellwood field, offshore Santa Barbara, CA. The primary objective is to identify fault blocks that may contain additional oil reserves.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In situ recovery technologies for tar sand deposits and heavy oil reservoirs are simulated at the Western Research Institute to develop a technological base for understanding the application of in situ processes to these resources. Wide ranges of process parameters are tested in a one-dimensional tubular reactor system. Three-dimensional process performance is evaluated by testing the most promising operating parameters, as determined in one-dimensional simulations, in consolidated blocks of the field resource. A three-dimensional simulation of forward combustion was conducted on a block of material from the Tar Sand Triangle deposit. Although combustion was established in the block, the maintenance and advancement of the combustion front was not successful. Problems relating to maintaining and advancing the combustion front were analyzed. To overcome these problems, it has been determined that: (1) larger heated area must be established prior to unheated air injection, and (2) continuous monitoring of oxygen in the produced gas must be used to control air injection rates. 2 refs., 5 figs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Test materials included oil shale dusts varying in richness (Fischer assay yields) and particle size. These samples were either freshly prepared or obtained from dist deposits in the colony oil shale mine. Analyses carried out included Fischer assay and determination of total volatile hydrocarbons, organic carbon and pyritic sulfur. Data obtained at the Denver Research Institute on laboratory dust ignition and explosivity properties and on the tendency for spontaneous ignition, and the values were correlated with the chemical properties. Explosivity properties increase as the organic content of the oil shale dust increases and as the particle size decreases. However, oil shale dusts were shown to be much less explosive than coal dusts.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This collection of documents was collected and prepared simultaneously with the open data collection effort to collect the geospatial data collection Carbon Storage Open Database: Morkner, P., Creason, C., Sabbatino, M., Wingo, P., DiGiulio, J., Jones, K., Greenburg, R., Bauer, J., and Rose, K, Carbon Storage Open Database, 7/1/2020, https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/carbon-storage-open-database, DOI: 10.18141/1671320 This submission contains PDF documents and a ReadMe file containing essential metadata to understand provenance of each PDF included in this collection. These PDF documents were collected from public websites, analyzed using natural language processing to organize and classify them into nine topics, then grouped into this EDX submissions based on original Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership region and subcategorized by topic. Please see the readme file for more information.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Technical results prior to contract award consist of hydraulic fracturing of Stage 1 in the depth interval between 10,950 feet and 11,190 feet in the Pinedale Unit No. 5 well, production testing of that stage and design of the next field experiment. Details of the Stage 1 experiment will be presented in a Phase Report covering that experiment and are reflected herein only to the extent that such details influence design of the second experiment. Various considerations in design of the second experiment are reflected under headings to follow.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The U. S. Department f Energy announced today that sites in Nevada, Texas and Washington have been selected for site characterization as candidates for the Nation's first geologic repository for permanent disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Work was continued to evaluate Michigan's estimated 4.5 million acres of organic soils, potentially yielding energy comparable to 270 million short tons of bituminous coal. The goal of the project remained one of determining the ''amount and location of fuel-grade peat in Michigan that may be harvested and utilized in an environmentally acceptable manner.''Michigan is divided into 16 soil-geomorphic provinces for the peat estimation study, and second year field efforts in Provinces III and IV resulted in 207 sections transected and 540 samples collected for analysis. Well-equipped teams used McCauley peat augers with extensions to extract samples in accordance with the sampling plan designed at Michigan Technological University to achieve the objectives of the project. This sampling plan utilizes a multistage sampling approach based on clustering and multiple stratification. The plan was developed to estimate organic soil characteristics by section, township, county, province, and finally the state as a whole when all the 16 soil-geomorphic provinces are covered. The procedure in brief involves running two transects across organic soil deposit areas and taking five systematic depth measurements on each transect. Samples are then extracted as prescribed by the sampling routine. Large samples are taken for proximate, ultimate, and Btu analyses. During the second year of the project, surveys in Provinces III and IV sought to determine acreages of potential fuel-grade peat. At the end of the second year, project plans anticipated completion of the peat resource estimation for the state of Michigan by the end of fiscal year 1983. 8 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Further Development of a Fracture Model for Lenticular Gas Sands, Final Report; April 19851Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- This synthetic multi-scale and multi-physics data set was produced in collaboration with teams at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Colorado School of Mines through the Science-informed Machine Learning for Accelerating Real-Time Decisions in Subsurface Applications (SMART) Initiative. Data are associated with the following publication: Alumbaugh, D., Gasperikova, E., Crandall, D., Commer, M., Feng, S., Harbert, W., Li, Y., Lin, Y., and Samarasinghe, S., “The Kimberlina Synthetic Geophysical Model and Data Set for CO2 Monitoring Investigations”, The Geoscience Data Journal, 2023. The dataset uses the Kimberlina 1.2 CO2 reservoir flow model simulations based on a hypothetical CO2 storage site in California (Birkholzer et al., 2011; Wainwright et al., 2013). Geophysical properties models (P- and S-wave seismic velocities, saturated density, and electrical resistivity) were produced with an approach similar to that of Yang et al. (2019) and Gasperikova et al. (2022) for 100 Kimberlina 1.2 reservoir models. Links to individual resources: CO2 Saturation Models – [part 1](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-co2-saturation-models-part-1), [part 2](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-co2-saturation-models-part-2), and [part 3](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-co2-saturation-models-part-3); Resistivity Models – [part 1](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-resistivity-models-part-1), [part 2](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-resistivity-models-part-2), and [part 3](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-resistivity-models-part-3); Vp Velocity Models – [part 1](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-vp-velocity-models-part-1), [part 2](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-vp-velocity-models-part-2), and [part 3](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-vp-velocity-models-part-3); Vs Velocity Models – [part 1](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-vs-velocity-models-part-1), [part 2](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-vs-velocity-models-part-2), and [part 3](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-vs-velocity-models-part-3); and Density Models – [part 1](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-density-models-part-1), [part 2](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-density-models-part-2), and [part 3](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-density-models-part-3). The 3D distributions of geophysical properties for the 33 time stamps of the SIM001 model were used to generate synthetic seismic, gravity, and electromagnetic (EM) responses for 33 times between zero and 200 years. Synthetic surface seismic data were generated using 2D and 3D finite-difference codes that simulate the acoustic wave equation (Moczo et al., 2007). 2D data were simulated for six point-pressure sources along a 2D line with 10 m receiver spacing and a time spacing of 0.0005 s. 3D simulations were completed for 25 surface pressure sources using a source separation of 1 km in both the x and y directions and a time spacing of 0.001 s. Links to individual resources: [2D velocity models](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-2d-velocity-models); [2D surface seismic data](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-2d-surface-seismic-data); [3D velocity models](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-velocity-models); and 3D seismic data [year0](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year0), [year1](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year1), [year2](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year2), [year5](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year5), [year10](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year10), [year15](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year15), [year20](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year20), [year25](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year25), [year30](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year30), [year35](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year35), [year40](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year40), [year45](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year45), [year49](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year49), [year50](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year50), [year51](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year51), [year52](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year52), [year55](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year55), [year60](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year60), [year65](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year65), [year70](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year70), [year75](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year75), [year80](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year80), [year85](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year85), [year90](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year90), [year95](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year95), [year100](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year100), [year110](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year110), [year120](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year120), [year130](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year130), [year140](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year140), [year150](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year150), [year175](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year175), [year200](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-seismic-data-year200). EM simulations used a borehole-to-surface survey configuration, with the source located near the reservoir level and receivers on the surface using the code developed by Commer and Newman (2008). Pseudo-2D data for the source at [2500 m](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-pseudo-2d-csem-data-tz2500m) and [3025 m](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-pseudo-2d-csem-data-tz3025m), used a 2D inline receiver configuration to simulate a response over 3D resistivity models. The [3D data](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-3d-csem-data) contain electric fields generated by borehole sources at monitoring well locations and measured over a surface receiver grid. Vector gravity data, both on the surface and in boreholes, were simulated using a modeling code developed by Rim and Li (2015). The simulation scenarios were parallel to those used for the EM: [pseudo-2D data](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-gravity-data) were calculated along the same lines and within the same boreholes, and [3D data](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-gravity-data) were simulated over 3D models on the surface and in three monitoring wells. A series of [synthetic well logs](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-well-logs) of CO2 saturation, acoustic velocity, density, and induction resistivity in the injection well and three monitoring wells are also provided at 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after the initiation of injection. These were constructed by combining the low-frequency trend of the geophysical models with the high-frequency variations of actual well logs collected in the Kimberlina 1 well that was drilled at the proposed site. Measurements of permeability and pore connectivity were made on cores of Vedder Sandstone, which forms the primary reservoir unit: [CT micro scans](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-ct-micro-scans-of-vedder-formation) and [Industrial CT Images](https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/kimberlina-1-2-ccus-geophysical-models-and-synthetic-data-sets-industrial-ct-images-vedder-formation). These measurements provide the range of scales in the otherwise synthetic data set to be as close to a real-world situation as possible. References: Birkholzer, J.T., Zhou, Q., Cortis, A. and Finsterle, S., 2011. A sensitivity study on regional pressure buildup from large-scale CO2 storage projects. Energy Procedia, 4, 4371-4378. Commer, M., and Newman, G.A., 2008. New advances in three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic inversion, Geophysical Journal International, 172, 513-535. Gasperikova, E., Appriou, D., Bonneville, A., Feng, Z., Huang, L., Gao, K., Yang, X., Daley, T., 2022, Sensitivity of geophysical techniques for monitoring secondary CO2 storage plumes, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, Volume 114, 103585, ISSN 1750-5836, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103585. Moczo, P., J.O. Robertsson and L. Eisner, 2007, The finite-difference time-domain method for modeling of seismic wave propagation: Advances in geophysics, 48, 421-516. Rim, H., and Y. Li, 2015, Advantages of borehole vector gravity in density imaging, Geophysics, 80, G1-G13. Wainwright, H. M.; Finsterle, S.; Zhou, Q.; Birkholzer, J. T., 2013. Modeling the Performance of Large-Scale CO2 Storage Systems: A Comparison of Different Sensitivity Analysis Methods. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 17, 189205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.007, DOI: 10.18141/1603331. Yang, X., Buscheck, T.A., Mansoor, K., Wang, Z., Gao, K., Huang, L., Appriou, D., and Carroll, S.A., 2019. Assessment of geophysical monitoring methods for detection of brine and CO2 leakage in drinking water aquifers, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 90, 102803, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102803.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Dawsonite is a rare mineral that occurs in relative abundance over hundreds of square miles in the Piceance Creek Basin of northwestern Colorado, as a rock-forming constituent of the oil shales in the Green River Formation. In some specimens it makes up 25 percent by weight of the shale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- REE TRS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Progress is reported for a comprehensive investigation of the scaling behavior of gas injection processes in heterogeneous reservoirs. The interplay of phase behavior, viscous fingering, gravity segregation, capillary imbibition and drainage, and reservoir heterogeneity is examined in a series of simulations and experiments. Compositional and first-contact miscible simulations of viscous fingering and gravity segregation are compared to show that the two techniques can give very different results. Also, analyzed are two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows in which gravity segregation and viscous fingering interact. The simulations show that 2D and 3D flows can differ significantly. A comparison of analytical solutions for three-component two-phase flow with experimental results for oil/water/alcohol systems is reported. While the experiments and theory show reasonable agreement, some differences remain to be explained. The scaling behavior of the interaction of gravity segregation and capillary forces is investigated through simulations and through scaling arguments based on analysis of the differential equations. The simulations show that standard approaches do not agree well with results of low 1FT displacements. The scaling analyses, however, reveal flow regimes where capillary, gravity, or viscous forces dominate the flow.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report details the activities, facilities, and equipment used to sample raw coal feedstock and waste solids at the Mohave Plant located in Laughlin, Nevada. Explanation of sampling locations, deviations from the Test Plan, sampling techniques (in accordance with the Fossil Energy Waste General Sampling Guideline), and plant design are reviewed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Enhanced dissolution of oil shale by bioleaching with thiobacilli was demonstrated by tests in which essentially all carbonates were depleted from the solid matrix after 14 days. For a large-scale operation, utilization of bioleaching in conjunction with an in-situ production method would eliminate the need for mining, crushing, transportation, and disposition of waste material.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Sir: Inverse gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was recently described (2) as a new technique for characterizing asphalts. Inverse GLC characterizes a nonvolatile stationary phase (asphalt, in this case) by observation of the retention behavior of known volatile test compounds as they interact with the stationary phase.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "Sixteen alternate spent shale disposal sites for Tract C a prototype oil shale project was identified. An environmental evaluation was made of these disposal areas to identify sites best suited for this purpose."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Department of Energy is sponsoring a multiphase program to investigate the filtration potential of the moving granular bed filter (GBF) for application in pressurized high temperature energy conversion systems. The completed Phase I, included the development of a mathematical model, a cold flow parametric test series in a 0.746 m/sub 0//sup 3//s GBF, and investigations of potential dust plugging problems at the inlet screen. During the experimental program, collecting efficiencies of 99% and filter outlet loadings less than 0.0074 g/m/sub 0//sup 3/ were demonstrated. The objectives of Phase II are to investigate the effects of elevated temperature and coal combustion particulate on GBF filtration performance; to update the analytical model developed in Phase I to reflect high temperature effects; to optimize filter internal configuration; to demonstrate long duration GBF performance relative to corrosion, deposition, erosion, filtration efficiency, reliability and controllability. Hot flow testing to date has confirmed that the GBF configured with inlet and outlet screens has exhibited a tendency for extensive and irreversible ash plugging. As an alternative, the potential advantages produced by a screenless configuration, having higher filtration efficiency, have been achieved during both cold flow and hot flow tests as previously reported. The continuation of experimental work pertinent to the development and design improvement of the GBF system is described and specifically addresses: an experimental study of granular flow coupled with countercurrent gas flow to define the flow and velocity profiles of moving filter media; and ambient parametric testing of the screenless granular bed filter in the full scale cold flow model to determine bounds for its operation and to provide a data base from which comparisons can be made with a mathematical model describing GBF performance.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- DOE's Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) and the DOE Fossil Energy Office of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology are performing the following activities in Arctic and Offshore Research (AOR): (1) AOR Energy-Related Technology Data Base Development; (2) AOR seminars and workshops; (3) Arctic and Offshore Energy Research Coordination; (4) Arctic and Offshore Research which includes analysis of ice island generation, and prediction of drift paths; field and laboratory determination of (1) the engineering properties of multiyear ice, and (2) the interaction of multiyear ice with offshore structures; analysis of ice gouging in deep water (150 to 210 feet) in the Arctic Ocean, and numerical simulation modeling of the gouging process; analysis of the location and origin of the ice-ridging shear zone; analysis of sea-ice thickness using airborne radar sensing techniques; improvement of permafrost detection techniques, and analysis of permafrost characteristics; investigation of the effects of ice accretion and corrosion on offshore structures; measurements of seismic acceleration and velocity for analyzing vibration in and stability of off-shore structures; detection of oil spills that occur below the Arctic ice pack; analysis of the effects of frost heave and corrosion on pipelines; (5) Advanced Recovery Technologies; and (6) Subice Systems Development. Current activities include determining the Arctic bibliographic data base and initiating most of the research described above (except multiyear ice properties, pipeline research, and subice systems development). 10 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "We have increased the compressive stress in a predicted volume of rock of roughly 103 cubic feet by slow pumping of a predicted volume of cement (4 cubic ft.) starting from the ambient stress of 850 psi and reaching a desired maximum overstress of 4,500 psi. The tests were conducted in the Bueno Mine, Jamestown, Colorado, at a drift face roughly 850 feet horizontally into the mountain from the portal. A packer was set 5 feet into a 6 foot drill hole centered in a fresh drift. Water was pumped to initially fracture the rock and then the acceptance pressure of 850 psi was noted. 4 cubic feet of a chixotropic, fast-setting cement was slow pumped (4 cubic feet per hour) with frequent static holds and a steady but erratic (± 1,000 psi) climb in pumping pressure was noted up to 5,500 psi. Two days later adjacent holes were drilled and fractured with water. The acceptance pressure was 4,500 psi 18 inches from the center, decreased to 1,500 psi 5 feet away and finally reached the ambient rock pressure of 850 psi 13 feet away. This confirmed our ability to over-stress the rock in a local region. We have used this technique to pre-stress the rock just beyond the drift face before each of 5 rounds so that after a round prestressed rock would surround the drift. The packer was set 6 feet in and at the two upper corners of, ""backs"" of the drift and in each case 1 to 2 cubic feet of grout was pumped at the particular rate to achieve variously 5000 to 8,000 psi over pressure presumably in a volume of roughly 5 feet in diameter. Blasting and mucking proceeded within 24 hours. During the past 6 months since this operation was performed caving has been modest in the whole drift whether pre-stressed or not so that a meaningful statistical measure of rock consolidation is not yet available. Several attempts to over-stress rock starting from the ground surface have been attempted."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- MITRE compiled metal loss data and relevant design/operating information for sixty-six alloys in twenty-nine FBC systems. After all of the data were assembled and reviewed, twelve alloys were selected for statistical analysis. Regression methodology was used to investigate the relationship between metal loss and design, operating, and performance parameters of FBC systems for a given alloy. Both inferential and exploratory methods were applied to analyze the data. Based on results of these analyses, the following general conclusions can be drawn: Exposure time, specimen temperature, bed temperature, and coal and sorbent compositions appear to be related to metal loss for most of the alloys, as indicated by the univariate analyses. With the exception of specimen temperature, a high degree of correlation is not reflected in individual variable plots (scatterplots). The regression analyses resulted in twelve models - one for each alloy. The diagnostic analyses of all twelve models indicate that the models are appropriate for the data. While the models differ in terms of the types of variables in them, there are a number of similarities. Based on the study results and data quality, MITRE concludes that a statistically-designed test program is needed before the effects of identified important variables (such as coal and sorbent compositions) can be confirmed and further quantified. 98 refs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Investigations with run-of-mine (ROM) coal have been carried out in a small high-pressure fluidized-bed combustor. The coal was 3/4 inch x 0 Pittsburgh No. 8, with a moisture content of 3 1/2%. The objective of the tests was to compare the performance (combustion efficiency, sulphur capture, NO/sub x/ emissions) with that obtained with dry, crushed coal. The coal was fed into the lower part of the fluidized bed using a system of pressurized screws. Apart from being pressurized, these screw feeders were conventional. The final injector screw was about 3 1/2 inches diameter, running at a high, constant (170 rpm) speed; i.e. it was operating substantially empty. The coal feed contained a number of large shale particles. The bed sampling systems indicated that a proportion of these (and also of large coal particles) circulated freely in the bed below the tube bank, and to some extent within the tube bank. There was a gradual segregation process, however, in which the large particles settled on to the distributor. These large particles were mostly removed between the sparges of the distributor, so that defluidization did not occur. If there had not been provision for removing these large particles, the bed would undoubtedly have defluidized within a few hours. Post-test inspection showed no sintering or agglomerations in the bed or on the coal nozzle/injector screw. However, some sintering of coal to form discrete lumps up to 1 1/2 inch in size occurred, possibly influenced by the size and swelling characteristics of the coal. These particles were too large to pass between the sparges. There were insufficient of them to build up to the air nozzle holes and affect fluidization. As expected, combustion efficiency was greater than 99% at a bed temperature of 1560/sup 0/F. Sulphur retention was perhaps slightly lower than with crushed coal at the same conditions, although there were insufficient data to be sure of this point.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- This report presents a three dimensional geohydrologic analysis of aquifer tests run at the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project in Rio Blanco County, Colorado. Field testing included a pump test and injection test during the period May 12 to June 10, 1797. The aquifer analyzed was the leached zone of the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report describes work completed on the four technical program tasks: Thermodynamic projections; Getter Selection and Qualification; System Performance Projections; and Program Definition for Concept Scale-up during the 27-month contract performance period. Work completed on the thermodynamic projections includes a data base update, development of alkali phase diagrams, and system performance projections. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved over 70 kinetic studies in which a leading candidate getter - emathlite - was selected and characterized. System performance projections identified a packed-bed configuration containing relatively large getter pellets as the preferred contacting device for a full-scale unit. For emathlite, we concluded that full-scale unit bed heights of 2 m or less would be required if we assume annual replacement on the basis of bed saturation capacity. Concept scale-up work involved defining the hardware and test program requirements for further development of the emathlite packed-bed system. 56 references, 80 figures, 74 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "The spalling-enhanced- drilling model developed by Krantz, Camp and Gunn has been shown to predict quite well the water- influx data for the Hanna UCG field tests. In addition, Levie, Krantz, Camp, Gunn and Youngberg have used this model to predict the cavity shape for the Hanna II Phase II UCG field test which agrees well with the shape determined by post-burn coring studies. Furthermore, Gunn and Glaser have used the spalling-enhanced-drying model to show that the heat absorbed by the spalled rock accounts for the ten per cent heat losses in the Hanna III field test which heretofore could not be explained. This paper presents cavity-shape predictions for the recently cored Hanna III UCG field test which provide additional confirmation of the validity of the spalling-enhanced-drying model. In addition, this paper discusses the mechanisms responsible for spalling."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A multiple drill carriage or "jumbo," which is believed to be unique in both design and performance, was constructed and has been in use for the past year at the Bureau of Mines experimental oil shale mine near Rifle, Colorado. This jumbo mounts four long feed percussion drills and is so designed that two men can operate all four drills. Before the jumbo was placed in operation, a minimum of eight man shifts was required to drill 72 fifteen foot holes in headings 60 feet wide and 27 feet high. The same round is now drilled by two men in about 6 hours. Over 500 feet of drill per man shift is easily and consistently accomplished. Use of the jumbo has resulted in a 75% reduction in drilling labor and a substantially lower drilling cost.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Coalinga Polymer Demonstration Project was designed by the Shell Oil Company to show the relative merits of water and polymer flooding in a reservoir with medium-viscosity oil. Located in the East Coalinga Field, Fresno County, California, the 149-acre project area contained four -22-acre inverted five-spot injection patterns. The target reservoir was a 350-foot-thick, unconsolidated sandstone formation at about 2000 feet. Following nearly two years of water injection and an extensive field polymer injectivity and filtration study, polymer injection into four injection wells began in May 1978. The production response to polymer injection was less than expected and the project was terminated early. Two major contributing factors that resulted in the poor performance were: (1) a loss of polymer injectivity; and (2) a lack of movable oil in the project area. The loss of polymer injectivity was thought to be caused by near wellbore plugging by unhydrated biopolymer and bacterial debris. After polymer injection had begun, a subsequent petrophysical study indicated that little movable oil remained in the project area after primary production. The project was designed and operated in an expert manner. However, recommendations are made on how the project could have been improved if initiated today. These include: (1) Appropriate petrophysical studies, conducted prior to project initiation, should be conducted to guide the selection of the most suitable area within the feld. (2) Polymer injectivity could be improved by completing wells in unconsolidated formations with a screen and liner/gravel pack and by using currently available biopolymers which contain less bacterial debris. These practices will minimize the amount of filtration that is required on location. 7 figures, 2 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Stacks of the synthetic waveforms shown in Figure 11. (a) NMO corrected stacked traces using all of the traces (0-3850 m) for the cross-line (S1) and in-line (S2) records. (b) Range-limited stack using offsets equivalent to those used in the processing of the field data (0-3350 m). The color scale is linear and only the negative amplitudes get assigned a color. Note the more dramatic decreases in amplitudes, from S1 to S2, for the anisotropic cases than for the isotropic case. The full offset stack includes reflections that have gone post-critical; the amplitude differences on the full-range stacks are less obvious.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Use of the inclined-surface retort as a means of producing aromatics is the last in a series of four methods investigated for high-temperature retorting of oil shale. The first three methods have been describe in Intra-Bureau Reports OSRD-48, 49 , and 50, issued by the Laramie Station, The purpose of these investigations, as well as a cost estimate of a commercial-size plant based on the inclined-surface retort, has been presented in Intra-Bureau Report OSRD-, "Production of Benzene, Ethyl Alcohol, and other Products from Oil Shale," by Walter I. R. Murphy and W. I. Barnet, dated August 12,1951. The inclined surface retort appears to have several advantages. Based on a similar retort for carbonization of coal, the materials of construction would be largely ceramic. Thus the large amounts of steel necessary in some of the other types of retorts would not be necessary. Mass shale rates are high for this type of retort, and use of a gravity feed simplifies handling of the shale. Estimates of heat requirements have indicated that sufficient heat ;for the process can be obtained form the carbon residue on the spent shale and the gas remaining after removal of ethylene. The retorting system does not require introduction of fluids; therefore, the problem of product dilution by steam or other substances is not encountered. Attempts were made in this series of experiments to retort in the same temperature range used in the vertical tube retort experiments (1200-1700 F.), and to obtain conditions favorable to maximum benzene production. Several variations in operating procedure were used. For some runs inert swamp gasses were used to reduce vapor residence time in the retort, while in others an extension of the retort in the form of a reactor, heated electrically, was used to increase residence time of the vapors at the retorting temperature. This reactor was also used to study the possibility of retorting at a low temperature and then subjecting the vapors to higher temperatures before condensation had taken place.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A method is described for determining the oil yield from a combustion retort using only the capillary column chromotogram of the oil. The heating rate and/or retorting temperature and the resulting yield loss by oil coking is determined from the 1-alkene/n-alkane ratios. The amount of combustion and associated cracking is determined from naphthalene/straight-chain hydrocarbon ratios. The utility of this method is demonstrated using oil samples from several large-scale retorting operations. The possibility of using the oil mist from an in-situ retort for an on-line determination of the current retort performance is discussed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During its first six months, the Administration has reformulated energy policy guidelines within the context of its overall Economic Recovery program. This new national energy policy (of which Executive Branch action is but one part) will continue to develop and to be refined; it will not be tied to a static and unresponsive plan. This document defines the approach for reformulation of policy, and it presents the current energy outlook of the Nation. It is submitted to Congress in accordance with the requirements of Section 801 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (Public Law 95-91). As specific new legislative policy initiatives are developed over the coming months, they will be forwarded promptly to Congress.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents detailed geologic and hydrologic data that describe shales and other argillaceous rocks; data are from the open literature. These data are intended to be used in the future to aid in assessment of various strata and their potential for repository siting. No observations, conclusions, or recommendations are made by the authors of this report relative to the suitability of various argillaceous rocks for waste disposal. There are, however, other published reports that contain technical data and evaluative statements regarding the suitability of various argillaceous rocks for repository siting. Where appropriate, the authors of this report have referenced this previously published literature and have summarized the technical data. 838 refs., 121 figs., 6 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Residence of 14 months at Shiprock in 1923 and 1924, while representing the US Bureau of Mines, and subsequent trips have afforded the writer opportunities to observe the results of development of the Navajo Reservation. The structures which were considered most favorable for oil accumulation yielded negative results, and the less favorable one was developed into a producing field. The writer points out the possibility that circulating underground waters, in accordance with the hydraulic theory, have been responsible for the vagaries of accumulation, and some proof is offered. The suggestion is made that an intensive study of the Shiprock region would furnish additional evidence related to oil accumulation in that area.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of field measurements is to define the operating conditions for in situ retorts. More specifically we would like to determine the optimum operating conditions for a commercial size retort. To reach this objective we will 1) collect data from a number of demonstration retorts, 2) predict optimum operating conditions using this data and the LLL retort model and 3) evaluate some of the potential difficulties for field operation. First we want to concentrate the measurement aspects: what should be measured, where it should be measured, and what is the value of each measurement. How to make these measurements, how to record data, and costs will be described in later sections of this paper.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This Accounting Practices and Procedures Handbook was developed and will be maintained by the Office of the Controller to implement the policy, principles and objectives for DOE-wide financial accounting and reporting delineated in DOE Order 2200.1.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A simple two-dimensional flow model is used to illustrate the effects of different porosity and permeability distributions and retort geometries on sweep efficiency during modified in-situ oil shale retorting. Results of these case studies, two emphasizing different retort geometries and porosity distributions and one a study of nonuniform flow around a single, large block, are presented. The most interesting is a simulation of the flow field and resultant retort front movement for Occidental Petroleum Company Retort 5. A porosity/permeability distribution was chosen based on reported tracer data. The results of the model calculation indicate a sweep efficiency of about 55%. From these data an estimate can be made of the amount of oil degradation from burning, cracking, and coking. 17 figures.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this program was to investigate the removal of fuel-bound nitrogen that appears as ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in coal gas in the temperature range 540/degree/ to 870/degree/C and the pressure range 1 to 20 atm. Following a comprehensive literature search, catalytic decomposition was selected as the most promising concept. Ten catalysts were tested at two temperatures in three different simulated coal gas streams containing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide impurities. A proprietary nickel catalyst (HTSR-1) exhibited high activity at 800/degree/C and excellent physical stability. An Ir-promoted nickel catalyst (G-65/star/) had significant activity for removing ammonia in the temperature range 550/degree/ to 600/degree/C but physically deteriorated at higher temperature. Other tested catalysts were inferior in performance to these two catalysts. Parametric studies were conducted with HTSR-1 and G-65/star/ catalysts to determine the rate of ammonia removal as a function of temperature, pressure, space velocity, and concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen, and steam. The influence of several other impurities commonly present in the hot gas was studied also. 27 refs., 24 figs., 14 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A collaboration with industry to apply new computational techniques to the problem of more accurately predicting relative permeability for application in simulation of waterflooding and other enhanced oil recovery processes. A novel computational tool developed at Los Alamos is used for modeling pore scale phenomena and studying the scaling of these phenomena from the micro scale to the continuum scale.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) holds the promise of increased oil production from known petroleum accumulations as an alternative to increased imports of foreign oil and an addition to continuing exploration for new reserves. Many hurdles remain, however, in moving the technology out of the laboratory and into the oil field.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An interdisciplinary research project was initiated in 1976 to provide both basic and applied information that would aid in the reestablishment of natural functioning ecosystems on land disturbances associated with energy development. The approach included field, laboratory, and greenhouse experiments designed to provide both structural and functional information about disturbed ecological systems in the semiarid west. This report presents results from the sixth year of the study. Separate abstracts have been prepared for each of the 4 studies reported for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. (DMC)1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) is conducting tests on the effect of pore and confining pressure on the absolute and relative permeability of Western tight sandstone. Cores from the Canyon Largo No. 256 Well in the San Juan Basin, Dakota Formation, Farmington, New Mexico, and the Mobil F3l-l3G Well in the Piceance Basin, Zones 3 and 6, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, are being examined. Steady state flow and pressure pulse decay tests have been conducted at pore pressures up to 4700 psi and confining pressures up to 9700 psi. Relative gas permeability values have been measured at different levels of water saturation and compared with an earlier empirical correlation proposed by Corey. The effect of confining pressure on tight sandstone was studied and results were found to conform to the observations of earlier investigators.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objectives of the current test program include: validation of predictions from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Coal Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor System Model; experimental studies supporting AFBC process developments; and the collection of transient data for process control design. This topical report summarizes results from cold mode testing, i.e., experiments performed without combustion for MIT Model verification. During these tests, sulfated limestone (generated from normal AFBC operations) was fluidized with air at temperatures ranging from 80 to 500/sup 0/F in the 3'x 3'(nominal) size PDU at Alexandria, VA. The MIT Model predictions tested include: slumped bed height, minimum fluidization velocity, and expanded bed height. In all cases, there were large discrepancies between the Model predictions and corresponding experimental results. Other results obtained included solids size distribution and particle size profiles in the bed. Size distribution was adequately modeled by the Rosin-Rammler equation. No transient process data was collected due to hardware problems with the Data Acquisition System. Tests were also performed to determine the effect of maldistribution of air, caused by leaks in the air distributor, on experimental results. The data indicated that effects of these leaks seemed to be undetectable.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The purpose of the Conceptual Basis for Design is to provide a control document that establishes the basis for executing the conceptual design of the Integral Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) Facility. This conceptual design shall provide the basis for preparation of a proposal to Congress by the DOE for construction of one or more MRS Facilities for the storage of spent nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste, and transuranic (TRU) waste.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objective of this project is to demonstrate that waterflood sweep efficiency can be improved by restricting high permeability zones through growth of indigenous bacteria so that water is diverted to low permeability zones which have been inefficiently waterflooded. The successful development and nationwide application of the microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) technology could result in recovery of billions of barrels of bypassed oil which are now either unrecoverable or only recoverable at much higher cost.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- THROUGHOUT THE OIL AND GAS LIFE CYCLE, THE INDUSTRY HAS APPLIED AN ARRAY OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE. THIS REPORT FOCUSES SPECIFICALLY ON ADVANCES IN EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION (E&P) OPERATIONS1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The direct use of pulverized coal in combustion applications, although an economically attractive technology, is limited at present by certain environmental and surface-degradation problems. Incombustible, inorganic constituents of coal deposit as submicron, and supermicron sized particles on relatively cool heat exchanger surfaces. In addition, sulfur in the coal is released in the form of sulfur dioxide and trioxide vapors during combustion. These barrier issues'need to be addressed at the fundamental level before coal can be considered a viable, competitive fuel. The deposition and corrosion problems are particularly important in the direct-fired gas turbine technology which is still in a stage of development. In order to better understand and control the complex problem of deposition, it is necessary first to accurately define the environment in which the combustion of coal particles take place. The global objective of this research was to provide experimental and theoretical frame work with which different coals combusting in different environments can be evaluated for their fouling potential and that deposition control strategies can be formulated. Therefore, the following tasks were undertaken: (1) development of and testing of a particle -- temperature measurement technique via four-color pyrometry (2) analysis of the flow and temperature field of an entrained flow reactor which would be used for combustion-deposition studies of pulverized coal particles (3) development and testing of a gas-temperature measurement technique using a Fourier transformed -- infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer in high temperature gas streams. Results are discussed. 51 refs., 36 figs., 4 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The specific objective of the second year program at HYCRUDE are: (1) to evaluate the hydroretorting characteristics of the three selected shales supplied by MRI, (2) to evaluate the particle integrity of a briquetted beneficiated shale supplied by MRI, (3) to evaluate the hydrocarbon products produced from the combined MRI beneficiation-HYTORT process, (4) to scale up the hydroretorting data to a commercial plant scale, and (5) to assess the potential environmental impact for a conceptual commercial HYTORT plant operation which utilizes beneficiated shales as feedstocks.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This program is directed at performing experimental and analytical investigations, deriving system designs, and estimating costs to ascertain the feasibility of using aluminosilicate-based getters for controlling alkali in pressurized gasification systems. Its overall objective is to develop a comprehensive plan for evaluating a scaled-up version of the gettering process as a unit operation or as an integral part of a particulate removal device. This report briefly summarizes efforts previously completed on thermodynamic projections and system performance projections, together with current work on getter selection and qualification completed during the fifth quarter of the project. Work on the thermodynamic projections has been completed and includes an update of the data base, development of alkali phase diagrams, and projections for several gasification processes. Getter selection and qualification efforts involved four tests - two with activated bauxite and one each with diatomaceous earth and Novacite on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system. Finally, system performance projections entailed examination of available kinetic data to ascertain the rate-controlling step, along with modeling efforts to determine the size requirements of a commercial-sized unit.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the Mobile Field Support Unit (MFSU) which was procured for well logging, site and formation evaluation tools and measurement techniques in oil shale projects. The status and capabilities of the MFSU are described along with plans for additional capabilities.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report describes the work performed during the second year of the project, ''Investigating of Efficiency Improvements during CO{sub 2} Injection in Hydraulically and Naturally Fractured Reservoirs.''The objective of this project is to perform unique laboratory experiments with artificial fractured cores (AFCs) and X-ray CT to examine the physical mechanisms of bypassing in HFR and NFR that eventually result in less efficient CO{sub 2} flooding in heterogeneous or fracture-dominated reservoirs. To achieve this objective, in this period we concentrated our effort on modeling the fluid flow in fracture surface, examining the fluid transfer mechanisms and describing the fracture aperture distribution under different overburden pressure using X-ray CT scanner.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigation into health risks associated with mercury emissions from utility steam generators, municipal waste combustion units, and other sources was mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. In anticipation of mercury emission regulation, attention has been focused on quantification of mercury emissions, which require verifiable sampling and analytical techniques. Several sampling and analytical methods are currently under the final stages of development as well as a variety of emission control methods. In particular, wet scrubber systems designed for S2 control in coal-fired utilities have been targeted for mercury control. Conventional wet-scrubbers remove mercury in a variety of soluble oxidized forms. Oxidized mercury is highly water-soluble and can be removed by scrubber slurry, theoretically limited only by gas-film mass transfer. However, since some oxidized mercury forms such as HgClz are borh soluble and volatile, the final fate of mercury trapped in scrubber solutions is unclear. Elemental mercury is not water-soluble, remaining in the vapor state at temperatures through pollution control devices and exiting the stack into the environment. However, notable exceptions to this rule exist. Depending on the type of mercury-sampling method used, an increase ofs 10% in elemental mercury concentrations across wet scrubbers has been metiured but is yet unconllrmed. Also, significant amounts of elemental mercury (metallic form) have been removed during wet scrubber maintenance. In addition, questions concerning 1) the initial speciation between oxidized and elemental forms of mercury in flue gas from coal- fired boilers and 2) the effects of scrubber slurry composition and pH on the mercury species have been raised.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Objectives of the Project: -Develop PC-based software tools for reconciling high-resolution geologic models to dynamic, field production data -Proposed approach should quickly identify the discrepancy between the geologic models and dynamic data and allow for rapid updating of reservoir description using inverse modeling.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Shale oil has been produced throughout the world for over 100 years by heating oil shale to a temperature such that the organic matter is converted to oil, gas, and coke. While considerable work has been done to establish the relationship among temperature, time, vapor removal, and quantity and quality of products, the essentially empherical manner in which the oil shale pyrolysis has been studied is indicated by over 100 patented retorts in this country alone.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- over 2 years ago
- During the past quarter, the primary emphasis of this research has been the study of H2S adsorption of spent shale retorted in nitrogen atmosphere and the stripping of ammonia and carbon dioxide forma model retort water. Extensive adsorption data in the form of breakthrough curves was obtained at three different temperatures and are presented in this report. Because of the large quantity of data, the analysis is not yet completed.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This final report on project DE-AT19-81BC10476 describes vapor pressure studies of the solubilizaEIOn of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives by aqueous micellar solutions. An automated vapor pressure apparatus and a manual apparatus incorporating a mercury-covered sintered-glass disk inlet valve were used to obtain highly precise data for the solubilization of hydrocarbons and aliphatic alcohols into aqueous solutions of the ionic surfactants sodium octylsulfate and n-hexadecylpyridinium chloride (cetylpyridinium chloride).1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The objetive of this work is to determine the changes in the particle structure of coal as it undergoes the carbon/carbon dioxide reaction (C CO/sub 2/ ..-->.. 2CO). Char was produced by heating the coal at a rate of 25/sup 0/C/min to the reaction temperatures of 800/sup 0/C, 900/sup 0/C, 1000/sup 0/C and 1100/sup 0/C. The changes in surface area and effective diffusivity as a result of devolitization were determined. Changes in effective diffusivity and surface area as a function of conversion have been measured for reactions conducted at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100/sup 0/C for Wyodak coal char. The surface areas exhibit a maximum as a function of conversion in all cases. For the reaction at 1000/sup 0/C the maximum in surface area is greater than the maxima determined at all other reaction temperatures. Thermogravimetric rate data were obtained for five coal chars; Wyodak, Wilcox, Cimmeron, Illinois number 6 and Pittsburgh number 6 over the temperature range 800-1100/sup 0/C. All coal chars exhibit a maximum in reaction rate. Five different models for gas-solid reactions were evaluated. The Bhatia/Perlmutter model seems to best represent the data. 129 references, 67 figures, 37 tables.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Coal deposits in the Appalachian and Midwest Coal Regions consist primarily of thin relatively deep seams of swelling bituminous coal, but little scientific effort in the United States has been directed toward underground coal gasification in these important industrial areas. In Europe, however, major work is under way on underground coal gasification in thin, deep seams of swelling coal. The principal investigator and a graduate student are participating in field tests in Belgium and supporting laboratory experiments in Germany. Mathematical models are being developed to interpret these experimental data, and a better understanding of the underground coal gasification process is emerging. This understanding is essential for evaluating potential problems, for devising solutions to such problems and for designing field tests.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Volume two contains appendices for the following reports: (1) a new technique for determining the methane content of coal; (2) the methane content of San Juan Basin Coal - implications for coalbed methane resource assessments; (3) diffusional effects in recovery of methane from coalbeds; (4) diffusional models for gas production from coal - application to methane content determination; (5) diffusion models for gas production from coal - determination of diffusion parameters; (6) the direct method of determining the methane content of coal - a modification; (7) methane recovery from coalbeds - effect of monolayer capacity and pore structure on gas content; and (8) methane diffusion and desorption in coal.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The project goal is to develop, through basin analysis, the concept that petroleum systems acting in a basin can be identified through basin modeling. The specific objective is to demonstrate that the information and analysis resulting from the characterization and modeling of petroleum systems in the North Louisiana Salt Basin and the Mississippi Interior Salt Basin can be used to provide a reliable and advanced approach for targeting stratigraphic traps and specific facies associated with a geologic system and providing a refined assessment of undiscovered and underdeveloped reservoirs and associated resources.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Recycled CO2 is being used in this demonstration project to produce bypassed oil from the Silurian Dover 35 Niagaran pinnacle reef located in Otsego County, Michigan. CO2 injection in the Dover 35 field into the Salling-Hansen 4-35A well began on May 6, 2004. A second injection well, the Salling-Hansen 1-35, commenced injection in August 2004. Oil production in the Pomerzynski 5-35 producing well increased from 9 BOPD prior to operations to an average of 165 BOPD in December, 2004 and has produced at an average rate of 61 BOPD (Jan-Dec, 2005). The Salling-Hansen 4-35A also produced during this reporting period an average of 29 BOPD. These increases have occurred as a result of CO2 injection and the production rate appears to be stabilizing. CO2 injection volume has reached approximately 2.18 BCF.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This report presents the Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis part of the Phase I study of the West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (WESTCARB). In this report, GIS software and other tools were used to characterize the WESTCARB region and assess its carbon sequestration potential. The WESTCARB member states include Alaska, Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- "This paper provides a preliminary process design and cost estimate for a 56.8 MWe pilot plant utilizing the linked vertical wells process for the underground gasification of coal. The pilot plant is assumed to be located on a coal seam which is similar to that at the Hanna Field. A base case process design indicates that the pilot plant will require 10 simultaneously producing wells. The total area gasified in a 2-year operating period will be 7.5 hectares. During the first year, 90 wells will be required, and 80 wels will be needed in the second year. The gas produced will be subjected to the operations of particulate removal, quenching and condensables separation, and desulfurization before being used for power production. In this design, the power plant consists of a split stream system with a conventional boiler based steam cycle and a low-Btu gas turbine. An evaluation of the costs indicated that a fixed capital outlay of about $70 million is required for a 56.8-MWe pilot plant. Calculation of the capital costs at other capacities reveals that a capacity factor of 0.71 is applicable to the system. The necessary capital cost shows only a very small decrease with an increase in the heating value of the gas to be produced."1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- Retort water samples collected from the Laramie 10-ton simulated in-situ retort were examined by both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry with a Finnigan Model 3300 gas chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These water samples, formed in retorting Green River oil shale of either Utah or Colorado origin, were filtered, lyophilized, extracted with benzene, and esterified. Both the benzene concentrates, as well as the corresponding methylated fraction were studied. Specific compounds were identified by comparison of EI to known spectra and followed by CI with methane as reagent gas. In general, classes of compounds included n-paraffins, fatty acids, phenolics, substituted benzenes, and nitrogen bases. The presence of acids such as stearic, palmitic, myristic, and lauric may be indicative of the algal components in shales which are precursors of kerogen. On the other hand, compounds such as substituted xylenes and phenols may be formed from thermal decomposition in retorting.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The goal of the project is to develop a surfactant soak technique to improve oil recovery by increasing the water-wettability of less than water-wet formations.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- An important consideration in process development for in situ coal gasification is a means of measuring resource utilization and the location of the active combustion front by remote sensing. Efforts to develop measuring techniques applicable both during and after completion of a test burn have been underway at LERC for the past two years. Existing technology applied to post burn evaluation has consisted of wire line drilling and coring, and conventional reflection seismic surveying. Research is underway to evaluate shear wave seismic surveying, high resolution shallow reflection seismic surveying, magnetic surveys to detect changes in iron minerals in the overburden as they are heated, and seam wave seismic surveys as means of real time evaluation for process monitoring and control.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- 2015 Monitoring Seismic Survey at Bell Creek The raster layers represent a map of the RMS amplitude slice between the horizons Springen Ranch and the Skull Creek (Muddy Formation) enclosing the Bell Creek sand reservoir at the Bell Creek oil field. This gridded dataset was interpolated within ArcGIS based upon seismic amplitude values measured across the study area. Additional information regarding this data and interpretations can be found in the following document: Salako, O., Livers., A.J., Burnison, S.A., Hamling, J.A., Wildgust, N., Gorecki, C.D., Glazewski, K.A., and Heebink, L.V., 2017, Analysis of Expanded Seismic Campaign: Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership Phase III draft Task 9 Deliverable D104 for U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-05NT42592, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Energy & Environmental Research Center, June. Monitor2015 contains 4 rasters: Clp2015ovr12 is the 2015 monitor survey clipped down to where it overlaps the 2012 baseline survey. Clp2015ovr14 is the 2015 monitor survey clipped down to where it overlaps the 2014 monitor survey. Clpdiff1512 is the RMS amplitude difference between the monitor 2015 and baseline 2012 survey. Clpdiff1514 is the RMS amplitude difference between the monitor 2015 and monitor 2014 survey.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- The following mapping resources are available to complement the material found in the2012 Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada - Fourth Edition (Atlas IV). Please click the options below to reveal further information and links to download mapping resources.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- In this project a consortium consisting of Cronus Exploration (Traverse City, MI), Michigan Technological University (Houghton, MI) and Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, MI) proposed to develop and execute an economical and environmentally sensitive plan for recovery of hydrocarbons from an abandoned shallow-shelf carbonate field that is typical of many fields in the U.S. Midwest. This is a 5-year project that will use surface geochemistry as a tool to reduce risk in locating and producing hydrocarbons in Class II fields. The project will develop new techniques for measuring hydrocarbon gases in the soil horizon to locate new and bypassed oil in the shallow-shelf carbonate environments typified by the Dundee and Trenton Formations of the Michigan Basin (Fisher et. al., 1988). In Phase I of the project, the consortium proposes to re-develop the Vernon Oil field located in Vernon Twp, Isabella County, Michigan and produce both bypassed hydrocarbons from the original field and to locate and produce extensions of the original field.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- During the second half of the 1990's, Coal Bed Methane (CBM) production increased dramatically nationwide to represent a significant new source of income and natural gas for many independent and established producers. Matching these soaring production rates during this period were the advancements in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technologies generating terra-bytes of new data for the oil and gas industry. Coupled to these accelerating initiatives are many environmental concerns relating to production wastes and water table depletion of fresh water resources. It is these concerns that prompted a vital need within the industry for the development of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and mitigation strategies utilizing GIS technologies for efficient environmental protection in conjunction with effective production of CBM. This was accomplished by developing a framework to take advantage of a combination of investigative field research joined with leading edge GIS technologies for the creation of environmentally characterized regions of study. Once evaluated these regions had BMP's developed to address their unique situations for Coal Bed Methane production and environmental protection. Results of the project will be used to support the MBOGC's Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement as required by the Montana Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) and by the BLM for NEPA related issues for acreage having federally owned minerals.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- This compilation focuses on the practical aspects of the use of wireline logging in today's domestic petroleum industry. It explores the implementation methodologies and the technical and economic successes and failures encountered in use of advanced logging technologies and the use of innovative methods to extract reservoir petrophysical information from existing wireline logs. The majority of the logging applications reviewed are those performed in projects jointly funded by the domestic petroleum industry and the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) in DOE'S Field Demonstration Program, particularly under the Reservoir Class Program. Because less than one-half of the nearly 30 projects in the Reservoir Class Program have been completed, much of this work was reviewed in progress.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
- A coal-water fuel (CWF) or slurry droplet generator has been developed for use in laboratory-scale studies of CWF combustion phenomena. The droplet generator design is based on ink-jet printer technology and offers the capability of delivering, on demand, a stream of slurry droplets of uniform size and composition. To date, reliable operation has been achieved for slurries with coal loadings up to 40% by weight. Monodisperse constant diameter CWF droplet streams have been produced with droplet diameters ranging from < 100 ..mu..m up to 300 ..mu..m. The droplet generator currently is being employed to investigate the initial stages of CWF droplet combustion. 5 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.1Licence not specifiedover 2 years ago
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